Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds: Interaction of Three Cultures

ancient Arabs areas army Asia Minor authority Balkans became began bishops Bulgars Byzantine emperor Byzantine Empire Byzantium Caliph Carolingian cathedral Chapter Charlemagne Christian Church civilization classical clergy Constantinople Council court Crusade culture early East Eastern ecclesiastical economic eleventh century England especially famous feudal fifteenth century Florence fourteenth France Frankish Frederick French Gaul German Greek Gregory guild Henry historians Holy humanists imperial important influence Islamic Italian Italy Jerusalem Jews Justinian Kiev Kievan king kingdom knights land later Latin Lombards lord Louis manorial medieval medieval period merchants Merovingian Middle Ages modern monarch monks Muslim nobles Norman Ostrogothic Otto pagan Papacy papal patriarch peasants Petrarch Philip philosophy political Pope princes reign religious Renaissance Roman Empire Rome royal ruler Russian scholars secular Sicily Slavic Slavs society Spain successor tenth century territory thirteenth century tion towns tradition Turks twelfth century vassals Venice Visigoths West Western Europe