Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the CenturiesAndreas N. Angelakis, Joan B. Rose Most of the technological developments relevant to water supply and wastewater date back to more than to five thousand years ago. These developments were driven by the necessity to make efficient use of natural resources, to make civilizations more resistant to destructive natural elements, and to improve the standards of life, both at public and private level. Rapid technological progress in the 20th century created a disregard for past sanitation and wastewater and stormwater technologies that were considered to be far behind the present ones. A great deal of unresolved problems in the developing world related to the wastewater management principles, such as the decentralization of the processes, the durability of the water projects, the cost effectiveness, and sustainability issues, such as protection from floods and droughts were intensified to an unprecedented degree. New problems have arisen such as the contamination of surface and groundwater. Naturally, intensification of unresolved problems has led to the reconsideration of successful past achievements. This retrospective view, based on archaeological, historical, and technical evidence, has shown two things: the similarity of physicochemical and biological principles with the present ones and the advanced level of wastewater engineering and management practices. Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries presents and discusses the major achievements in the scientific fields of sanitation and hygienic water use systems throughout the millennia, and compares the water technological developments in several civilizations. It provides valuable insights into ancient wastewater and stormwater management technologies with their apparent characteristics of durability, adaptability to the environment, and sustainability. These technologies are the underpinning of modern achievements in sanitary engineering and wastewater management practices. It is the best proof that “the past is the key for the future”. Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries is a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses of Water Resources, Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Ancient History, Archaeology, Environmental Management and is also a valuable resource for all researchers in the these fields. Authors: Andreas N. Angelakis, Institute of Iraklion, Iraklion, Greece and Joan B. Rose, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA |
Contents
Sanitation and wastewater technologies
in Minoan Era | 1 |
Sanitation and wastewater technologies
in HarappaIndus valley civilizationca 26001900 BC | 25 |
Sanitation and water management
in ancient South Asia | 43 |
Evolution of sanitation and wastewater
technologies in Egypt through centuries | 55 |
Sanitation and wastewater in the Central Andean Region Peru An overview from PreColumbian and Colonial times to
nowadays | 69 |
History of urban wastewater and stormwater sanitation technologies
in Hellas | 99 |
Evolution of sanitation and wastewater technologies in Iran through the
centuries Past and present | 147 |
Sanitation and wastewater and stormwater management in ancient
Kingdom of Macedonia Hellas | 175 |
Drainage and sewerage systems at
ancient Athens Hellas | 313 |
Sewerage system of Diocletians
Palace in Split Croatia | 331 |
The evolution of sanitation in the rural area of Southwest China With case of Dai villages of Xishuangbana Yunnan
province | 345 |
Evolution of sanitation services in the city of Rome between urban development and environmental quality
| 361 |
History of the sewerage systemin Barcelona Spain From its Originsto Garcia Faria Plan | 383 |
A brief history of the sewerage system in Prague and the role of William
Heerlein Lindley | 401 |
Waterborne diseases in the Hippocratictreatise
Airs Waters Places | 419 |
Ancient Greek and Roman authorson health and sanitation | 429 |
The history of the development of urban sanitation and wastewater technologies
in Cyprus | 191 |
The history of sanitation and wastewatermanagement in Portugal | 209 |
From Volubilis to Fez Water witnessed
a transfer of an International Heritage | 227 |
Sanitation and wastewater technologies
in ancient Roman cities | 251 |
The sanitary system in ancient Roman
civilization An insight on Tunisia | 269 |
Revisiting the technical and social aspects of wastewater management
in ancient Korea | 301 |
Historical development of sanitation from the 19th century to nowadays Centralized vs decentralized wastewater
management systems | 437 |
The history of land application and hydroponic systems for wastewater
treatment and reuse | 457 |
Evolution and impacts of water andindustrial wastewater management inLavrion Hellas | 481 |
The Water Court of Valencia SpainWastewater | 493 |
An overview and synthesis of the evolution of sanitation and wastewater technologies through the centuries
past present and future | 505 |
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Common terms and phrases
5th century BC A. N. Angelakis agricultural ancient Angelakis A. N. aqueducts archaeological Athens Barcelona basin bathrooms bricks buildings built Bulla Regia canals central century BC cesspits channel cisterns cleaning Cloaca Maxima construction Crete culture Cyprus Dholavira discharge diseases disposal drainage system drains effluent Engineering environment environmental excavations facilities Figure flow flushing fountains groundwater Harappan Hellas Hellenic Hellenistic Hippocrates houses hydraulic hydroponic hygiene Indus Valley Civilization infrastructure irrigation Knossos latrines lavatories Lavrion Lima located Lothal Minoan modern Mohenjo-Daro Palace period permission Peru pipes pits pollution population Prague rainwater reuse river Roman Rome rural sanitary sanitation and wastewater sanitation systems sewage sewer sewerage sewerage system sludge soil South stone storm water stormwater streets tank Thessaloniki toilets town traditional Tunisia underground urine villages Volubilis walls waste water wastewater management wastewater treatment plant water and wastewater water management water resources water supply