"Now, it may be made to appear that this ditch was for a public use, as has been attempted in the complaint; and, if this public use is made to clearly appear, does it not follow that the plaintiff is entitled to exercise the right of eminent domain under the statute? We think this is the intent and fair construction of the statute, and that the demurrer on this ground should have been overruled,"

-and leave was granted to amend the complaint in this particular.

The complaint in the present case clearly shows that the ditch was constructed for a public use. We think that under the provisions of the Alaska Code, which we have copied, the appellant had the unquestioned right in the first instance to condemn the land.

In Clark v. Nash, 198 U. S. 361, 367, 25 Sup. Ct. 676, 49 L. Ed. 1085, which was rendered subsequently to the decision of this court in Miocene Ditch Co. v. Lyng, supra, the court had occasion to discuss the question of the right of eminent domain under the provisions of the Utah statute, which in all essential respects is similar in its provisions to the Code of Alaska. See Nash v. Clark, 27 Utah, 159, 75 Pac. 371, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 208, 101 Am. St. Rep. 953. Upon this subject the court said:

"The plaintiffs in error contend that the proposed use of the enlarged ditch across their land for the purpose of conveying water to the land of the defendant in error alone is not a public use, and that, therefore, the defendant in error has no constitutional or other right to condemn the land, or any portion of it, belonging to the plaintiffs in error, for that purpose. They argue that, although the use of water in the state of Utah for the purpose of mining or irrigation or manufacturing may be a public use where the right to use it is common to the public, yet that no individual has the right to condemn land for the purpose of conveying water in ditches across his neighbor's land, for the purpose of irrigating his own land alone, even where there is, as in this case, a state statute permitting it. In some states-probably in most of them— the proposition contended for by the plaintiffs in error would be sound. But whether a statute of a state permitting condemnation by an individual for the purpose of obtaining water for his land or for mining should be held to be a condemnation for a public use, and therefore a valid enactment, may depend upon a number of considerations relating to the situation of the state and its possibilities for land cultivation, or the successful prosecution of its mining or other industries. Where the use is asserted to be public, and the right of the individual to condemn land for the purpose of exercising such use is founded upon or is the result of some peculiar condition of the soil or climate, or other peculiarity of the state, where the right of condemnation is asserted under a state statute, we are always, where it can fairly be done, strongly inclined to old with the state courts when they uphold a statestatute providing for such condemnation. The validity of such statutes may sometimes depend upon many different facts, the existence of which would make a public use, even by an individual, where, in the absence of such facts, the use would clearly be private. Those facts must be general, notorious, and acknowledged in the state, and the state courts may be assumed to be exceptionally familiar with them. They are not the subject of judicial investigation as to their existence, but the local courts know and appreciate them. They understand the situation which led to the demand for the enactment of the statute, and they also appreciate the results upon the growth and prosperity of the state, which in all probability would flow from a denial of its validity. These are matters which might properly he held to have a material bearing upon the question whether the individual use proposed might not in fact be a public one."

See, also, Strickley v. The Highland Boy Gold Min. Co. (Feb. 19, 1906) 200 U. S. 527, 26 Sup. Ct. 301, 50 L. Ed. 581; The Otis

Co. v. The Ludlow Mfg. Co. (March 12, 1906) 201 U. S. 140, 26 Sup. Ct. 353, 50 L. Ed. 696; Oury v. Goodwin, 3 Ariz. 255, 26 Pac. 376; Ellinghouse v. Taylor, 19 Mont. 462, 48 Pac. 757; Dalles Lumber Co. v. Urquhart, 16 Ór. 67, 19 Pac. 78; Lewis County v. Gordon, 20 Wash. 80, 54 Pac. 779; Nash. v. Clark, 27 Utah, 158, 75 Pac. 371, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 208, 101 Am. St. Rep. 953; Dayton, G. & S. M. Co. v. Seawell, 11 Nev. 394; Kansas & Texas Coal Ry. Co. v. N. W. C. & M. Co., 161 Mo. 289, 310, 61 S. W. 684, 51 L. R. A. 936, 84 Am. St. Rep. 717.

Were appellees justified, upon the ground that appellant had not instituted proceedings prior to completing its ditch across and over their mining claims, two years after the ditch had been completed over their land, without objection or protest on their part, by means of water under pressure above appellant's ditch, after dark, without lights or sluices upon their mining claims, wash out, break, and destroy said ditch "in the usual and ordinary course of their mining operations?" As was said by appellee Jacobsen:

"We turned on the water about a hundred and twenty-five feet above the ditch, through a pipe-probably five hundred inches of water, maybe more and maybe less-for to sluice the top of the muck off, as it was necessary for us to do so, and we cut across the ditch, as the pay lies right under the ditch."

Waiving, for the present, at least, the conflicting testimony as to whether or not the ground of the appellees consisted of valuable mining claims, we proceed to consider the undisputed questions of fact as shown by the record.

The affidavits on the part of appellant were clear and direct upon the point that no objections were made to the construction of the ditch over the land in question. There was no evidence on the part of the appellees that they made any objections at that time. Appellee Spullis testified that he was on the ground in September, 1903:

"Q. Was the Miocene building their ditch there then? A. Yes. Q. You saw them there, building their ditch? A. I did. Q. Make any objections to it? A. I did not."

Appellee Jacobsen was on the ground in the fall of 1903 and winter of 1903-04, but did not testify that he ever made any objection to the construction of the ditch. May and Kemter were never on the claims at any time, and never made any objections to the building of the ditch. It is true that appellee May, on August 31, 1904, after the completion of the ditch, served upon appellant the following notice:

"Nome, Alaska, August 31, 1904.

"To the Miocene Ditch Company and J. M. Davidson, President of Said Company-Gentlemen: You will please take notice that I intend to mine by hydraulic and ground sluicing process my placer mining ground upon which your ditch crosses just above Discovery gulch, a tributary of Nome river. It is my intention to crosscut our claims and benches on and above saið gulch, and you are hereby notified that unless you pipe or flume your water across said ground immediately that we will not be responsible for any damages that may result to your ditch on any of our ground where we hydraulic or ground sluice from the water above."

A short time before the injury complained of by appellant was committed, appellees Jacobsen and Chognon were working on their claims, and claimed that appellant's ditch had overflowed its banks, discharging water upon them and damaging them, and upon demand this claim was settled, and the following receipt given:

"Nome, Alaska, Aug. 2, 1905. "Received from Miocene Ditch Co. four hundred and six 00/100 dollars, being payment in full for all damage and causes of action whatsoever to date. "$406.00/100. John Jacobsen. "A. B. Chognon."

At the time this receipt was given, no objection was made to the existence of the ditch over their ground. After the injury to the ditch, and after it was repaired, and while appellees were openly threatening to again wash it out and destroy it, claiming that they had the right so to do, certain negotiations were had, and appellees said they would not sell a right of way for the ditch, but would sell the entire claims over which the ditch passed for $7,500. In the light of all the facts, is it not manifest that the course pursued by appellees in injuring the ditch and threatening to destroy it was unlawful and without any legal right whatever? Their remedy, if any they had in the premises, would be restricted to the damages for injuries occasioned by reason of the construction of the ditch.

The rules and principles of law upon this subject are well settled. In Roberts v. Northern P. R. R., 158 U. S. 1, 11, 15 Sup. Ct. 756, 39 L. Ed. 873, the court said:

"It has been frequently held that if a landowner, knowing that a railroad company has entered upon his land and is engaged in constructing its road without having complied with the statute, requiring either payment by agreement or proceedings to condemn, remains inactive, and permits them to go on and expend large sums in the work, he will be estopped from maintaining either trespass or ejectment for the entry, and will be regarded as having acquiesced therein, and he restricted to a suit for damages,"— -citing many authorities.

This same doctrine was announced in Northern P. R. R. Co. v. Smith, 171 U. S. 260, 275, 18 Sup. Ct. 794, 43 L. Ed. 157; United States v. Lynah, 188 U. S. 445, 467, 23 Sup. Ct. 349, 47 L.. Ed. 539; Maffet v. Quine (C. C.) 93 Fed. 347, 349; Cowley v. City of Spokane (C. C.) 99 Fed. 840, 843; Sherlock v. Railway Co., 115 Ind. 22, 30, 17 N. E. 171.

In Maffet v. Quine, supra, it was declared by the court that the construction of a flume to convey lumber from mills to a city is a work of such a public character as will authorize the condemnation of right of way therefor under the statutes of Oregon. The facts of the case were that the defendant therein had acquired the ownership of land over which the flume had previously been constructed by a mill company, and continued to reside upon it for a number of years, without making any objections to the maintenance of the flume, until he sought to collect a claim from the mill company for wages. The court held that the company was entitled to a prelimi

nary injunction to restrain him from committing a threatened injury to the flume.

There are numerous state authorities cited in the decisions of the Supreme Court to which we have referred that announce the same general principles. A ditch of the character of the one in question bears a close analogy to a railroad, dependent, as each is, upon its right to protect its entire line without the breaking of any links along its general course. There are many cases where the right of condemnation has been granted and judgment rendered for the damages without payment until after possession has been taken of the property condemned, where the same principles above enunciated have been applied.

In McAulay v. Western V. R. R. Co., 33 Vt. 311, 321, 78 Am. Dec. 627, which was an action of ejectment, it was held that payment of damages is a condition precedent to the acquiring of title by a railroad company of lands taken by condemnation for their road; but it was also held that such a condition was for the benefit of the landowner, and might be waived by him even by parol. It was admitted that the landowner had full knowledge of the proceedings of the railroad company to locate and construct its road upon the land before and during all the time of the construction, and that he did not interfere in any way to prevent the occupation of the land for the purposes of the road otherwise than by forbidding the men employed to work thereon until the damages were paid. The question was whether the landowner could, upon the facts, maintain an action of ejectment for the land. In the course of the opinion the court said:

"In these great public works the shortest period of clear acquiescence, so as fairly to lead the company to infer that the party intends to waive his claim for present payment, will be held to conclude the right to assert the claim in any such form as to stop the company in the progress of their works, and especially to stop the running of the road after it has been put in operation. whereby the public acquire important interests in its continuance."

In Dodd v. St. Louis & H. Ry. Co., 108 Mo. 581, 585, 18 S. W. 1117, the court said:

"It is equally well settled that a party who with full knowledge stands by and permits a company to expend large sums of money in the construction of a railroad through his land without objection forfeits his right of eject[Citing cases.] This right is forfeited by virtue of the application of the doctrine of estoppel, as well as the intervention of public interests. Property in a railway is peculiar. A railway may be likened to a chain, which is worthless with one link out. The ejectment of the company from a mile or half a mile of its track almost wholly destroys the value of the entire line. The landowner knows this, and when he stands by and sees large sums of money expended on his land, and probably millions expended in the construction of the whole road, and interposes no objection, every consideration of justice and fair dealing requires that he should not be permitted to destroy such vast interests by wresting possession of a part of the road from the company, and thus severing its connections. * * * In such case we can pertinently say that he who will not speak when he should ought not to be permitted to speak when he would."

We recognize the full force and effect of the rule announced by the courts that the granting or refusing an injunction is largely

within the sound discretion of the court, and ought not ordinarily be reversed upon appeal; but if the principles of law have been departed from, the appellate courts should never hesitate to act. Certain principles in this connection are well settled.

In Allison v. Corson, 88 Fed. 581, 584, 32 C. C. A. 12, the court below refused to grant a temporary restraining order, and upon appeal its action was reversed. The court said:

"The controlling reason for the existence of the right to issue a temporary injunction is that the court may thereby prevent such a change of the conditions and relations of persons and property during a litigation as may result in irremediable injury to some of the parties before their claims can be investigated and adjudicated. Undoubtedly, an injunction ought not to be issued unless substantial questions of law or fact, whose decision in favor of the moving party would entitle him to ultimate relief. are presented. If it is reasonably clear that he cannot ultimately succeed-if his pleading discloses no cause of action or defense-no injunction should be granted. But if the questions to be ultimately settled are serious and doubtful, and if the injury to the moving party will be certain, great, and irreparable if the motion is denied and the final decision is in his favor, while if the decision is otherwise the inconvenience and loss to the opposing party will be inconsiderable, and may well be indemnified by a proper bond, if the injunction is granted, it is the duty of the chancellor to issue it. A preliminary injunction, maintaining the status quo, may properly issue whenever the questions of law or fact to be ultimately determined in a suit are grave and difficult, and injury to the moving party will be immediate, certain, and great if it is denied, while the loss or inconvenience to the opposing party will be comparatively small and insignificant if it is granted."

In addition to the authorities there cited, see Cartersville L. & P. Co. v. Mayor (C. C.) 114 Fed. 699; Denver & R. G. Co. v. United States, 124 Fed. 156, 161, 59 C. C. A. 579; Harriman v. Northern Securities Co. (C. C.) 132 Fed. 464; Hoy v. Altoona Midway Oil Co. (C. C.) 136 Fed. 483, 484, and numerous authorities there cited.

The order of the District Court dissolving the temporary restraining order, and refusing to grant the injunction pendente lite, is overruled.

EMERICK & DUNCAN CO. v. HASCY et al.*

(Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. June 18, 1906.)

No. 1,284.

STIPULATIONS-PERFORMANCE-RESCISSION-RETURN OF BENEFITS.

Pursuant to a stipulation defendant confessed the bill by failing to appear and perform other conditions all of which involved more or less cost and trouble and some of which could not have been compelled by any decree that could have been rendered in the case. Plaintiffs procured their decree on the stipulation after which they asked the court to relieve them from the only thing they agreed to do, to wit, to satisfy the judgment in so far as it awarded damages, profits, and costs, because of defendant's alleged failure to fully perform one of the conditions of the stipulation. Held, that in the absence of an offer to put defendant in statu quo by permitting a vacation of defendant's default and the interlocutory decree to the end that defendant might contest the suit on the merits, plaintiffs were bound to satisfy their judgment for damages, etc. *Rehearing denied October 29, 1906.