tained, that if they should commit any repugnancy: these last have greater kind of sin, it would do them no hurt, affinity with the animal constitution. nor in the least affect their eternal state; The causes of antipathy are less known and that it is one of the distinguishing than those of aversion." Repugnancy is characters of the elect that they cannot less permanent than either the one or do any thing displeasing to God. It is ne- the other. We hate a vicious characcessary, however, to observe here, and ter, we feel an aversion to its exertions. candour obliges us to confess that there We are affected with antipathy for cer have been others, who have been styled tain persons at first sight: there are Antinomians, who cannot, strictly speak- some affairs which we transact with reing, be ranked with these men: never- pugnancy. Hatred calumniates, avertheless, the unguarded expressions they sion keeps us at a distance from certain have advanced, the bold positions they persons. Antipathy makes us detest have laid down, and the double con-them; repugnancy hinders us from imi struction which might so easily be put tating them. upon many of their sentences, have led ANTIPEDOBAPTISTS. (from arts some to charge them with Antinomian "against," and was was, “child,” and principles. For instance; when they | Barr, "baptize,") is a distinguishing have asserted justification to be eter-denomination given to those who object nal, without distinguishing between the to the baptism of infants. Sce BAPsecret determination of God in eternity, TISM. and the execution of it in time; when ANTIQUITIES, a term implying all they have spoken lightly of good works, testimonics or authentic accounts that or asserted that believers have nothing have come down to us of ancient nations. to do with the law of God, without fully As the study of antiquity may be useful explaining what they mean: when they both to the enquiring Christian, as well assert that God is not angry with his as to those who are employed in, or are people for their sins, nor in any sense candidates for the Gospel ministry, we punishes them for them, without distin- shall here subjoin a list of those which guishing between fatherly corrections are esteemed the most valuable.-Faand vindictive punishment: these things, bricii Bibliographia Antiquaria; Spenwhatever be the private sentiments of cer de Legibus Heb. Ritualibus; Godthose who advance them, have a ten-wyn's Moses and Aaron; Bingham's dency to injure the minds of many. It has been alleged, that the principal thing they have had in view, was, to counteract those legal doctrines which have so much abounded among the selfrighteous; but, granting this to be true, there is no occasion to run from one extreme to another. Had many of those writers proceeded with more caution, been less dogmatical, more explicit in ANTISABBATARIANS, a modern the explanation of their sentiments, and religious sect, who deny the necessity possessed more candour towards those of observing the Sabbath Day. Their who differed from them, they would chief arguments are, 1. That the Jewish have been more serviceable to the cause Sabbath was only of ceremonial, not of of truth and religion. Some of the chief moral obligation; and consequently, is of those who have been charged as fa- abolished by the coming of Christ.—2. vouring the above sentiments are, Crisp, That no other Sabbath was appointed to Richardson, Saltmarsh, Hussey, Eatom, be observed by Christ or his apostles. Town, &c. These have been answered 3. That there is not a word of Sabbathby Gataker, Sedgwick, Witsius, Bull, breaking in all the New Testament.Williams, Ridgley, Beart, De Fleury, 4. That no command was given to Adam &c. See also Bellamy's Letters and or Noah to keep any Sabbath.-And, Dialogues between Theron, Paulinus,|| 5. That, therefore, although Christians and Aspasio; with his Essay on the Nature and Glory of the Gospel; Edwards' Chrispianism, unmasked.

ANTIPATHY, hatred, aversion, repugnancy, Hatred is entertained against persons, aversion and antipathy against persons or things, and repugnancy against actions alone. Hatred is more voluntary than aversion, antipathy, or

Antiquities of the Christian Church; Brown's Antiquities of the Jews; Potter's and Harwood's Greek, and Kennett's and Adam's Roman Antiquities; Preface to the Prussian Testament, published by L'Enfant and Beausobre; Prideaux and Shuckford's Connections; Jones's Asiatic Researches; and Maurice's Indian Antiquities.

are commanded "not to forsake the assembling of themselves together," they ought not to hold one day more holy than another. See article SABBATH

ANTITACTÆ, a branch of Gnostics, who held that God was good and just, but that a creature had created evil; and, consequently, that it is our

ANTITYPE, a Greek word, properly signifying a type or figure corresponding to some other type.

tranquillity of mind, incapable of being ruffled by either pleasure or pain. In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term apathy to express a contempt of all earthly concerns; a state of mortification such as the Gospel prescribes. Clemens Alexandrinus, in particular, brought it exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw such philoso phers to Christianity who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue.

APELLEANS, so called from Apel les, in the second century. They af firmed that Christ, when he came down from heaven, received a body not from the substance of his mother, but from the four elements, which at his death he rendered back to the world, and so ascended into heaven without a body.

The word antitype occurs twice in the New Testament, viz. in the Epistle to the Hebrews, chap. ix. v. 24. and in the 1 Epistle of St. Peter chap. iii. v. 21. where its genuine import has been much controverted. The former says, that Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are TITUTA, the figures or antitypes of the true-now to appear in the presence of God. Now TUTOS signifies the pattern APHTHARTODOCITES, a deno by which another thing is made; and mination in the sixth century; so called as Moses was obliged to make the ta- from the Greek apagros, incorruptible, bernacle, and all things in it, according and done, to judge; because they held to the pattern shown him in the Mount, that the body of Jesus Christ was incorthe tabernacle so formed was the anti-ruptible, and not subject to death. They type of what was shown to Moses: any were a branch of the Eutychians. thing, therefore, formed according to a model or pattern, is an antitype. In the latter passage, the apostle, speaking of Noah's flood, and the deliverance only of eight persons in the ark from it, says, Ωκαι η μας αντιτυπον νον σώζει βαπτισμα; Βαtism being an antitype to that, now saves us; not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience towards God, &c. The meaning is, that righteousness, or the answer of a good conscience towards God, now saves us, by means of the resurrection of Christ, as formerly righteousness sared these eight persons by means of the ark during the flood. The word antitype, therefore, here signifies a general similitude of circumstances; and the particle, whereunto, refers not to the immediate antecedent daros, water, but to all that precedes.

ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect of rigid Lutherans who opposed the doctrine of Osiander relating to justification. These are otherwise denominated Csiandromastiges. The Antosiandrians deny that man is made just, with that justice wherewith God himself is just; that is, they assert that he is not made essentially but only imputatively just; or that he is not really made just, but only pronounced so.

APATHY, among the ancient philosophers, implied an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. The word is compounded of a, friv. and uses, affection. The Stoics affected an entire apathy; they considered it as the highest wisdom to enjoy a perfect calmness or

APOCARITES, a denomination, in the third century, which sprang from the Manicheans. They held that the soul of man was of the substance of God.

APOCHRYPHA, books not admitted into the canon of scripture, being either spurious, or at least not acknowledged as divine. The word is Greek, and derived from año, “from,” and κρυπτώ, "to hide or conceal." They seem most of them to have been composed by Jews. None of the writers of the New Testament mention them; neither Philo nor Josephus speak of them. The Christian church was for some ages a stranger to them. Origen, Athanasius, Hilary, Cyril of Jerusalem, and all the orthodox writers who have given catalogues of the canonical books of scripture, unanimously concur in rejecting these out of the canon. The Protestants acknowledge such books of scripture only to be canonical as were esteemed to be so in the first ages of the church; such as are cited by the earliest writers among the Christians as of divine authority, and after the most diligent enquiry were received and judged to be so by the council of Laodicea. They were written after the days of Malachi, in whom, according to the universal testimony of the Jews, the spirit of prophecy ceased, Mal. iv. 4-6. Not one of the writers in direct terms advances a claim to inspiration. They contain fables, lies, and contradictions. 1 Macc. vi. 4. 16. 2 Macc. 1. 13. 16. 2 Macc. ix. 28. The apocryphal books are in general believed to be canonical by the church of Rome; and, even by

the sixth article of the church of Eng-ger.-4. It is likewise given to those land, they are ordered to be read for persons who first planted the Christian example of life and instruction of man- faith in any place. Thus Dionysius of ners, though it doth not apply them to Corinth is called the Apostle of France, establish any doctrine. Other reformed Xavier the Apostle of the Indies, &c. churches do not so much as make even APOSTLES' CREED. See CREED. this use of them. See Prideaux's Con- APOSTOLATE, in a general sense, nexion, vol. i. p. 36-42: Lec's Dis. on is used for mission; but it more properEsdras; Dick on Inspiration, p. 344. ||ly denotes the dignity or office of an APOLLINARIANS, were ancient apostle of Christ. It is also used in anheretics, who denied the proper hu- cient writers for the office of a bishop. manity of Christ, and maintained that But as the title apostolicus has been apthe body which he assumed was endow-propriated to the pope, so that of aposed with a sensitive and not a rational soul: but that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in man. This sect derived its name from Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea. Their doctrine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by a council at Rome in 375, and by another council in 378, which deposed Apollinaris from his bishopric. This, with other laws enacted against them, reduced them to a very small number; so that at last they dwindled away.

tolate became at length restrained to the sole dignity of the popedom.

APOSTOLIC, apostolical; something that relates to the apostles, or descends from them. Thus we say the apostolical age, apostolical doctrine, apostolical character, constitutions, traditions, &c.

APOSTOLIC, in the primitive church, was an appellation given to all such churches as were founded by the apostles; and even to the bishops of those churches, as being the reputed successors of the apostles. These were APOSTACY, a forsaking or renoun- confined to four, viz. Rome, Alexandria, cing our religion, either by an open de- Antioch, and Jerusalem. In after times, claration in words, or a virtual declara- the other churches assumed the same tion of it by our actions. The primitive quality, on account, principally, of the Christian church distinguished several conformity of their doctrine with that kinds of apostacy; the first, of those of the churches which were apostolical who went entirely from Christianity to by foundation, and because all bishops Judaism; the second, of those who com- held themselves successors of the aposplied so far with the Jews, as to com-tles, or acted in their dioceses with the municate with them in many of their authority of apostles. unlawful practices, without making a The first time the term apostolical is formal profession of their religion; attributed to bishops, as such, is in a thirdly, of those who mingled Judaism letter of Clovis to the council of Orleans, and Christianity together; and, fourth- held in 511, though that king does not ly, of those who voluntarily relapsed there expressly denominate them aposinto paganism. Apostacy may be far-tolical, but (apostolica sede dignissimi ther considered as, 1. Original, in which highly worthy of the apostolical see. we have all participated, Rom. iii. 23;|| In 581, Guntram calls the bishops met -2. National, when a kingdom relin- at the council of Macon, apostolical quishes the profession of Christianity; pontiffs, apostolici pontifices. 3. Personal, when an individual backIn progress of time, the bishop of slides from God, Heb. x. 38;-4. Final, Rome growing in power above the rest, when men are given up to judicial and the three patriarchates of Alexanhardness of heart, as Judas. See BACK-dria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, falling into the hands of the Saracens, the title APOSTLE, properly signifies a mes-apostolical was restrained to the pope senger or person sent by another upon some business. It is particularly applied to them whom our Saviour deputed to preach.-2. Apostle, in the Greek liturgy, is used for a book containing the epistles of St. Paul, printed in the order wherein they are to be read in churches through the course of the year.-3. The appellation was also given to the ordinary travelling ministers of the church, Rom. xvi. 7. Phil. ii. 25. though in our translation the last is rendered messen

SLIDING.

and his church alone; though some of the popes, and St. Gregory the Great, not contented to hold the title by this tenure, began at length to insist that it belonged to them by another and peculiar right, as being the successors of St. Peter. The country of Rheims, in 1049, declared that the pope was the sole apostolical primate of the universal church. And hence a great number of apostolicals; apostolical see, apostolical nuncio, apostolical notary, apostolical

ARCHANGEL, according to some APPLICATION, is used for the act divines, means an angel occupying the whereby our Saviour transfers or makes eighth rank in the celestial hierarchy; over to us what he had earned or pur- but others, not without reason, reckon chased by his holy life and death. Ac-it a title only applicable to our Saviour. cordingly it is by this application of the Compare Jude 9. with Daniel xii. 1. 1 merits of Christ that we are to be justi- Thess. iv. 16. fied and entitled to grace and glory.

ARCHBISHOP, the chief or metroApplication is also used for that part politan bishop, who has several suffraof a sermon in which the preacher gans under him. Archbishops were not brings home or applies the truth of re-known in the East till about the year ligion to the consciences of his hearers.

ARCHDEACON, a priest invested with authority or jurisdiction over the clergy and laity, next to the bishop, either through the whole diocese, or only a part of it. There are sixty in England, who visit every two years in three, when they inquire into the reparations and moveables belonging to churches; reform abuses; suspend; excommunicate; in some places prove wills; and induct all clerks into benefices within their respective jurisdictions.

oury and York. The first archbishop | The Arians were first condemned and of Canterbury was Austin, appointed by anathematised by a council at Alexanking Ethelbert, on his conversion to dria, in 320, under Alexander, bishop Christianity, about the year 598. His of that city, who accused Arius of imgrace of Canterbury is the first peer of piety, and caused him to be expelled England, and the next to the royal fa- from the communion of the church; and mily, having precedence of all dukes, afterwards by 380 fathers in the general and all great officers of the crown. It council of Nice, assembled by Constanis his privilege, by custom, to crown tine, in 325. His doctrine, however, was the kings and queens of this kingdom. not extinguished; on the contrary, it The archbishop of York has precedence became the reigning religion, especially of all dukes not of the royal blood, and in the East. Arius was recalled from of all officers of state except the lord banishment by Constantine in two or high chancellor. The first archbishop three years after the council of Nice, of York was Paulinus, appointed by and the laws that had been enacted pope Gregory about the year 622. against him were repealed. Notwithstanding this, Athanasius, then bishop of Alexandria, refused to admit him and his followers to communion. This so enraged them, that, by their interest at court, they procured that prelate to be deposed and banished; but the church of Alexandria still refusing to admit Arius into their communion, the empe ror sent for him to Constantinople; where upon delivering in a fresh confession of his faith in terms less offensive, the emperor commanded him to be received into their communion; but that very evening, it is said, Arius died as his friends were conducting him in triumph to the great church of Constantinople. Arius, pressed by a natural want, stepped aside, but expired on the spot, his bowels gushing out. The Arian party, however, found a protector in Constantius, who succeeded his father in the East. They underwent various revolutions and persecutions under succeeding emperors; till, at length, Theodosius the Great exerted every effort to suppress them. Their doctrine was carried, in the fifth century, into Africa, under the Vandals; and into Asia under the Goths.-Italy, Gaul, and Spain, were also deeply infected with it; and towards the commencement of the sixth century, it was triumphant in many parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe: but it sunk almost at once, when the Vandals were driven out of Africa, and the Goths out of Italy, by the arms of Justinian. However, it revived again in Italy, under the protec tion of the Lombards, in the seventh century, and was not extinguished till about the end of the eighth. Arianism was again revived in the West by Servetus, in 1531, for which he suffered death. After this the doctrine got footing in Geneva, and in Poland; but at length degenerated in a great mea sure into Socinianism. Erasmus, it is thought, aimed at reviving it, in his commentaries on the New Testament:

ARCHONTICS, a sect about the year 160 or 203. Among many other extravagant notions, they held that the world was created by archangels; they also denied the resurrection of the body. ARCH-PRESBYTER, or ARCHPRIEST, a priest established in some dioceses with a superiority over the rest. He was anciently chosen out of the college of presbyters, at the pleasure of the bishop. The arch-presbyters were much of the same nature with our deans in cathedral churches.

ARRHABONARII, a sect who held that the Eucharist is neither the real flesh or blood of Christ, nor yet the sign of them, but only the pledge or earnest

thereof.

ARIANS, followers of Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, about 315, who maintained that the Son of God was totally and essentially distinct from the Father; that he was the first and noblest of those beings whom God had created-the instrument, by whose subordinate operation he formed the universe; and therefore, inferior to the Father both in nature and dignity: also, that the Holy Ghost was not God, but created by the power of the Son. The Arians owned that the Son was the Word; but denied that word to have been eternal. They held that Christ had nothing of man in him but the flesh, to which the ages, or word, was joined, which was the same as the soul in us.