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PUL, or PHUL, the first king of Assyria, upon the division of the empire after the death of Sardanapalus.

PULARUM ISLE, one of the smallest of the Banda Isles, named by early navigators Polaroon, in long. 129° 45′ E., and lat. 5° 35' N. The English East India Company obtained possession of it in 1617, but were repeatedly expelled by the Dutch; and it was not until March 1665 that it was formally delivered up by the Dutch.

PULCHERIA, a daughter of the emperor Arcadius, eminent for her virtues. She was mother of Valentinian III., and governed the empire for many years. She died A. D. 452, and was interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is still visi

ble.

PULCHRITUDE, n. s. Lat. pulchritudo. Beauty; grace; handsomeness; quality opposite to deformity.

Neither will it agree unto the beauty of animals, wherein there is an approved pulchritude. Browne. Pulchritude is conveyed by the outward senses unto the soul, but a more intellectual faculty is that which

relishes it.

More.

That there is a great pulchritude and comeliness of proportion in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of plants, is attested by the general verdict of mankind.

Ray on the Creation. By their virtuous behaviour they compensate the hardness of their favour, and by the pulchritude of their souls make up what is wanting in the beauty of their bodies. South.

PULCI (Lewis), an eminent Italian poet, born in Florence in 1431. He wrote a celebrated poem on a tournament held at Florence, in which Lorenzo de Medicis was victor, entitled Giostra de Lorenzo de Medicis. He had two brothers equally devoted to the Muses; one of whom wrote an elegy, entitled Bernardo, on the death of the great Cosmo de Medicis. Lewis aied about 1487.

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PULEX, the flea, in entomology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of aptera. It has two eyes, and six feet fitted for leaping; the feelers are like threads; the rostrum is inflected, setaceous, and armed with a sting; and the belly is compressed. Fleas bring forth eggs, which they deposit on animals that afford them a proper food. Of these eggs are hatched white worms of a shining pearl color, which feed on the scurfy substance of the cuticle, the downy matter gathered in the piles of clothes, or other similar substances. In a fortnight they come to a tolerable size, and are very lively and active; and, if at into a kind of ball. Soon after this they begin any time disturbed, they suddenly roll themselves to creep, after the manner of silk worms, with a very swift motion. When arrived at their size, they hide themselves, and spin a silken thread out of their mouth, wherewith they form themselves a small round bag or case. Here, after a fortnight's rest, the animalcule bursts out, transformed into a perfect flea; leaving its exuviæ in the bag. While it remains in the bag it is milk-white, till the second day before its eruption; when it becomes colored, grows hard, and gets strength; so that upon its first delivery it springs nimbly away. The flea is covered all over with black, hard, and shelly scales or plates, which are curiously jointed, and folded over one another in such a manner as to comply with all the nimble motions of the creature. These scales are finely polished, and beset about the edges with short spikes, in a very beautiful and regular order. Its neck is finely arched, and resembles the tail of a lobster: the head also is very extraordinary; for, from the snout part of it, proceed the two fore legs, and between these is placed the piercer or sucker, with which it penetrates the skin to get its food. Its eyes are very large and beautiful, and it has two short horns or feelers. It has four other legs joined all at the breast. These, when it leaps, fold short, one within another; and then, exerting their spring all at the same instant, they carry the creature to a surprising distance. The legs have several joints, and are very hairy, and terminate in two long and hooked sharp claws. The piercer or

sucker of the flea is lodged between its fore legs, and includes a couple of darts or lancets; which, after the piercer has made an entrance, are thrust farther into the flesh, to make the blood flow from the adjacent parts, and occasion that round red spot, with a hole in the centre of it, vulgarly called a flea-bite. This piercer, its sheath opening sidewise, and the two lancets within it, are very difficult to be seen; unless the two fore legs, between which they are hid, be cut off close to the head: for the flea rarely puts out its piercer, except at the time of feeding, but keeps it folded inwards; and the best way of seeing it is by cutting off first the head and then the forelegs, and then it is usually seen thrust out in convulsions. By keeping fleas in a glass tube corked up at both ends, but so as to admit of fresh air, their several actions may be observed. They may also be thus seen to lay their eggs, not all at once, but ten or twelve in a day, for several days successively; which eggs will be afterwards found to hatch successively in the same order. The flea may easily be dissected in a drop of water; and thus the stomach and bowels, with their peristaltic motion, may be discovered very plainly, as also their testes and penis, with the veins and arteries. This blood-thirsty insect, which fattens at the expense of the human species, prefers the more delicate skin of women; but preys neither upon epileptic persons, nor upon the dead or dying. It loves to nestle in the fur of dogs, cats, and rats. The nests of river swallows are sometimes plentifully stored with them. Fleas are apterous; walk but little, but leap to a height equal to 200 times that of their own body. This amazing motion is performed by means of the elasticity of their feet, the articulations of which are so many springs. Thus it eludes, with surprising agility, the pursuit of the person on whom it riots. See EN

TOMOLOGY.

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PULL, v. a. & n. s. Į Sax. pullian; Belg. PULL'ER, n. s. Sop paolen. To draw towards one; opposed to push; tear; rend; pluck; draw forcibly; taking on, off, down, up, &c., before the object: the act of pulling; contest; struggle.

He put forth his hand, and pulled the dove in. Genesis viii. 9. Pull them out like sheep for the slaughter, and prepare them for the day of slaughter. Jer. vii. 11. He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces; he hath made me desolate. Lam. iii. 2.

What they seem to offer us with the one hand, the same with the other they pull back.

Hooker.

Duke of Glo'ster, scarce himself;
That bears so shrewd a main ; two pulls at once;
His lady banished, and a limb lopt off. Shakspeare.
Shameless Warwick, peace!

Id.

Proud setter up and puller down of kings.
Although it was judged in form of a statute that

he should be banished, and his whole estate confis-
cated, and his houses pulled down, yet his case even
then had no great blot of ignominy.
Bacon.

He was not so desirous of wars, as without just cause of his own to pull them upon him. Hayward.

Ill fortune never crushed that man, whom good fortune deceived not; I therefore have counselled my friends to place all things she gave them so as she might take them from them, not pull them. Ben Jonson's Discoveries.

This wrestling pull between Corineus and Gogmagog is reported to have befallen at Dover. Carew. In political affairs, as well as mechanical, it is far which was above ten summers a building, and that by easier to pull down than build up; for that structure, no mean artists, was destroyed in a moment.

Howel's Vocal Forest.

He begs the gods to turn blind fortune's wheel, To raise the wretched, and pull down the proud. Roscommon.

I

When bounteous Autumn rears his head,
He joys to pull the ripen'd pear.

Dryden. What censure, doubting thus of innate principles, pulling up the old foundations of knowledge, I cannot may deserve from men, who will be apt to call it sued, being conformable to truth, lays these foundatell; I persuade myself that the way I have purtions surer.

Locke.

stronger than if let stand till the seed is ripe.
Flax pulled in the bloom will be whiter and

Mortimer.

They may be afraid to pull down ministers and favourites grown formidable. Davenant. When God is said to build or pull down, 'tis not to be understood of an house; God builds and unbuilds worlds.

Burnet.

I awaked with a violent pull upon the ring, which was fastened at the top of my box. Gulliver. A boy came in great hurry to pull off my boots. Swift. French poulet. A young

PUL'LET, n. s.

hen.

Brew me a pottle of sack finely.
-With eggs, Sir?

Simple of itself; I'll no pullet sperm in my brew

age. Shakspeare. They died, not because the pullets would not feed but because the devil foresaw their death, he contrived that abstinence in them.

Browne.

I felt a hard tumour on the right side, the bigness of a pullet's egg. Wiseman's Surgery. PULLEY, n. s. Fr. poulie; Ital. polea; Gr. Toλew? A small grooved wheel turning on a pivot or line.

Here pullies make the ponderous oak ascend. Gay.

Nine hundred of the strongest men were employed to draw up these cords by many pulleys fastened on the poles, and in three hours I was raised and slung into the engine. Swift.

PULLEY, in mechanics, one of the five me chanical powers. See MECHANICS.

PULLICAT, or VALIACATA, a sea-port on the coast of the Carnatic, twenty-five miles north from Madras. The lake of Pullicat, on which it stands, appears to owe its existence to the sea's breaking through a low sandy beach, and overflowing the lands. Its communications with the sea are extremely narrow. This lake is in extent thirty-three miles from north to south, eleven miles across in the broadest part, and comprehends several large islands. The Dutch established themselves here in 1609, when they built a square fort named Geldria; to which, after the loss of Negapatam, the chief government of their settlements on the Coromandel Coast was transferred. Their imports were arrack, sugar, Japan copper, spices, and other articles, brought

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PULMO, the lungs. See ANATOMY.

PULMONARIA, in botany, lungwort, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order forty-first, asperifoliæ: COR. funnel-shaped, with its throat pervious: CAL. prismatic and pentagonal. There are several species; of which the most remarkable is

P. officinalis, common spotted lungwort, or Jerusalem cowslip. This is a native of woods and shady places in Italy and Germany; but has been cultivated in Britain for medical use. The leaves are of a green color, spotted with white; and of a mucilaginous taste, without any smell. They are recommended in phthisis, ulcers of the lungs, &c.; but their virtues in these diseases are not warranted by experience.

PULMONARY, adj. Lat. pulmo. BelongPULMON'IC Sing to the lungs. An ulcer of the lungs may be a cause of pulmonick consumption, or consumption of the lungs.

Harvey. Often these unhappy sufferers, for want of sufficient vigour and spirit to carry on the animal regimen, drop into a true pulmonary consumption.

Blackmore.

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of the Nassau or Poggy Isles. They are both uninhabited, and the only production, that grow on them worth notice is the long nutmeg, and some timber.

PULO TIMOAN, an island of the eastern seas, inhabited by a short race of Malays. Byron found them, in the year 1765, a surly set of people, who came down to the beach in great numbers, having a long knife in one hand, a spear headed with iron in the other, and a dagger by their side. They went on shore however; but all they could procure was about a dozen fowls, and a goat and kid, in exchange for some pocket-handkerchiefs. The island is hilly and

woody.

PULO VARELLA, an island in the Straits of Malacca, about twenty miles from the north-east coast of Sumatra. It is chiefly resorted to by the piratical inhabitants of the neighbouring islands. Long. 99° 36′ E., lat. 3° 47′ N.

PULO WAY, a Spice Island in the eastern seas, about nine miles west of Gorong Apee, is nearly circular, and about a mile and a half in diameter. It has a strong fort, and is esteem d healthy. Long. 130° 26′ E., lat. 4° 9′ S.

PULP, n. s. Fr. pulpe; Lat. pulpa. Any PULPOUS, adj. › soft mass; the soft part of PUL PY. fruit: soft, pappy. The jaw bones have no marrow severed, but a litlittle pulp marrow diffused.

Bacon's Natural History. The savoury pulp they chew, and in the rind, Still as they thirsted, scoop the brimming stream.

Milton.

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Philips.

Id.

The redstreak's pulpous fruit With gold irradiate, and vermilion shines. Putrefaction destroys the specifick difference of one substance of an animal nature. vegetable from another, converting them into a pulpy Arbuthnot.

The PULP of fruits, in pharmacy, is extracted by infusion or boiling, and passed through a sieve.

PULPIT, n. s. Fr. pulpitre; Lat. pulpitum ; Ital., Span., and Port., pulpito. A raised place where a speaker stands.

Produce his body to the market-place,
And in the pulpit, as becomes a friend,

Speak in the order of his funeral. Shakspeare. Their late patron of famous memory (as their dear relique), enshrined in their La Flesche, was, after his death, in their pulpits proclaimed tyrant and Bp. Hall.

worse.

warded, yet it ought not to be an argument against We see on our theatres the examples of vice rethe late rebellion. the art, any more than the impieties of the pulpit in Dryden.

Sir Roger has given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion-table. Addison. Bishops were not wont to preach out of the pulpit. Ayliffe. Pulpits their sacred satyr learned to spare, And vice admired to find a flatt'rer there. Pope.

PULPITUM, in the Grecian and Roman theatres, a place where the players performed their parts. It was lower than the scena, and higher than the orchestra.

PULPITUM was also a moveable desk or pulpit, from which disputants pronounced their dissertations, and authors recited their works.

PULSE', n. s. From pull. Leguminous plants. Plants not reaped, but pulled or plucked. With Elijah he partook,

Or as guest with Daniel at his pulse.

Milton. Mortals, from your fellows' blood abstain ! While corn and pulse by nature are bestowed.

Dryden.

Tares are as advantageous to land as other pulses.

Mortimer.

PUL'SE, n.s. & v. n. Fr. pouls; Span. PULSATION, n. s. pulso; Lat. pulsus. PULSION. The vibratory motion of the blood in an artery; oscillation; vibration: to beat as the pulse: pulsation is the vibratory stroke of the pulse; any stroke beating against something opposing: pulsion is, the act of driving forward a fluid, as opposed to suction or traction.

Think you I bear the shears of destiny? Have I commandment on the pulse of life? Shakspeare. These commotions of the mind and body oppress the heart, whereby it is choaked and obstructed in its pulsation. Harvey.

The prosperity of the neighbour kingdoms is not inferior to that of this, which, according to the pulse of states, is a great diminution of their health.

Clarendon.

promote the interests of Hanover, to the prejudice of Great Britain. His opposition to Sir Robert was indeed carried to the most indiscriminate length. At last, in 1731, the king with his own hand struck out his name from the list of privy counsellors. But he still continued to attack the minister with a severity of eloquence and sarcasm that worsted every antagonist; and Sir Robert was known to say, he dreaded his tongue more than another man's sword. At length, when Walpole resigned in 1741, Mr. Pulteney was restored to his place in the privy council, and was created earl of Bath; a title purchased at the expense of his popularity. Letter to two Great Men, recommending certain In 1760, in the close of the war, he published A articles to be insisted on in a treaty of peace; which, though the writer was then unknown, was greatly applauded, and went through several impressions. He died in 1764.

Loughborough in 1730. He became a surgeon PULTENEY (Richard), M.D., was born at and apothecary at Leicester, whence he communicated some papers on the sleep of plants, and the rare productions of Leicestershire, to the Royal Society, of which he was elected a member in 1762. Two years after he took his doctor's degree at Edinburgh, and went to settle at Blandford in Dorsetshire, where he died, October 13th, 1801. Dr. Pulteney published A General View of the Writings of Linnæus, 4to.; and Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England, 2 vols. 8vo. He left his museum to the Linnean Society.

PULTUSK, or PULTOVSK, a celebrated town of Poland, on the Narew, thirty-four miles N. N. E. of Warsaw. It is the residence of the

This original of the left vein was thus contrived, to avoid the pulsation of the great artery. Browne. Admit it might use the motion of pulsion, yet it bishop of Plock, and has a Benedictine abbey

could never that of attraction.

More's Divine Dialogues.
My body is from all diseases free;
My temp'rate pulse does regularly beat.

Dryden.

The heart, when separated wholly from the body in some animals, continues still to pulse for a con siderable time. Ray.

The vibrations or pulses of this medium, that they may cause the alternate fits of easy transmission and easy reflection, must be swifter than light, and by consequence above seven hundred thousand times swifter than sounds.

Newton.

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PULSE, in physiology. See PHYSIOLOGY and MEDICINE.

PULTENEY (William), the celebrated opposer of Sir Robert Walpole, and afterward earl of Bath, was descended from one of the most ancient families in the kingdom, and was born in 1682. He early procured a seat in the house of commons, and distinguished himself against queen Anne's ministry. When king George I. came to the throne, he was made secretary at war; but the friendship between him and Sir Robert Walpole, the premier, was interrupted in 1725, by a suspicion that Walpole wished to

and gymnasium. The Saxons were defeated here by the Swedes in 1703; and an important engagement took place here between the French and Russians, on 26th December, 1806. Population 2100.

PULVERIZE', v. a. Fr. pulveriser; Lat. PULVERABLE, adv. Spulveris. To reduce to powder or dust: possible to be reduced to dust. If the experiment be carefully made, the whole mixture will shoot into fine crystals, that seem to be of an uniform substance, and are consistent enough to be even brittle, and to endure to be pulverized and sifted. Boyle.

In making the first ink, I could by filtration separate a pretty store of a black pulverable substance that remained in the fire. Id.

Cowper.

'Tis thine to cherish and to feed The pungent nose-refreshing weed: Which, whether pulverized it gain A speedy passage to the brain. PULVERISATION is performed on friable bodies by pounding or beating them in a mortar, &c.; but, to pulverise malleable ones, other methods must be taken. To pulverise lead, or tin, the method is this: Rub a round wooden box all over the inside with chalk; pour a little of the melted metal nimbly into the box; when, shutting the lid, and shaking the box briskly, the metal will be reduced to powder.

PUL'VIL, n. s. & v. a. Lat. pulvillum. Sweet

scents.

Have you pulvilled the coachman and postilion, that they may not stink of the stable? Congreece.

The toilette, nursery of charms, Completely furnished with bright beauty's arms, The patch, the powder-box, pulvil, perfumes. Gay. PUMEX, the pumice-stone, a substance frequently thrown out of volcanoes, very full of pores, in consequence of which it is specifically very light, and resembles the frothy slag produced in our iron furnaces. It is of two colors, black and white; the former being that which it has when thrown out of the volcano. It is of a rough and porous consistence, being made up of slender fibres parallel to each other, and very light, so that it swims on water. Pumice-stone is used by silversmiths and other mechanics, for rubbing and smoothing the surface of metals, wood, pasteboard, and stones; for which it is well fitted by its harsh and brittle texture; thus scouring and carrying off all the inequalities. Jameson arranges pumice under three species, viz. the glassy, common, and porphyritic. 1. Glassy pumice. Color smoke gray. Vesicular. Glistening pearly. Fracture promiscuous fibrous. Translucent. Between hard and semi-hard. Very brittle. Feels rough, sharp, and meagre. Specific gravity 0-378 to 1-44. It occurs in beds in the Lipari Islands.

2. Common pumice. Color nearly white. Vesicular. Glimmering pearly. Fracture fibrous. Translucent on the edges. Semi-hard. Very brittle. Meagre and rough. Specific gravity 0-752 to 0-914. It melts into a gray-colored slag. Its constituents, according to the analysis of Klaproth, silica 77·5, alumina 17.5, natron and potash 3, iron mixed with manganese 1.75. It occurs with the preceding.

3. Porphyritic pumice. Color grayish white. Massive. Minutely porous. Glimmering and pearly. Specific gravity 1.661. It contains crystals of felspar, quartz, and mica. It is associated with claystone, obsidian, pearlstone, and pitchstone porphyry. It occurs in Hungary, at Tokay, &c.

PUM'ICE, n. s. Lat. pumex, pumicis.

So long I shot, that all was spent,
Though pumice stones I hastily hent,
And threw; but nought availed.

Spenser.

Etna and Vesuvius, which consist upon sulphur, shoot forth smoke, ashes, and pumice, but no water. Bacon.

Near the Lucrine lake,

Steams of sulphur raise a stifling heat,
And through the pores of the warm pumice sweat.
Addison.

The pumice is evidently a flag or cinder of some fossil, originally bearing another form, reduced to this state by fire: it is a lax and spungy matter full of little pores and cavities: of a pale, whitish, grey colour: the pumice is found particularly about the burning mountains. Hill's Materia Medica.

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PUMP, n. s, v. n., & v. a. Į Fr., Belg., and PUMP'ER. Teut. pompe; Dan. pomp; Gr. TоμTа? A hydraulic engine of extensive use and great variety of construction; a kind of shoe: to work a pump; to raise or throw any thing liquid, as by means of a pump: to examine artfully; suck: a pumper is he who uses the pump literally, or who extracts the contents of another's mind.

Get good strings to your beads, new ribbons to your pumps. Shakspeure.

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Thalia's ivy shews her prerogative over comical poesy; her mask, mantle, and pumps, are ornaments belonging to the stage.

Peacham.

ship, yet neglects to stop the leak. Decay of Piety.

The folly of him who pumps very laboriously in a

Athenæus mentions this instrument as being instead In the framing that great ship built by Hiero, of a pump, by the help of which one man might easily drain out the water, though very deep.

Wilkins's Daedalus. The one's the learned knight, seek out, And pump them what they come about. Hudibras. Ask him what passes

Amongst his brethren, he'll hide nothing from you; But pump not me for politics.

Otway's Venice Preserved. A pump grown dry will yield no water, unless More. you pour a little water into it first. The flame lasted about two minutes, from the time the pumper began to draw out air. Boyle.

Pumps may be made single with a common pump handle, for one man to work them, or double for two.

Mortimer.

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511 to 523.

PUMPS, AIR. See AIR-PUMPS and PNEUMATICS, Index.

PUM'PION, n. s. Lat. pepo. A plant. We'll use this gross watery pumpion, and teach him to know turtles from jays. Shakspeare.

PUMPION, Or PUMKIN. See CUCURBITA. PUN, n. s. & v. n. Johnson seems rather punning when he says, 'to pun is to grind or beat with a pestle; can pun mean an empty sound, like that of a mortar beaten, as clench, the old word for pun, seems only a corruption of clink?' Qu. Lat. punctum? A quibble; double meaning, or equivocation; play on a word or words: to use a pun; quibble.

The hand and head were never lost of those Who dealt in doggrel, or who punned in prose. You would be a better man, you could pun like

Sir Tristram.

Tatler.

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