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which we know as St. Mary's River is the true Belly River. This seems natural and proper, for at the point where they meet, the St. Mary's is a larger stream than Belly River.

As stated by Mr. Doty these lakes are two in number, the lower about seven miles long by a mile wide, the upper perhaps eleven miles long and nowhere more than a mile in width. The lower lake lies north and south, and the upper, Mr. Doty's Bow Lake, is bent about half-way up its length, its upper or south-western half lying nearly east and west, and its lower or northern half nearly north and south. Beyond the head of this upper lake is the narrow river-valley running back in two principal branches for a dozen miles and heading on the Continental Divide. The southernmost of the two branches is much the larger of the two, and is fed by extensive glaciers, which I have visited.

The lower end of the lower lake is not more than seven or eight miles from the Chief Mountain, the most striking landmark in this region. The waters flowing into the St. Mary's River are divided from those which flow into Cut Bank and Milk Rivers, tributaries of the Missouri, by a high ridge running out from the Rocky Mountains, and known as Milk River Ridge.

BIRDS BREEDING AT HANOVER, NEW HAMP

SHIRE.

BY CLARENCE M. WEED.

THE village of Hanover, N.H., is in the region dividing the Canadian and Alleghanian faunas, and possesses many animal forms from both. To assist in determining more definitely the precise limits of these faunas, the Ornithological Club of the New Hampshire College undertook last spring to record the birds breeding within five miles of Hanover. The following list includes the species observed this season by the members of the club. Especial mention should

be made of the assistance rendered by Messrs. P. L. Barker, R. A. Campbell, and C. E. Hewitt.

Green Heron, Ardea virescens. One nest observed. American Woodcock, Philohela minor. Three nests observed.

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Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus. One nest.

Cowbird, Molothrus ater. Three eggs found in a bobolink's nest.

Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus. Two nests. Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula. Several nests.

Red Crossbill, Laxia curvirostra. In 1891 a very young specimen was brought me that apparently must have been raised in this vicinity.

Yellowbird, Spinus tristis. Two nests.

Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus. One nest.
Bay-winged Bunting, Poocates gramineus. Several nests.
English Sparrow, Passer domesticus. Several nests.
Savanna Sparrow, Ammodramus sandwichensis, var. sa-
vanna. One nest.

Chipping Sparrow, Spizella socialis. Several nests.
Song Sparrow, Melospiza fasciata. Several nests.
Swamp Sparrow, M. georgiana. One nest.

Snow Bird, Junco hyemalis. One nest observed at Grafton Centre, N.H., fifteen miles south-east. Indigo Bird, Passerina cyanea. Two nests seen in

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Blue Bird, Sialia sialis. Several nests.

Of course this list includes only a portion of the birds breeding here, but it may serve as a basis for future observations.

New Hampshire College.

HOT WEATHER IN MARS.

BY PROFESSOR EDWIN J. HOUSTON.

THE recent severe, protracted, hot weather, that existed in the central and eastern portions of the United States during the latter part of July, formed, in all probability, but part of various general phenomena produced by profound solar disturbances.

So many of the earth's natural phenomena find their origin in the solar radiation, that it is impossible to vary either the amount or the distribution of the solar energy without markedly modifying terrestrial phenomena. Such influences, however, are not limited to terrestrial phenomena; they must extend beyond the earth and be shared by all the members of the solar system.

Natural phenomena form but links in endless chains of cause and effect. An evolution or expenditure of energy, such, for example, as that following a sun spot, produces a number of allied phenomena which are themselves the causes of subsequent phenomena, and these in turn the causes of still other phenomena, the chain extending in most instances far beyond our ken.

There has been unusual solar activity during 1892, as has been evidenced by an unusual number of sun spots. The great spot observed in Philadelphia and elsewhere in the early part of the year was one of the largest ever studied, and since that time numerous other abnormally large spots have appeared.

It would seem that these rather unusual outbursts of solar energy have produced the following terrestrial phenomena. viz.:

(1.) The recent brilliant auroral displays.

(2.) Magnetic storms, or marked disturbances in the values of the magnetic intensity, in inclination and declination. (3.) Unusually severe electric storms, as evidenced by the existence of abnormal earth currents. These electric storms are in reality connected with the magnetic storms.

(4.) Marked disturbances in the earth's meteorological phenomena. These have been evidenced by the long spells of unseasonable weather that have occurred so frequently in the United States during 1892, one of which was the recent unusally hot weather before alluded to, the unusual severity of which accords well with the unusual solar activity.

So, too, does the severity of the allied phenomena. Take, for example, the auroral displays, which have seldom been equalled in these latitudes for brilliancy. So also the electricstorms and magnetic-storms, which have been unusually severe during 1892. According to the observations of Mr. Finn and others, as many as eleven such storms were recorded during this time. Their dates were as follows: February 13, March 6, March 12, April 24, April 25, April 26, May 16, May 17, May 18, July 12, and July 16.

The storm of July 16 was unusually severe, and caused great disturbances on the various telegraph lines. The earthcurrents were so strong that the lines could be operated entirely by means of earth-currents. This was done, for example, in the case of one of the lines between New York and Boston. On the same day, July 16, an enormous spot appeared on the sun.

And now for possible extra-terrestrial influences and phenomena. The recent opposition of Mars has brought that planet nearer the earth than she has been at any time since 1877, and nearer than she will ever be again until 1909. The opportunity has therefore been particularly good for studying those peculiarities of the surface that have always been of such interest to astronomers.

Some observations recently made on Mount Hamilton appear to show a marked decrease in the mass of snow within the polar caps, as is inferred from certain characteristic markings at these points of the planet. This disappearance is unusual, and would seem to indicate unusually hot weather in our sister planet. The Martian thermometer has probably been way up, and the weather has, to form a phrase from the fiery color of the planet, been at a red-heat.

We may add, therefore, another effect produced by the unusual sun-spot, viz., 5. The extra-terrestrial effects.

Of course the influence may be mutual. It may be that the unusual proximity of Mars may be the cause of the great number of spots, in which case we may thank Mars for the recent terrific heat.

"FLATHEAD" DEER.

IN the American Naturalist for August, 1887, were given some instances of the occurrence among deer of hornless specimens. Here we shall summarize these, preparatory to giving in full some original particulars furnished us by a German correspondent.

Lord Lovat is quoted as having seen humle (hornless) stags. They are able to thrash stags of their own or greater than their own weight. Several of them were undisputed masters of large herds.

Mr. Horatio Ross has also shot them. They are more frequent than generally supposed. They are no whit inferior to their horned brethren. A full-grown humle is very formidable in fight. During the rutting season Mr. Ross has seen one in possession of a large herd of hinds, who drove off all rivals.

Both these gentlemen's experience refers to Scotland. The following mentioned special cases refer to Germany, H. von Nathusius of Altaldensleben, Saxony, and Ludwig Beckman have supplied very interesting information which is well worth reading to those interested in venery.

These hornless deer occur wild, they write, and are very fertile and impressive. In the Illustrirte Zeitung, published in Leipzig (Oct. 2, 1886), there is a picture of a fight between a horned and a hornless stag, in which the hornless stag displays the mastery. Hornless stags have been mentioned in German sporting literature since the seventeenth century.

These are cases of what is regarded as variation, but which really appear to be referable to atavism, as will be immediately seen.

There are two species of deer that are normally destitute of horns as a characteristic. The first of these is the muskdeer; these have peculiarly long canine teeth. These (Moschus moschiferous) are natives of Thibet and Nepaul. The second is the water deer, Hydropetes inermis. It is found in the marshes of the Yangtze, 'above Chin kiang, China. The Chinese are strongly averse to the flesh, which Europeans, for want of better, pronounce tolerable.

Passing from living to extinct forms of deer, we find that, tracing them backwards, they become more and more simple as to horns, till reaching the lower miocene no member of the family is possessed of antlers. It will thus be admitted that the claim that instances of hornless deer of the present time are only cases of atavism, or reversion to the early condition of the head of the species, is simply the truth. Further, the above facts prove that horns are of the nature of acquired characters - a rather interesting fact just now to bring out in connection with the Wiesmannia that is raging.

The following is a translation of the communication we received from our German correspondent:

"The hunter of the deer species has for long designated the deer which are destitute of antlers by the name of 'flatheads,' or manche. On the skull of such deer appears a so-called hornbase, usually the real bearers of the antlers, remarkably stunted and entirely overgrown with the elongated hair of the forehead. The cause of such striking appearance is often held to be the long-continued inbreeding occurring in certain districts, or the lack of new blood obtained by bringing in deer not related.

"If we notice how the deer and roebucks which have been confined for domestication and freely fed with oats, rye, peas, corn, acorns, chestnuts, and beechnuts, often develop uncommonly large and branching antlers, it seems just to conclude that a lack of these and other means of nourishment hinders the growing of horns. In fact the so-called

'flatheads' are more particularly found in the pine-wood regions, where game is obliged to subsist solely upon heather forage (sweet broom), and where food is to be found only in occasional places.

"As transitory forms, there are also in such districts, in addition to the few flatheads found at all times, deer having one 'scurr' or stunted horn, while the other horn is well developed, bearing perhaps ten to twelve branches, and the majority of the rest of the deer have only small, smooth antlers of light color, some curiously bent or spirally twisted. Deer which instead of antlers bear a long, straight, spear-like horn on one side were formerly called 'provincial murderers, as they were considered a very dangerous enemy of other deer during the rutting season, and on which account their destruction was sought.

"In the main, these so-called deformities, and even the total absence of antlers on the flatheads, can in no way be considered an indication of the lack of procreative power, nor can they be classed with the abnormal forms or the total loss of antlers, which results from injuries, and which reappear in their young. The flathead deer are seldom unequal in strength or weight to the others of the same age and the same district, but occasionally excel the latter in these respects. They also early enter the rutting season, and show themselves equally ready for the conflict. Their art and manner of fighting are singular enough; like the female, they rise up high on their hind feet, and with their fore-feet they, from above, mercilessly strike their antagonist. It is remarkable how the antler-bearing antagonist intuitively enters such conflict by rising on his hind feet, making no use of his terrible weapons. On such occasions the flathead, having developed superior skill in his movements, almost always puts to flight in a few rounds much larger deer with immense forked horns. Also at other seasons the contests may be observed in regions where the flatheads are found, and where at times a troop of such game is run together into a narrow space, as is the case occasionally during the preparations of a suspended hunt; yet those encounters are less fierce and soon ended, as they are brought on by the momentary invitations and accidental meeting of the deer in the press."

Have there been any cases of deer, bisons, etc., with 'flat' or hornless heads noticed in America ? A.

SOME ANALOGIES BETWEEN MOLECULES AND CRYSTALS.

BY JOHN W. CALDWELL.

CHEMISTRY and crystallography are closely related branches; they are, indeed, but parts of one great whole. The special design of chemical laws is to present the methods and conditions of the re-arrangement of atoms, which re-arrangements we generally denominate chemical reactions. The laws of crystallography, on the other hand, primarily relate to the element of form. While the first series of laws concerns the arrangements of atoms, the second takes cognizance of the arrangements of molecules: while the one considers the influence of the chemical force of affinity, the other is concerned with the physical force of crystallization.

A consideration and comparison of the most important laws of the two series will develop, I think, a most interesting parallelism and correspondence. Thus, the first great law of chemistry is that of definite proportions, in which is stated the principle of the fixed and unchanging composition of

every compound. It finds its satisfactory analogue in the crystallographic law of the constancy of the interfacial angles, first propounded by Steno in 1669, and re-enunciated by Romé de l'Isle in 1783. It affirms that for a certain crystal species, under conditions of absolute identity of chemical constitution and equality of temperature, the corresponding interfacial angles in different individuals will be found always to be equal and constant; and this holds in imperfect as well as perfect crystals. It is evident then, that what the law of definite proportions is, in regard to chemical constitution, the law of constancy of the interfacial angles is, in respect to crystalline form.

Another equally perfect and beautiful correspondency obtains between the law of multiple proportions and that of the rationality of the indices. The former emphasizes the simple multiple ratio of one element as it unites with some other element to form two or more compounds; whereas the latter, an important crystallographic law, attributed to Haly, articulates the remarkable fact that the modifications of specific crystalline form always take place by a multiplication of one or more of the index values (or the reciprocals of these, the parameter values), by small and simple numbers or fractions, by rational and not by irrational quantities. The analogy here existing is easily appreciated: in the one case we have presented the method (namely, by simple multiple ratio) of the formation by weight of chemical compounds containing the same elements; in the other, the method, also by simple multiple ratio, by which is determined the modification of fundamental form of a crystalline species.

A third analogy is found in the comparison of the law of valency or equivalence in the chemical domain, and the law of replacement or substitution in the crystallographic. The first of these, of course, refers to the relation by weight in which the various elements react; potassium being exchanged for sodium in the proportion of 39 of the former to 23 of the latter; and, in like manner, chlorine (35.5) for bromine (80). The chemical type or idea is continued in such reactions, although one of the original constituents may have been substituted by another element. Correspondingly, the law of replacement allows the crystallographic type or idea to be continued, though by altered agents. Thus, the recognized substitution-power of magnesium and calcium allows, in compounds of the latter, a greater or less substitution of the former, without change of crystalline form; calcite and dolomite are both rhombohedral in crystallization, the angles of the two differing slightly.

A fourth analogy is expressed in the allotropisms and isomerisms of chemistry, and the dimorphisms and polymorphisms of crystallography. The allotropism of elements is probably to be explained upon the basis of different atomicities of the elemental molecule; but, however explained, like atoms are able in many cases to build up structures sometimes as variant in physical characters as are the diamond and ordinary charcoal, having chemical dispositions as different as common phosphorus and red phosphorus. Similar suggestions apply to the subject of isomerism. Now,

to this, crystallography presents an analogue in the dimorphism so often to be seen in minerals; one and the same substance showing itself in nature in two (sometimes more) crystalline forms, i.e., belonging to distinct crystalline systems; take, as illustration, calcite (rhombohedral) and arragonite (orthorhombic). Here again diversity of form is set over against diversity of physical and chemical characters.

A fifth analogy (the last that I shall venture) bases upon

the hypothecation of actual molecular structural form configuration, according to Wunderlich's proposed term to express stereo-chemical relations. The subject of molecular configuration is comparatively new; still we are becoming familiarized with diagrams and models intended to represent such relations. Many of us may have been at first indisposed to accept these views as anything more than visionary and fantastic; but the more we have pondered them, the more have we been impressed with their significance and beauty. Shape, form, and volume must be attributed to molecule as well as to mass; the only trouble has been in regard to the former, the apparent audacity and hopelessness of any attempt to penetrate matter to such depths. The new and most refined sense furnished to us by the use of polarized light, makes us aware of isomers identical in every respect, save their response to this delicate physical agent. Optical isomers have given rise, under the crucial investigations of such men as van t'Hoff, LeBel, Wunderlich, and V. Meyer, to the hypotheses of the asymmetric carbon atom, and the tetrahedral arrangement of the valence-bond, and the saturating atoms or radicals. The simple and symmetrical tetrahedron of methane must be accepted as the perfect analogue of a crystal of the same geometric form; and the optical isomers resulting from the different arrangements of the same atoms or residues around an asymmetric carbon atom, may, in like manner, be taken as the analogues of enantiomorphous crystals, as of quartz, right-handed and left-handed; the pairs in each case being perfectly equivalent, but not superposable.

Chemical Laboratory, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

NOTES AND NEWS.

THE cause of the terrible disaster at St. Gervais is now being investigated by several men of science. There can be no doubt that it originated in the small glacier called the Tête Rousse, which is nearly 10,000 feet above sea-level. According to a correspondent of the London Times, who writes from Lucerne, Professor Duparc is of opinion that the habitual drainage of this glacier had for some reason or other became either totally blocked or obstructed; the water gradually accumulated in its natural concavity or bed; and the ever-increasing volume had exercised such an enormous pressure as to force a passage and carry away a portion of the face of the glacier with it. The mass of ice and water rushed down the rocks which dominate the glacier of Bionnassay, not in a single stream but in several, and then reunited into one enormous torrent at the foot of the Bionnassay glacier. A different theory is held by Professor Forel, of which the correspondent of the Times gives the following account: Professor Forel does not see how a quantity of water sufficient to force away so large a portion of the glacier could possibly accumulate in so small a body as the Tête Rousse, which has a total superficies of less than one hundred acres. It slopes freely on three sides; it is, in fact, one of the most abrupt of the whole chain of Mont Blanc; and, in a glacier of this description, with an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet, there are none of the conditions of a great accumulation of water. In his opinion, therefore, we must look for the main cause of the disaster in the natural movement and breaking up of the glacier. He estimates the volume of ice which fell at between one and two million cubic metres. The mass, first in falling and then rushing down the rapid slope, became transformed, for the most part, into what he calls a lava of ice and water. The ravine, he says, through which this avalanche rushed shows no traces of any great evacuation of water; in the upper portions of its transit there is no mud and no accumulation of sand, but, on the other hand, there are great blocks of glacier ice strewn everywhere, and at several points he found portions of powdered ice mixed with earth. Then, again, if this had been simply a torrent of water falling, it would have found its way

down the more violent inclines, instead of, as in this case, passing straight over the frontal moraine at the foot of the glacier. In this higher region, therefore, all the evidence points to an avalanche of ice, which, starting at an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet, and descending at an incline of 70 per cent for 5,000 feet, was pulverized by its fall, a large portion of it being melted by the heat generated in its rapid passage and contact with matters relatively warm. It rushed into the ravine by the side of the glacier of Bionnassy and joined the waters of the torrent which issues therefrom, and, further aided by the stream of Bon Nant, it became sufficiently liquid to travel down the lower portions of the valley at the slighter incline of 10 per cent, and yet retained sufficient consistency to destroy everything in its passage. That this torrent was not composed merely of mud and water is proved, he says, by the fact that it did not always maintain the same height when confined to the narrower ravine, and that the remains on the sides of the rock show it to have been a viscous substance rather than fluid.

At a meeting of the London Chamber of Commerce on July 25, as we learn from Nature, Mr. J. Ferguson read a paper on "The Production and Consumption of Tea, Coffee, Cacao (Cocoa), Cinchona, Cocoa-Nuts and Oil, and Cinnamon, with reference to Tropical Agriculture in Ceylon." He referred to the position of Ceylon, its forcing climate, its command of free cheap labor, and its immunity from the hurricanes which periodically devastated Mauritius, from the cyclones of the Bay of Bengal, and from the volcanic disturbances affecting Java and the Eastern Archipelago. The plantations of Ceylon afforded, he said, the best training in the world for young men in the cultivation and preparation of tropical products, and in the management of free colored labor. The cultivation of cane-sugar, although tried at considerable outlay on several plantations forty and fifty years ago, proved a failure. More recently experiments by European planters with tobacco had not been a success, notwithstanding that the natives grew a good deal of a coarse quality for their own use. Although cotton growing had not been successful, the island had proved a most congenial home for many useful palms, more particularly the coconut (spelt without the a to distinguish it and its products - the beans of the shrub Theobroma cacao) and palmyra, as also the areca and kitul or jaggery palms. Within the past few years Ceylon had come to the front as one of the great tea-producing countries in the world, India and China being the other two, with Java at a respectable distance. Mr. Ferguson said one of the chief objects of his paper was to demonstrate which of the products of the island it was safe to recommend for extended cultivation in new lands, and which were already in danger of being over-produced, and he had arrived at the conclusion that coffee, cacao, and rubber-yielding trees were the products to plant, while tea, cinnamon, cardamoms, cinchona bark, pepper, and even palms (for their oil) did not offer encouragement to extended cultivation. Statistics relating to the total production and consumption were given in an appendix.

from cocoa

- A third edition, largely rewritten, of "The Microscope and Histology," by Simon Henry Gage, associate professor of physiology in Cornell University, has been issued by Andrews & Church, Ithaca, N. Y. This volume contains much useful information, systematically arranged, and will, no doubt, be appreciated by those who are learning to use the microscope and desire to familiarize themselves with the most approved microscopical methods. Chapter I. relates to "The Microscope and its Parts; " Chapter II. to "The Interpretation of Appearances," which will be of special value to beginners; Chapter III. gives detailed information with reference to " Magnification, Micrometry, and Drawing;" Chapter IV. treats of "The Micro-Spectroscope and MicroPolariscope;" Chapter V. of "Slides, Cover-glasses, Mounting, Labelling," etc.

– B. Westermann & Co. will publish in September the third volume of Conway and Crouse's translation of Karl Brugmann's "Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages." The fourth and concluding volume, with a full index, will be issued next year.

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Attention is called to the "Wants" column. It is invaluable to those who use it in soliciting information or seeking new positions. The name and address of applicants should be given in full, so that answers will go direct to them. The "Exchange column is likewise open. For Advertising Rates apply to HENRY F. Taylor, 13 Astor Place, New York.

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CURRENT NOTES ON ANTHROPOLOGY. — XII.

[Edited by D. G. Brinton, M.D., LL.D.]
Ligurians, Iberians, and Siculi.

PROFESSOR G. SERGI occupies the chair of anthropology in the University at Rome, and Professor G. Niccolucci that in the University of Naples; but these two scientists of eminence are far from agreeing as to the ethnic position of the Ligurians, or as to the shape of their skulls. Professor Niccolucci described some alleged Ligurian crania, which seemed to show them to have been a round-headed people, and hence, the Professor inferred, of "Turanian" origin. But Professor Sergi insists that the said skulls were only

those of modern Modenese, and neither ancient nor Ligurian. His own authentic series of Ligurian skulls proves them, on the contrary, to have been long-headed, with narrow noses, orthognathic, and with no similarity to Turanians; but with a very close likeness to the ancient Iberian type, such as the brothers Siret exhumed from the neolithic deposits of southern Spain. What is more, in two series of neolithic skulls from southern Sicily he proves that identically the same peculiarities recur; so that the ancient Siculi and Secani who held that region before the Greeks came, he believes to be branches of one stock, and both of them out-posts of that same Ligurian people who in proto-historic times occupied most of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, from the Straits of Gibraltar to the tip-end of the Italian peninsula. For him, Siculi, Sicani, Ligures, Iberi, as ancient ethnic names, all refer to branches of the same stock; and the cave men of Mentone and the Arene Candide in Italy, and of Cro Magnon in France, alike furnish us with specimens of the Ligurian cranial form. His interesting essay is in the Bulletino di Paletnologia Italiana, December, 1891.

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nard, Jomard, A. Castaing, Leon de Rosny, Jules Simon, D. Marceron, and other well-known names.

One perceives in most of their contributions that confusion of terms which is so prevalent in France, and which is so severely and justly criticised by Topinard in his last work, "L,Homme dans la Nature," pp. 7, 8, 23, 24, etc. By its derivation and according to its early and correct usage, ethnography means a description of the actual condition of a people or peoples. So it was employed by Niebuhr and Campe early in the century, and so it is used to-day by Gerland, Ratzel, and the other leading ethnographers outside of France; and so it should be in France. A word common to science should connote the same ideas everywhere. Jomard defines it as "the science whose final purpose is to explain the progress of humanity." C. A. Pret gives us the terse sentence, Ethnography is the social history of Another contributor puts it, humanity." seeks to define the laws of the moral and intellectual evolution of man." Carnot studies it, "to discover a solid foundation for my political faith;" de Rosny, "for the new lights it casts on the grand and enigmatical problem of destiny."

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Ethnography

These are brave words, and they tell us a great deal about the meaning and purpose of ethnology, but are wholly misapplied with regard to the term ethnography in its correct sense, either in French or English. They illustrate the need of a correct nomenclature in this science.

The Primitive History of Mankind.

A volume on this subject which is at once scientific and popular is a decided benefit to the study of anthropology; and such a one we have in Dr. Moritz Hoernes's "Die Urgeschichte des Menschen nach dem heutigen Stande der Wissenschaft" (Vienna, H. Hartleben, 1892). It is clearly printed and abundantly illustrated, and its scope may be guessed from its size 672 large octavo pages. It takes in the whole of what is now called the "pre-history" of Europe, beginning with the alleged remains of tertiary man and extending down to the time when history proper takes up the

thread of the development of the human race in that continent. Several chapters of an introductory character explain the nature and objects of pre-history, and examine into what we may understand by the earliest conditions of culture in the human race.

Dr. Hoernes is not a mere book-maker, as is so often the case with authors of popular scientific works, but is a prominent member of the Anthropological Society of Vienna, and a practical laborer in the vineyard of archæology. He has a right, therefore, to press some of its wine wherewith to treat the general public. May they quaff deeply and become intoxicated with the attractions of this new science, full of promises and full of mysteries!

Early Development of the Art-Faculty.

The development of the art-faculty is as much an ethnic as it is a personal trait. As we find among our own acquaintances some singularly gifted in this respect, and others, of equal or greater general ability, quite devoid of it, so it has been with nations and tribes in all periods of culture. In lower stages of development it is more ethnic than personal, the individual then being less free.

For these reasons the scepticism which has met the discovery of free-hand drawings on horns and bones dating from palæolithic times is not well founded. Those from the caves of La Madeleine in France representing the mammoth

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