partly the owner, was for many years carried on by him. His death took place in the commencement of 1807. REED-GRASS. See ARUNDO. REEF, in nautical affairs, a certain portion of a sail, comprehended between the top or bottom, and a row of eyelet holes parallel thereto. The intention of the reef is to reduce the surface of the sail in proportion to the increase of the wind; for which reason there are several reefs parallel to each other in the superior sails, whereby they may be still farther diminished, in order to correspond with the several degrees of the gale. Thus the top-sails of ships are usually furnished with four reefs, and there are always three or four reefs, parallel to the bottom on those main-sails and fore sails, which are extended upon booms. The topsails are always, and the courses generally, reefed with points, which are flat braided pieces of cordage, whose lengths are nearly double the circumference of the yard. These, being inserted in the eyelet-holes, are fixed in the sail by means of two knots in the middle. In order to reef the top-sails with more facility and expedition, they are lowered down and made to shiver in the wind; the extremities of the reef are then drawn up to the yard arms by the reeftackle, where they are securely fastened by the earings. The space of sail comprehended in the reef is then laid smoothly over the yard, in several folds, and the whole is completed by tying the points about the yard, so as to bind the reef close up to it. In reefing a course, the after end of the point should be thrust forward between the head of the sail and the yard; and the fore end of the same point should come aft over the head of the sail, and also under the yard; and, thus crossed over the head of the sail, the two ends should be tied on the upper side of the yard as tight as possible. When a sail is reefed at the bottom, it is generally done with knittles in the room of points; or in large sails, such as the mainsails of cutters, pieces of line termed reef hanks are fixed in the eyelet holes. Captain Malcolm Cowan, R. N, made an improvement both in the construction and the reefing of sails, which renders the operation of reefing the courses more easy and expeditious, with a less number of men than the old method requires. REEF is also a name given to the perpendicular banks of coral so often met with in the South Seas. REEK, n. s. Sax. nec; Belg. reuke ; Teut. reeky is smoky; tanned. "Tis as hateful to me as the reek of a lime kiln.. Shakspeare. Dying, like men, though buried in your dunghills, It It is amiss to sit Spenser. Shakspeare And keep the turn of tipling with a slave, Id. be useful for the reeling of yarn. Wilkins. He with heavy fumes opprest, may The' extinguished stars would loosening reel My heart turned sick, my brain grew sore, Byron. Re and election. Re Several acts have been made, and rendered ineffectual, by leaving the power of reelection open. Swift. of silk cotton, &c. into a skain, or upon a button, anew. Re and enact. To enact tors, by a law made by Claudius the tribune, and Arbuthnot. Alone he entered He disposes in my hands the scheme To reenthrone the king. Southern. REENTRANCE, n. s. Re and entrance. The act of entering again. Their repentance, although not their first entrance, is notwithstanding the first step of their reentrance into life. Hooker. The pores of the brain, through the which the spirits before took their course, are more easily opened to the spirits which demand reentrance. Glanville's Scepsis. REEPHAM, a parish and market town of Norfolk seated on the river Eyne, thirteen miles northwest from Norwich, and 113 north by east from London. It is remarkable for having had anciently three churches, one in Reepham, another in Whitwell, and another in Hacton, two villages adjoining, all in one church-yard; the two former were long ago demolished, and the latter was burnt down, together with the greater part of the town, about the year 1500. The chief trade of this little town is in malt, and the market is held on Saturday. REES (Abraham), D.D., F.R.S., and F.L.S. a late dissenting clergyman of distinguished literary and scientific rank, was the son of a nonconformist minister of the principality, and was born at, or in the neighbourhood of, Montgomery, in 1743. He was first placed under Dr. Jenkins of Carmarthen, and afterwards at the Hoxton Academy founded by Mr. Coward, where his progress was so rapid that in his nineteenth year he was appointed mathematical tutor to the institution, and soon after resident tutor, in which capacity he continued upwards of twenty-two years. In 1768 he became pastor of the presbyterian congregation of St. Thomas's Southwark, and continued in that situation till 1783, when he accepted an invitation to become minister of a congregation in the Old Jewry, with which he remained till his death. On the establishment of the New Dissenting College at Hackney, in 1786, Dr. Rees, who had seceded from Hoxton two years before, was elected to the situation of resident tutor in the natural sciences, which he held till the dis solution of the academy, on the death of Dr. Kippis. But Dr. Rees, though esteemed throughout his long life, as an able and learned Arian divine, was principally and most advantageously known in his literary capacity. In 1776 he was applied to by the proprietors of Chambers's Cyclopædia as the person best qualified to superintend a new and enlarged edition of that compilation, which, after nine years' labor, he completed in four folio volumes. After this the proprietors edition; and he had the satisfaction to see the and our author projected a much improved Cyclopædia, now generally known by his name, proceed with credit from the publication of its first volume in 1802 to its completion in forty-five Illustrated and Recommended, 1800; Antidote volumes, 4to. His other works are, Economy to the Alarm of Invasion, 1805; Practical Sermons, 2 vols. 8vo., 1809-1812; The Principles of Protestant Dissenters stated and vindicated; and a variety of occasional Sermons. Dr. Rees, we are told, obtained his diploma from the university of Edinburgh at the express recommendation of Dr. Robertson the historian. death took place June 9th, 1825. His The Jews made such a powerful effort for their reestablishment under Barchocab, in the reign of Adrian, as shook the whole Roman empire. REEVE, Obsolete. Addison. n. s. Sax. genera. A steward. The reeve, miller, and cook, are distinguished. Dryden. REEVE (Clara), an ingenious modern authoress, was born at Ipswich in 1738. She possessed considerable learning, which she displayed in a translation of Barclay's Latin Romance of Argenis, published under the title of the Phoenix, or the History of Polyarchus and Argenis, 4 vols. 12mo., 1772; and the Progress of Romance. Her other works are, The Old English Baron; The Two Mentors, a modern Story; The Exile; The School for Widows; A Plan of Education, and Memoirs of Sir Roger de Clarendon, 4 vols. She died at Ipswich in 1806. REEXAM'INE, v. a. Re and examine. To examine anew. Spend the time in reexamining more duly your cause. Hooker. RE-EXCHANGE, in commerce, a second payment of the price of exchange, or rather the price of a new exchange due upon a bill of exchange that is protested, and refunded the bearer by the drawer or indorser. REFECT, v. a. I Lat. refectus. To reREF'ECTORY, n. s. ) fresh; to restore after hunger or fatigue: an eating-room. Not in use. A man in the morning is lighter in the scale, because in sleep some pounds have perspired; and is also lighter unto himself, because he is refected. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Friends, not to refel ye Or any way quell ye, Ye aim at a mystery, Worthy a history. Ben Jonson's Gypsies. It instructs the scholar in the various methods of discovering and refelling the subtile tricks of sophis ters. Watts. REFER', v. a. & v. n.` Fr. referer; Lat. REFEREE', n. s. refero. To send for REFERENCE, information or decisiREFEREN'DARY. on; reduce to a class REFER RIBLE, adj. or end; as a verbneuter, to respect; appeal: a referee is one to whom reference is made: as also is (obsolete) referendary; reference is dismission or deference to another tribunal; relation; respect: referrible, capable of reference. The knowledge of that which man is in reference unto himself, and other things in relation unto man, I may term the mother of all those principles which are decrees in that law of nature, whereby human actions are framed. Hooker. The heir of his kingdom hath referred herself unto a poor but worthy gentleman. Shakspeare. Jupiter was the son of Ether and Dies; so called,, because the one had reference to his celestial conditions, the other discovered his natural virtues. Raleigh's History of the World. Bacon. You profess and practise to refer all things to yourself. In suits it is good to refer to some friend of trust; but let him chuse well his referendaries. Bacon's Essays. Unto God all parts of mine are alike, unto whom none are more referrible, and all things present, unto whom nothing is past or to come, but who is the same yesterday, to-day, and to-morrow. Browne. The salts, predominant in quicklime, we refer rather to lixivate, than acid. Boyle on Colours. Christian religion commands sobriety, temperance, and moderation, in reference to our appetites and passions. Tillotson. Referees and arbitrators seldom forget themselves. L'Estrange. Of those places that refer to the shutting and opening the abyss, I take notice of that in Job. Burnet. hither. It passed in England without the least reference Swift. REFERMENT', v. a. Re and ferment. ferment anew. The' admitted nitre agitates the flood, Revives its fires, and referments the blood. VOL. XVIII. To Blackmore. Queen Elizabeth's time was a golden age for a world of refined wits, who honoured poesy with their pens. Peacham. Love refines the thought, and hath his seat In reason. Milton. Dryden. Chaucer refined on Boccace, and mended his stories. Id. diluted with a quantity of water boiled with refined The red Dutch currant yields a rich juice to be sugar. Mortimer. The more bodies are of kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement, the more diffusive are they. Norris. The pure limpid stream, when foul with stains, Works itself clear, and as it runs refines. Addison. The flirts about town had a design to leave us in the lurch, by some of their late refinements. Id. No men see less of the truth of things, than these great refiners upon incidents, who are so wonderfully subtle, and over-wise in their conceptions. Id. Spectator. in public and private affairs than the refinements of The rules religion prescribes are more successful irregular cunning. Rogers. controversy, and coming nearer still to the church of He makes another paragraph about our refining in Rome. Atterbury. Let a lord but own the happy lines; REFINING, in metallurgy, is the purifying metals from any accidental alloys with which they may be mixed. Gold, having the property which no other metal has of resisting the action of sulphur, antimony, nitrous acid, and muriatic acid, may be purified by these agents from all other tinguished by proper names, as purification of metallic substances. These operations are disgold by antimony, parting, concentrated parting, dry parting. See ASSAYING and PARTING. As silver has also the property, which the less valuable metals have not, of resisting the action of nitre, it may be refined by this salt: but the term refining is chiefly applied to the purification o gold and silver by lead in the cupel. This is performed by the destruction, vitrification, and scorification, of all the extraneous and destructible metallic substances with which they are alloyed. As gold and silver alone can resist the combined action of air and fire, there is a possibility of purifying gold and silver from all alloy of the other metals merely by the action of fire and air; only by keeping them fused till all the alloy be destroyed; but this purification would be very tedious and expensive, from the great consumption of fuel. Silver alloyed with copper has been exposed above sixty hours to a glass-house fire without being perfectly refined: the reason is, that, when a small quantity only of other metal remains united with gold or silver, it is protected from the action of the air, which is necessary for its combustion. This refining of gold and silver merely by the action of fire, which was the only method anciently known, was very tedious, difficult, expensive, and imperfect; but a much shorter and more advantageous method has been long practised. This consists in adding to the alloyed gold and silver a certain quantity of lead, and in exposing this mixture to the action of fire. The vessel in which the refining is performed is hollowed, but shallow, that the matter which it contains may present to the air the greatest surface possible. This form resembles that of a cup, and hence it is called a cupel. The surface ought to be vaulted, that the heat may be applied upon the surface of the metal during the whole time of the operation. Upon this surface a crust of dark colored pellicle is continually forming. In the instant when all the other metals are destroyed, the surface of the gold and silver is seen, and appears clean and brilliant. By this mark the metal is known to be refined. If the operation be so conducted that the metal sustains only the precise degree of heat necessary to keep it fused before it be perfectly refined, it fixes or becomes solid all at once in the very instant of the coruscation; because a greater heat is required to keep gold or silver in fusion when they are pure than when alloyed with lead. The operation of refining may be performed in small or in large quantities, upon the same principles, but only with some differences in the management. As the refining of small quantities of gold and silver is performed in the same manner as these metals are assayed, the assay being only a very accurate refining, we refer to the articles ASSAYING and METALLURGY. REFIT, v. a. Fr. refait. Re and fit. repair; to restore after damage. Permit our ships a shelter on your shores, Refitted from your woods with planks and oars. To Dryden. He will not allow that there are any such signs of art in the make of the present globe, or that there was so great care taken in the refitting of it up again at the deluge. Woodward. Lat. reflecto. To throw or bend back; throw back light; bend back; throw back thought; consider; throw reproach or censure: reflectent is REFLECT' v. a. & v.n." Duppa. The ray descendant, and the ray reflectent, flying with so great a speed that the air between them cannot take a formal play any way, before the beams of the light be on both sides of it; it follows, that, according to the nature of humid things, it must first only swell. Digby on the Soul. In every action reflect upon the end; and, in your undertaking it, consider why you do it. Taylor. With shame on his own counsels doth reflect. Who saith, who could such ill events expect? Denham. Reflection is the perception of the operations of our own minds within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has got. Id. and reflection; and, while it exercises, does also enThis delight grows and improves under thought dear itself to the mind; at the same time employing and inflaming the meditations. South's Sermons. It is hard that any part of my land should be settled upon one who has used me so ill; and yet I could not see a sprig of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should reflect upon her and her severity. Addison's Spectator. Into myself my reason's eye I turned; And, as I much reflected, much I mourned. Prior. He died; and oh! may no reflection shed Its pois'nous venom on the royal dead. Viewing her charms impaired, abashed shall hide Id. Id. Inanimate matter moves always in a straight line, and never reflects in an angle, nor bends in a circle, which is a continual reflection, unless either by some external impulse, or by an intrinsick principle of If the sun's light consisted but of one sort of rays, there would be but one colour, and it would be im possible to produce any new by reflections or refrac tions. Cheyne. Neither do I reflect in the least upon the memory of his late majesty, whom I entirely acquit of any imputation. Swift. REFLECTING TELESCOPES. See OPTICS and TELESCOPES. REFLECTION OF LIGHT. See OPTICS. REFLECTING CIRCLE, an instrument for mea suring angles to a very great degree of accuracy. It was invented by Mayer of Gottingen, principally with a view to do away the errors of the divisions of the limb; and has since been much improved by the Chevalier de Borda, and M. J. H. de Magellan. See NAVIGATION. REFLEX, adj. & n. s. Lat. reflexus. Backward; backward direction: reflexibility is the quality of being reflexible reflexible, capable of being thrown back reflexive, thrown backwards: the adverb corresponding. REFLEX'IVELY, adv. : Tell, by what paths, Back to the fountain's head the sea conveys Backward course. Mine own that bide upon me, all from me The variety of the flux and reflux of Euripus, or whether the same do ebb and flow seven times a day, is incontrovertible. Browne. REFORM', v. a. & v. n. Fr. reformer; Lat. reformo. To form on a better model; change from worse to better: reformation is the act of so changing; applied particularly to the religious change of several European nations from popery in the sixteenth century: a reformer is one who effects a beneficial change of things or persons; one who particularly promoted the Protestant Reformation. A sect in England, following the very same rule of policy, seeketh to reform even the French reformation, and purge out from thence all dregs of popery. Never came reformation in a flood Hooker There was no other way for angels to sin, but by With such a heady current, scowering faults; reflex of their understandings upon themselves. Hooker. I'll say yon gray is not the morning's eye, 'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Shakspeare. That assurance reflexive cannot be a divine faith, but at the most an human, yet such as perhaps I may have no doubting mixed with. Hammond. The motions of my mind are as obvious to the refler act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions, as the passions of my sense are obvious to my sense; I see the object, and I perceive that I see it. Hale. Solomon tells us life and death are in the power of the tongue, and that not only directly in regard of the good or ill we may do to others, but reflexively also in respect of what may rebound to ourselves. Government of the Tongue. Reflexibility of rays is their disposition to be reflected or turned back into the same medium from any other medium, upon whose surface they fall; and rays are more or less reflexible which are turned back more or less easily. Newton. The order and beauty of the inanimate parts of the world, the discernible ends of them, do evince by a refler argument that it is the workmanship, not of blind mechanism or blinder chance, but of an intelligent and benign agent. Bentley. Sir Isaac Newton has demonstrated, by convincing experiments, that the light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible; and that those rays are differently reflexible that are differently refrangible. Cheyne. REFLOAT', n.s. Re and float. Ebb; reflux. The main float and refloat of the sea is by consent of the universe, as part of the diurnal motion. Nor ever Hydra-headed wilfulness Shakspeare. Our first reformers were famous confessors and martyrs all over the world. Bacon. May no such storm Seat worthier of Gods was built Denham. With second thoughts, reforming what was old. Milton. And now prevailing love her face reforms. Dryden. Satire lavishes vice into reformation. Id. One cannot attempt the perfect reforming the languages of the world, without rendering himself ridiculous. Locke. The complaint is more general than the endeavours to redress it: abroad every man would be a reformer, how very few at home! Sprat. It was honour enough to behold the English churches reformed; that is, delivered from the reformers. South. The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and surprising change which the Christian religion made in the lives of the most profligate. Addison. Was his doctrine of the mass struck out in this this point? conflict? or did it give him occasion of reforming in Atterbury. The burden of the reformation lay on Luther's snoulders. Atterbury. The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt REFLOUR'ISH, v. a. Re and flourish. To an age; but that of a good one will not reform it. Bacon. flourish anew. Swift. |