The decisions of the courts upon the questions in dispute between the respective parties have not been entirely uniform. In Barnard v. Kellogg, 10 Wall. 383, 390, 393, 19 L. Ed. 987, the court said that, while it would be hard to reconcile all the cases, "it may be safely said they do not differ so much in principle, as in the application of the rules of law. The proper office of a custom or usage in trade is to ascertain and explain the meaning and intention of the parties to a contract, whether written or in parol, which could not be done without the aid of this extrinsic evidence. It does not go beyond this, and is used as a mode of interpretation on the theory that the parties knew of its existence, and contracted with reference to it. It is often employed to explain words or phrases in a contract of doubtful signification, or which may be understood in different senses, according to the subject-matter to which they are applied. But if it be inconsistent with the contract, or expressly or by necessary implication contradicts it, it cannot be received in evidence to affect it." In the course of the opinion several cases were cited, and it was directly held that: "A clear, certain, and distinct contract is not subject to modification by proof of usage. Such a contract disposes of all customs by its own terms, and by its terms alone is the conduct of the parties to be regulated, and their liability to be determined. * * * A usage, to be admissible, must not · conflict with the settled rules of law, nor go to defeat the essential terms of the contract." See, also, Lillard v. Kentucky D. & W. Co. (C. C. A.) 134 Fed. 168, 173, and authorities there cited. Even if it should be conceded that the term "watchman's clause" should not be held to include the words after the last proviso requiring notice to the company and permission to remain idle to be indorsed upon the policy, it is difficult to see how the plaintiff in error could be benefited thereby. If oral testimony had been given to the effect that the watchman's clause only referred to the keeping of watchmen on duty, this would not annul the latter provision; that would remain as an independent proviso, and would have to be construed as such. A written contract solemnly entered into and executed by the parties to it must bind the parties. Courts do not make contracts, but interpret and construe them whenever any question arises as to what are their terms and conditions. Petit v. German Ins. Co. (C. C.) 98 Fed. 800, 804. The proviso "that if such property be idle or shut down for more than thirty days at any one time notice must be given this company and permission to remain idle for such time must be indorsed hereon or this policy shall immediately cease and determine,” must be construed-whether considered as part of the watchman's clause, or as an independent condition of the contract-according to the sense and meaning of the terms which the parties used. The language is clear and unambiguous, and must be taken in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense, and, so construed, it is fatal to the right of recovery by the plaintiff in error, as it is admitted by it that it was not complied with. It was within the power of the defendant in error to insist upon such a provision, and it cannot be claimed that the terms thereof were unreasonable. In Imperial Fire Ins. Co. v. Coos County, 151 U. S. 452, 462, 14 Sup. Ct. 379, 38 L. Ed. 231, the court said: "The terms of the policy constitute the measure of the insurer's liability, and in order to recover the assured must show himself within those terms, and if it appears that the contract has been terminated by the violation, on the part of the assured, of its conditions, then there can be no right of recovery. The compliance of the assured with the terms of the contract is a condition precedent to the right of recovery. If the assured has violated or failed to perform the conditions of the contract, and such violation or want of performance has not been waived by the insurer, then the assured cannot recover. It is immaterial to consider the reasons for the conditions or provisions on which the contract is made to terminate, or any other provision of the policy which has been accepted and agreed upon. It is enough that the parties have made certain terms conditions on which their contract shall continue or terminate. The courts may not make a contract for the parties. Their function and duty consist simply in enforcing and carrying out the one actually made. * It is entirely competent for the parties to stipu. late, as they did in this case, 'that this policy should be void and of no effect, if, without notice to the company, and permission therefor indorsed hereon, * * the premises shall be used or occupied so as to increase the risk, or cease to be used or occupied for the purposes stated herein * or the risk be increased by any means within the knowledge or control of the assured.' * * These provisions are not unreasonable. These terms and conditions of the policy present no ambiguity whatever. The several conditions are separate and distinct, and wholly independent of each other." * * * In Delaware Ins. Co. of Philadelphia v. Greer, 120 Fed. 916, 921, 57 C. C. A. 188, 61 L. R. A. 137, the court said: "The obvious meaning of their plain terms is not to be discarded for some curious hidden sense which nothing but the exigency of a hard case and the ingenuity of an acute mind would discover. Contracts of insurance, like other contracts, are to be construed according to the sense and meaning of the terms which the parties have used, and, if they are clear and unambiguous, their terms are to be taken in their plain, ordinary, and popular sense." Kiesel & Co. v. Sun. Ins., 88 Fed. 243, 246, 31 C. C. A. 515; McGlother v. Providence M. Ac. Co., 89 Fed. 685, 689. 32 C. C. A. 318; Brown v. United States Casualty Co. (C. C.) 95 Fed. 935, 956. The court did not err in refusing to allow the plaintiff in error to introduce parol testimony to the effect that the defendant had knowledge or notice that the property insured was idle during the life of the first policy, or in rejecting the other offers as to the inquiries made by the company or its officers or agents as to the status of the property, for the avowed purpose of showing, or attempting to show, a waiver or forfeiture by the insurance company of the clause under consideration. The second policy was not a mere continuation of the first, although in its terms and conditions it was identical with the first, except as to dates. It was not in any manner dependent upon any acts or conduct of the parties under the first policy. The minds of the respective parties met, upon the issuance of the policy by the insurance company and the payment of the premium by the insured. The second policy then became a new, separate, and independent contract between the parties. In Brady v. Northwestern Ins. Co., 11 Mich. 425, 444, the court said: "We have no doubt that each renewal of the policy was a new contract. Each was upon a new consideration, and was optional with both parties. At the expiration of the year over which the original policy extended, the obligation of the insurer was ended, and it was only by the concurrence of the will of both parties that the obligation could be continued. This concurrence is manifested by the payment of a consideration by the one party and a renewed promise by the other, and an obligation revived or continued under such circumstances is an original obligation. It must be asked for by the one, and may be assumed or refused by the other, and the policy, which is its evidence, is therefore only continued by the positive act of both parties.” To the same effect, see Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Walsh, 54 Ill. 164, 5 Am. Rep. 115; 16 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (2d Ed.) 868, and authorities there cited. The second policy, as delivered and accepted, must therefore be presumed to express the entire contract between the parties. The rule is well settled that all parol negotiations, understandings, and agreements are merged in the written contract, and are not to be controlled, modified, or changed by parol evidence in relation thereto. Union Nat. Bank v. German Ins. Co., 71 Fed. 473, 476, 18 C. C. A. 203, and authorities there cited; Blake v. Pine Mountain I. & C. Co., 76 Fed. 624, 654, 22 C. C. A. 430, and authorities there cited; New York Life Ins. Co. v. McMaster, 87 Fed. 63, 70, et seq., 30 C. C. A. 532, and authorities there cited; McMaster v. New York Life Ins. Co., 99 Fed. 856, 863, 40 C. C. A. 119; Northern Assurance Co. v. Grand View B. A., 101 Fed. 77, 83, 41 C. C. A. 207; Id., 183 U. S. 308, 321, 22 Sup. Ct. 133, 46 L. Ed. 213. No fraud or imposition was attempted to be shown, and it must be presumed that the plaintiff in error read and understood the plain and positive terms of its agreement in the policy, and well knew that its failure to comply with its promissory warranty would at once avoid the policy and relieve the defendant from liability. It also knew from the express provisions of the policy how to obtain a modification of this warranty. West End Co. v. American Fire Ins. Co. (C. C.) 74 Fed. 114, 117. It follows from the views we have expressed that proof that the property was idle and vacant at the time the policy was issued would be of no avail to the insured. It would not amount to a forfeiture of the clause, or a waiver thereof by the defendant in error. There was no offer to prove that the defendant in error, or its authorized agents, ever agreed to waive the clause under consideration, or that it, or they, gave permission to the plaintiff in error to leave it idle and unoccupied except upon compliance with the terms of the policy. The plaintiff in error could not have been misled or deceived by any information or knowledge which the defendant in error had as to the previous condition of the property. Under the terms of the policy, if the property remained idle "for more than thirty days at any one time," the policy ceased and terminated, it became void and of no binding force and effect, unless the insured gave notice to the company and obtained permission to leave it idle for a longer time by having such time indorsed on the policy. England v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 81 Wis. 583, 51 N. W. 954, 29 Am. St. Rep. 917; Bart lett v. The British America A. Co., 35 Wash. 525, 77 Pac. 812; Brehm Lumber Co. v. Svea Ins. Co. (Wash.) 79 Pac. 35, 68 L. R. A. 109; Ranspach v. Teutonia Fire Ins. Co. (Mich.) 67 N. W. 967. Terms of warranty are conditions precedent to the right of recovery and must always, if not waived or forfeited, be complied with by the insured. American Credit I. Co. v. Carrollton F. M. Co., 95 Fed. 111, 112, 36 C. C. A. 671; McKenzie v. Scottish Ins. Co. (Cal. Sup.) 44 Pac. 922, 924. The premium was paid by the insured upon the receipt of the policy. The failure to return it before this action was brought does not amount to a waiver of the right of defendant in error to forfeit the policy for a noncompliance of the insured with the positive terms of the policy. In United States Life Ins. Co. v. Smith, 92 Fed. 503, 508, 34 C. C. A. 506, 512, the court said: "The objection that no defense going to the original invalidity of the contract can be made without tendering back any premium received remains to be considered. This is not a suit by the company for the cancellation of the policy, but is an action by the beneficiary based upon it as a valid contract. The general rule is that, if a risk never attaches under a policy, the premium is not earned, and, if paid, may be recovered, unless the insured has been guilty of fraud. Jones v. Insurance Co., 90 Tenn. 604, 18 S. W. 260, 25 Am. St. Rep. 706; May, Ins. § 4. But we know of no rule which prohibits the defense here made except upon condition of a previous tender of the premium paid." See Georgia Home Ins. Co. v. Rosenfield, 95 Fed. 358, 362, 37 C. C. A. 96, et seq., and authorities there cited. "A waiver cannot be inferred from the insurer's mere silence or nonaction. * * * It may wait until claim is made under the policy, and then allege the forfeiture in denial thereof, or in defense of a suit commenced therefor." 16 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (2d Ed.) 939, and authorities there cited. The views we have expressed are conclusive of the questions involved in this case, but there is one other question that ought perhaps to be noticed. The plaintiff in error alleged in its complaint that "plaintiff kept a constant night and day watchman on duty" at the premises insured, which averment was denied in the answer of the defendant in error. The plaintiff in error, assuming it to be essential on its part to prove its averment in this respect, produced testimony to establish the fact, and, failing to obtain sufficient evidence on this point, upon appeal claims that the burden of such proof rested upon the defendant in error. This contention cannot be sustained. The general rule is that "a party who, with the acquiescence of his adversary, assumes the burden of proof of an issue, will be held to that position on appeal." 21 Ency. Pl. & Pr. 668, and authorities there cited. The provision in question was made a warranty, and the burden of proof in regard thereto rested upon the plaintiff in error to prove a compliance upon its part with this provision. Imperial Fire Ins. Co. v. Coos County, supra; American Credit I. Co. v. Wood, 73 Fed. 81, 84, 9 C. C. A. 264; McLoon v. Commercial Ins. Co., 100 Mass. 472, 97 Am. Dec. 116, 1 Am. Rep. 129; Van Wickle v. Insurance Co., 97 N. Y. 350, 353; Craig v. United States Ins. Co., 1 Pet. (C. C.) 410, Fed. Cas. No. 3,340. There was no proof whatever to show that the watchmen were on duty before June 1st. One watchman testified that he commenced work June 1, 1903, and quit when the mill burned. It was stipulated that the testimony of Branscombe (president of the plaintiff in error) taken in another case might be, and was, admitted, but upon examination it shows that the inquiry there made of Branscombe as to the employment of watchmen was specifically limited to commence August 1st, which was the date of the policy in the case in which he gave his testimony. The hiatus in the testimony is claimed by counsel not to have been noticed by any one at the trial. We do not understand counsel to contend that the proof of the presence of the watchmen for 30 days prior to the time of the fire would be a compliance with the warranty. The law is otherwise. In Cronin v. Fire Ass'n of Philadelphia (Mich.) 82 N. W. 45, the court said: "It seems to be claimed that the policy should not be held void if the machinery was being operated within the 10 days immediately preceding the fire, but such is not the law. We have frequently held that the breach of such a condition renders the policy immediately and wholly void, as the following cases cited by counsel show"-citing many authorities. Our conclusion is that the court did not err in instructing the jury to find a verdict in favor of the defendant The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed. HARKINS et al. v. WILLIARD. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, July 10, 1906.) 1. INTERNAL REVENUE-VIOLATION OF LAW-FORFEITURE OF SPIRITS-STAMPS. Rev. St. § 3334 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2183], declares that all distilled spirits forfeited to the United States, sold by order of court, or under process of distraint, shall be sold subject to tax, and the purchaser shall immediately, and before he takes possession, pay the tax thereon; that, if any tax-paid stamps are affixed to any cask or package so condemned, the stamps shall be obliterated and destroyed before sale. Held that, where stamped liquors were forfeited for a violation of the internal revenue law, the forfeiture included the stamps as well as the property. 2. SAME-SALE OF PROPERTY-APPLICATION OF PROCEEDS. The proceeds of a sale of spirits forfeited to the United States for violation of the internal revenue law belong exclusively to the government, and cannot be applied to the payment of the tax thereon. 3. SAME. Distilled spirits are subject to forfeiture for misconduct of the distiller, even though the tax on the same may have been paid in full. 4. SAME SALE OF UNSTAMPED SPIRITS-FORFEITURE-PURCHASE OF STAMPS BY BUYER-REDEMPTION. A distiller sold certain casks of unstamped spirits to plaintiff, which were then in the government warehouse, and on March 10, 1902, plaintiff paid the tax on the spirits, but before the attachment of stamps the spirits were seized on the same day for violation of the internal |