230. record; accent on second syllable. 232. of them; ie., of thy offences. "Lecture" is the French lecture, a reading. A list written down for the purpose of being read out. 233. heinous; hateful (Fr. haine, hatred). 235. cracking; breaking, annulling. warrant; authority (Fr. garantir). oath; Sax. ath. 238. Like a bull, baited by my own misery. 239. Pilate; Matt. xxvii. 24. 241. sour; harsh, disagreeable, bitter (Sax. sur, sour). 246. sort; company, band. So in Hen. VI., Part II., Act II., "A sort of naughty persons. The word is derived from Lat. sors, a lot, and properly means that which is selected by casting lots. We still speak of a lot of persons. 250. undeck; properly to uncover. (Sax. decan, gedecan, to cover. So the deck of a ship is that part which covers the body of the vessel. 254. haught; haughty. 255. nor no; another instance of a double negative, equivalent to and no. 256. That name (which) was given, etc. 257. But 'tis usurped; connect with line 255, "I have no name, no title, but 'tis usurped;" ie., "I have no name, no title except it is (= but what is; or, which is not) usurped. 258. worn so many winters out; lived so many years. 260. mockery; noun used as an adjective, equivalent to " in mockery, mock." To mock is properly to imitate. 264. be sterling; pass current, have weight or authority. 265-7. Observe the word it occurring in each of these lines, with a different meaning each time. In line 265, it is used instead of word; in line 266, instead of mirror; in line 257, instead of face. Straight; straightway, immediately. His ; we now use the word its, which had not come into general use in Shakespeare's time. 269. while; until. 270. Fiend; properly an enemy (Sax. feond). 272. then ; i.e., if the papers be not read. 275, 6. When I see myself in the glass. Compare next line. 277. wrinkle; (Sax. wrincle). Probably connected with ring. 280. like those who followed me in prosperity. 281. beguile; deceive. Comp. Gen. iii. 13. 287. brittle; from Sax. bryttian, to divide into fragments. 290. moral; meaning, that which it signifies. 292. The imagination of your sorrow hath destroyed the image of your face in the glass. 296. external manners of laments; outward exhibitions of grief. Compare the expressions in Hamlet, Act I., "forms, modes, shows of grief," and " 'trappings and the suits of woe." tortured; (Lat. torqueo, I twist), properly twisted, wrenched, distorted with pain or anguish. 300, 301. givest, teachest; observe the peculiar construction. The nom. to these verbs is "that" (= who), which has for its antecedent "thee" implied in thy. "For the great bounty of thee, who not only givest,' etc. 302. boon; from Lat. bonus, good. 308. to my flatterer; for the construction compare Matt. iii. 9. 317. convey; to steal. conveyers; thieves. So in Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I., 666 Convey' the wise it call;' " and Cymbeline, Act I., "That a king's children should be so 'convey'd."" 319. set down; fix, determine, appoint. 329. bury; conceal. 332. (full) of sorrow; (full) of tears. 334. a plot (which) shall show us, etc.

NOTES TO MILTON'S LYCIDAS.

298.

52. steep; adjective used as a noun. The mountains of North Wales are referred to. Perhaps Penmaenmawr in particular, which overlooks the Mona; Anglesea. shaggy; covered with woods. 55. Deva; the river Dee. wizard; haunted by wizards, fairies, etc. 56. me; gov. by

sea.

"for" understood. 57. Supply the ellipsis thus :-"Had you been there (it would have been useless), for what could that have done?" We have here, (a) an adverbial sentence (condition), (b) principal sentence, (c) principal sentence (illative) co-ord. with (b). 58-63. See Parsing and Analysis. 58. Muse; Calliope. 61. rout; a rabble, company of uproarious revellers. 64. boots; profits. what; interrogative pron., obj. case, gov. by "boots." it; the subject of the sentence. The next two lines are in apposition with it, and form an enlargement of the subject. 66. To study closely the poetic art, which yields no fair return for the labour devoted to it. 67. use; are accustomed. 68, 69. to devote oneself to love and pleasure. Here we have the same construction as in lines 64-66. Lines 68 and 69 are in apposition with it in line 67. 70-76; see Parsing and Analysis. 70. spur; incentive. clear; noble, illustrious, renowned (Lat. clarus). 71. last infirmity; a desire for fame is a weakness which noble minds find it most difficult to throw off. 73. guerdon; reward. 74. expect to find oneself famous. 75. Fury; Destiny, who cuts the thread of life. 76. "But (she does) not (slit) the praise.' Subst. Sent., object to "Phoebus replied." 79. foil; that by which anything is set off, and its beauty increased by contrast. This word is derived from Lat. folium, a leaf, and means properly a thin plate (or leaf) of metal placed under a precious stone to show off its brilliancy. 80. broad rumour; the voice of the undiscerning multitude. 83. pronounces lastly; delivers the final judgment. 84. meed; reward. (Sax. med.) Line 83 is an adv. sent. of degree to line 84.

NOTES TO BACON'S ESSAYS.

ESSAY XIV.

DERIVATIONS.-Portion; Lat. portio (from pars, a part).-Ever; Sax. aefer, aefre (ever, always).-Sovereign; Lat. supernus (upper), through Norman souvereign.-Draws; Sax. dragan, Lat. traho.-Flag; Sax. йeogan (to fly).-Pedigree; Lat. pes (a foot), or perhaps Lat. per (through), gradus (steps).-Height; Sax. heah (high).-Surcharge; sur (a contraction of Lat. super), Fr. charge.-Build; Sax. byldan.-Timber; Sax. timbrian (to build).—Tree; Sax. treo.-Sound; Lat. sono (I sound). Wave; Sax. waeg.-Weather; Sax. wether.

NOTES.-Estate; state, commonwealth.-Ever; always.-Pure; complete.-Attempers; moderates.-Stirps ; Lat. stem, stock (here in plural). —Flags; insignia.—Respects; paying respect, rendering homage to rank and dignities.

PARSING AND ANALYSIS.

"What could the Muse herself that Orpheus bore,
The Muse herself, for her enchanting son

Whom universal nature did lament;

When by the rout that made the hideous roar

His gory visage down the stream was sent,

Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore?"-Lycidas.

(We give the principal points in the parsing.) What Interrogative pronoun, obj., gov. by "could." could Used transitively with the force of "could do." herself Reflective pronoun, in apposition with "Muse."

that

Orpheus

bore

Equivalent to "who bore Orpheus." "Who" is nom. to
"bore," and agrees with antec. "Muse."
"Orpheus"
is in obj. case, gov. by "bore."

whom Relative pronoun, 3rd pers., sing., masc., obj. case, gov. by "did lament."

roar Common noun, sing., neut., obj. case, gov. by "made." down Preposition, governing stream."'

66

sent Perf. participle of the verb "to send," referring to

"visage."

was sent Passive voice.

"Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
(That last infirmity of noble mind),

To scorn delights, and live laborious days;
But the fair guerdon when we hope to find,
And think to burst out into sudden blaze,
Comes the blind Fury with th' abhorred shears,
And slits the thin-spun life."-Lycidas.

(We give the principal points in the parsing.)

spur Nom. case, after "is."

that Nom. case to "doth raise."

spirit Obj. case, gov. by "doth raise."

infirmity Noun in apposition with "Fame," or rather with "the love of Fame," which is implied.

to scorn Infin. mood, gov. by "doth raise."

(to) live Infin. mood, gov. by "doth raise," understood. But, etc. The prose order is, "But when we hope to find the fair guerdon, and (when we) think," etc.

Comes, etc. The prose order is, “The blind Fury comes," etc. abhorred | Participial adjective, formed from the verb "to abhor," qualifying “shears."

Paraphrase. The exiled Duke of Norfolk has taken part in many honourable combats for the Christian cause, bearing the banner of the Cross triumphantly against the infidel armies of Turks and Saracens. At length, worn out by the fatigues of war, he withdrew to Italy. There he died; his body was buried at Venice, in the soil of that beautiful country, while his undefiled spirit ascended to Christ his leader, in whose cause he had so often contended.

2. "A monarchy where there is no nobility at all is ever a pure and absolute tyranny, as that of the Turks. For nobility attempers sovereignty, and draws the eyes of the people somewhat aside from the line royal. But for democracies, they need it not; and they are commonly more quiet, and less subject to sedition than where there are stirps of nobles. For men's eyes are upon the business, and not upon the persons; or, if upon the persons, it is for the business' sake, as fittest, and not for flags and pedigrees."-Bacon's Essays, XIV. Paraphrase. A kingly government without an aristocracy is always a complete and unlimited despotism, like that existing in Turkey. For an aristocracy moderates the power of a monarchy, and in some degree diverts the attention of the people from the family of the sovereign. In republics there is no necessity for an aristocracy, for in these the people are generally more peaceful and less given to revolt when there are no noble families. The minds of the citizens are more directed to public affairs than to the persons who administer them; or, if they regard individuals at all, it is because they esteem them the best suited to the offices they hold, and not from considerations of birth and display.