people by proper application. A fixed determination to eradicate an evil will never fail in its purpose. Had another man of less industry and less decision of character been entrusted with this important charge, the people of Alderley might have been left unreclaimed, and added another page to our already crowded records of crime and depravity. But difficulty and danger, apathy and neglect, found no place in the vocabulary of Edward Stanley. To work he went; and whose hand shall fully and faithfully record the unbounded extent of his services?

"Labour! all labour is noble and holy!" was his watchword from morning until night, in every place, and under all circumstances. Not a stone remained unturned, where there appeared the slightest chance of amelioration or reform. In the church or out of it, in the poorest cot, in the schools, on the high road, yea, even in the publichouses, and the lowest depths of sin and vice, were Edward Stanley's holy labours and benign influence felt and acknowledged. The precept of Jeremy Taylor, "in honouring God and doing his work, put forth all thy strength,' was never more rigorously acted upon than by the subject of our memoir.

The limits of a magazine sketch do not allow us to enter into all the details of his career, while rector of Alderley. In his numerous movements, he invariably united the kindest heart with a spirit of resolution and untiring perseverance. His love of children was most ardent, and his attention to those of the parish led him to be regarded more as a father than as a spiritual teacher. "No task," says one who remembers this parental feature, "seemed too difficult for them to learn; and, rewarded by the rector's well-known smile and expressions of approbation, and his gentle tap on the head of each; and so anxious was he to encourage them, that, on these examination-days, he regaled them at his own house with a good dinner, and various amusements. Sometimes, to their great delight, he allowed them to accompany him in his boat on Alderley Mere, and spent the afternoon on the water with them himself." The results of such an education as this are apparent. That such seed has brought forth fruit worthy of the garner; that these children have profited by instructions conveyed

in such a benign manner, who will attempt to dispute? What a significant lesson is here imparted to all teachers of mankind; to teach kindly; to make truth loveable; and, while conveying instruction to the mind, to purify and sanctify the heart.

A long catalogue of instances, in which the rector manifested his fervent devotion to the welfare of these little ones, might be brought forward. Wherever he showed his kind face there would be sunshine and gladness. In the humble homes of his poor parishioners, he was the never-failing source of hope and comfort. Every child knew him by his paternal smile, and by his gifts of cakes and ginger-bread; every mother showered blessings on his head for his kindness to their offspring. No man ever realised the pastoral character in a more genuine sense; no man ever enacted the good Samaritan with more zeal and readiness. To the simplest cottager, his addresses were clear and familiar; and while, in his visits, his conversations partook of a religious character, he showed no less concern in their daily pursuits and interests :— Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride, And even his failings leaned to virtue's side! But in his duty, prompt at every call, He watched and wept; he prayed and felt,

for all.

And as a bird each fond endearment tries, To tempt its new-fledged offspring to the skies,

He tried each art, reproved each dull delay, Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way.

In reforming the moral and social condition of Alderley, his efforts were most indefatigable, and generally met with success. His influence over the people will be best illustrated by a short anecdote. It was announced that a prize-fight was to come off, which had been adjourned beyond his parish. An eye-witness says:-"The whole field was filled, and all the trees round about, when, in about a quarter of an hour, I saw the rector coming up the road, on his little black horse, as quick as lightning, and trembled for fear they should harm him. He rode into the field, and just looked quick around (as if he thought the same), to see who there was that would be on his side. But it was not needed; he rode into the midst of the crowd, and, in one moment, it was all over; there was a great calm-the blows stopped; it was as if they would all have wished to

D

cover themselves up in the earth;-all | from the trees they dropped down directly-no one said a word, and all went away humbled." The superiority of moral force over physical was never better demonstrated. This good man, in his secluded parish, showed an example worthy of the attention and imitation of kings. If such an influence operates so effectively upon a mob of ignorant rustics assembled to witness one of the most brutal sights on record, why should it fail in guiding the enlightened assemblies of kingdoms ?

While rector of Alderley, he was no less busy in other matters. The time he had to spare he devoted to the study of mineralogy, ornithology, and entomology. His favourite study was ornithology, and the most popular of his productions is "A Familiar History of Birds, their Nature, Habits, and Instincts," which was published, in two volumes, in 1835. This work, which has passed through a second and cheap edition, is written in a comprehensive style, and to any one either acquainted or unacquainted with ornithology, will prove a very delightful book. In the advancement of Mechanics' Institutes, and other kindred establishments, he took uncommon interest. One of the first lectures delivered by a Church of England Minister in any of these places was delivered by him, on Geology, before the Macclesfield Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. prepared a manuscript "History of Alderley," and contributed several interesting articles to Blackwood's and the British magazines. The principal papers are those on the condition of Western Ireland and the Isle of Achill, an account of the South Stack, near Holyhead, and a description of the "Mauvais Pas," in the Valais of Switzerland, which is said to have suggested to Sir Walter Scott the opening scene of "Anne of Geierstein." Most of his other productions consist of charges and sermons. In 1836 he was appointed Vice President of the British Association. In 1837 Lord Melbourne appointed him Clerk of the Closet of the Chapel Royal.

He

His liberality of opinion was as wide as the prosecution of his duties was unwearied. Bigotry and intolerance formed no ingredient of his mind. While loving truth intensely, he held large and comprehensive views of the

In

rights of conscience, and the duties which men Owe to each other. alluding to his political opinions on addressing the clergy after his inauguration into the episcopal office, he said: "He had never spoken to them on political subjects; he left them free as air. He did not deny that he had his opinions; from his earliest youth he had adopted them, because he conceived that they tended to the welfare of the people, the prosperity of the country, and, indirectly, to the glory of God; and he was sure those were reasons, however they might differ from his conclusions, which they would approve." In 1829, when the Catholic Relief Bill was in agitation, he wrote an address, entitled "A Few Words in Behalf of our Roman Catholic Brethren." In 1831, he took a prominent part in the agitation for Church Reform. During the excitement occasioned by the introduction of the New Poor Law, he issued a pamphlet bearing the title of "A Country Rector's Address to his Parishioners;” and, in 1836, a pamphlet entitled "A Few Observations on Religion and Education in Ireland." In these productions he showed a spirit of liberal enlightenment and a deep feeling for the elevation of all classes of men. Fearless in his disposition, he never failed in denouncing the wrong and supporting the right.

In 1837, he was nominated, by the late Lord Melbourne, to the See of Norwich. After thirty-two years of active life in the pleasant and peaceful shades of Alderley, and after having become so deeply interested in the welfare of his parishioners, it may be justly imagined that he felt and evinced considerable reluctance in accepting the offer. Conceiving it, however, to be his duty to make his life and exertions as valuable as possible to his fellow-creatures, and seeing before him a wide field of usefulness as a Bishop of the Church of England, he consented to the appointment. With some, this golden offer would have been seized with avidity; but the spirit of this noble-minded man rose above all pecuniary considerations. It mattered little to him what was the extent of his income, so long as he was able to dis-, charge those duties which he held as dear as his own life. That he was entirely disinterested in the emoluments of his appointments, in a worldly

point of view, is fully substantiated by a passage from Dean Peller's sermon, preached on his death. He says: “In the expenditure of his income, the rule to which he adhered was to give away and spend in his diocese all the emoluments he derived from it; and his liberality in pecuniary matters was not more remarkable on occasions than his disinterestedness in respect of patronage and other advantages usually resulting from his position. The giving of public benefices as rewards for faithful services, and fitness for the office, constituted the principle on which he was guided in the dispensation of preferments; and it is remarkable, that, out of the numerous vacancies which have occurred during the twelve years of his residence in the diocese, not one has been filled by a relative or family connection." Acts such as these speak volumes in favour of his character as a bishop.

His sufferings upon leaving his humble and devoted flock were most acute, and they were no less mournful. In alluding to this subject in the address from which we have quoted, he spoke in the following feeling terms:-"For thirty years, for upwards of thirty years, I have been a humble minister in a rural and distant parish. In that parish I had formed dear ties that will last as long as life exists. For thirty years I have lived amongst beings become as dear as relatives. I have superintended their education whilst young; I have enjoyed the friendship of some in maturer years; and some I have followed, with the intimacy and affection of a relative, to the grave." So deeply was he affected upon leaving Alderley, that he was obliged to compose a farewell address, and print it for distribution, as he felt too much overcome to deliver it from the pulpit.

In entering upon his new duties, many difficulties and disadvantages surrounded his path; but he encountered them all with his wonted animation and perseverance. He immediately commenced a series of changes and reforms in the diocese which, to say the least, was in a very disordered and unsatisfactory state. He opposed pluralities, advocated a revision of the Artieles and Prayer-book,-paid more : attention to the admission of candidates for holy orders,-reformed the imperfort administration of the rites of bap-|

tism and burial,-opposed apostolical succession and Tractarianism,-established two services where there had been but one,--increased clerical residences, and pursued a course entirely new to those who had recently been under the infirm superintendence of his predecessor, Bishop Bathurst. In the words of Dean Peller, "he pressed into the twelve of his episcopacy what common minds would have considered a laborious achievement for thirty or forty years." He did not gain much sympathy from the "High-Church" party in some of these movements, and the jealousy and ill-will manifested was in nowise decreased by his fearlessly avowing, in his installation sermon, his toleration of dissent, and that a combination of religious and secular education was highly desirable. This led to much dissension and ill-feeling, which did not die away for some months. But nothing could repulse the new bishop; his temper was too inflexible and courageous to be overcome by such opponents. He went on in his course, and, as his plans succeeded, so his popularity increased, and his enemies diminished.

His system of conducting the ordinations was characterised by much kindness and consideration. On one occasion, "hearing that one of the candidates was very nervous and in low spirits concerning his fate, he took the trouble to walk up, after dinner, from the palace to the hotel where the man was staying, to assure him that his work was well done, and that he need be under no alarm about not succeeding." His attention to the poor children of his diocese was a no less prominent feature than at Alderley. In the visitors' book of the schools his name often appeared, and his contributions to their support were most liberal. At the infant schools the 'sugar-plums for the little ones were always brought; and when, in their daily exercises and singing, they marched round the school, he would sometimes himself take one of them by the hand and join the little procession." Good man! how justly he followed his Heavenly Master's precept and example! "From their public examination," to make another quotation from the Dean, "he was rarely absent; and it was pleasing on these occasions to observe the little innocents beguiled by his benevolent countenance into disregard or forgetfulness of his dignity, and

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plucking his garments in anticipation of the smile that they knew would be sure to follow; showing how deeply the Saviour's precept, 'Suffer little children to come unto me,' was impressed on his heart." He always made a point of visiting the schools, whether of the Establishment or Dissenters. He was the friend of Bible and Tract Societies, and every other institution for the dissemination of good and useful knowledge. It was of little consequence to the good bishop who were the parties connected with these movements, so long as they sought a worthy end. One High-Church" clergyman said, “I can truly say that I learned very many lessons from him; but perhaps none more practically important than the interpretation of the word liberality." In him there was a settled spirit of Christian charity which nothing could stem in its noble purposes. "There was a bonhommie," says a writer in the "Gentleman's Magazine," "and, at the same time, an earnestness, in his advocacy, which rendered his services very valuable to any objects which he undertook to promote." Hence we find him defending the Irish National Education scheme and the Dissenters' Chapel Bill; impartially administering his distribution of patronage; contending for the union between science and revealed religion; entertaining Father Mathew in his own palace; preaching a funeral sermon on the death of the Quaker philanthropist, Joseph John Gurney; expressing his pleasure to Mr. Macready for his able management of Coventgarden Theatre; making his palace the temporary home of Jenny Lind; and embarking in a number of movements which he conscientiously believed to be good and beneficient.

In recording the closing scene of such a life as this, the tongue falters and the heart exclaims-Why are not such as these allowed to survive the ordinary span of existence ? A full and earnest faith in the great and everlasting reward of such men alone reconciles us to the close of their righteous labours. Engaged most actively every day, Dr. Stanley's sanguine temper and cheerful disposition never forsook him, and it was not until he had arrived at his "three score and ten," that he felt any effect from declining years. The unwearied life he had led, doubtless, added to his weight

of age. In the summer of 1849, his health began to give way. From the entries in his journal, about this period, he seemed to be conscious of his approaching dissolution. With the hope of recruiting his health, he consented to accompany his family into Scotland. Change of scene and air rallied him, and strong hopes were entertained of his recovery. But early in September a serious change took place. The good man's spirit was fast quitting its earthly mansion. He continued two days in a state of unconsciousness, and his illness terminated, on the 6th of September, in congestion of the brain. He died at Braham Castle, near Dingwall, and was in his seventieth year. He left a widow, three sons, and two daughters; the sons are all distinguished men, the second being the Rev. Arthur C. Stanley, the well-known author of the "Life of Dr. Arnold."

It was his wish to be interred in Alderley churchyard, in the retired shades where his good spirit had shed so much benign influence; but if his friends wished otherwise, his desire was "to rest in Norwich Cathedral or its precincts." His remains were brought from Scotland, and to the latter, on the 21st of September, they were borne amidst the deepest grief of all the city. A large assemblage, including men of all shades of opinion and classes of society, met to pay their last token of respect to their departed friend. marble slab marks his resting-place, with the following eloquent record of his life and labours:

A

In the faith of Christ, Here rests from his labours EDWARD STANLEY, Thirty-two years Rector of Alderley, Twelve years Bishop of Norwich." Buried amidst the mourning Of the diocese which he had animated, The city which he had served, The poor whom he had visited, The schools which he had fostered, The family which he had loved, And of all Christian people With whom, howsoever divided, he had joined, In whatsoever things were true, and honest, And just, and pure,

And lovely, and of good report.

To this noble tribute what more can be added? His life and labours form a monument more radiant than the western window in Norwich Cathedral, and more solid than the marble on which his praises are inscribed, which will not crumble away with the lapse of time.

When the fame of other men shall be noised abroad-the warrior for his "fields of glory," the statesman for his laws, the poet for his lays, and the patriot for his sufferings, the laurel will encircle the brow of Edward Stanley, and posterity rejoice in the memory of a good man.

The late Bishop of Norwich was an instance of what may be done for the elevation of mankind, by a resolute will and active perseverance. In all he did, in all he said, there was a spirit of progress in the right direction. He showed himself a type of the times; he set aside the idle notion, that man is a stationary creature; he proclaimed him always open to improvement and progress. And he further evidenced that this improvement must be wrought by hard work; that prejudices must be overcome with a stout heart; that truth must be proclaimed with a courageous front; that the emancipation of either the social or mental condition must be consummated by unflinching perseverance. Would he have reformed a rude rural population, or overcome the political and religious prejudices of a large diocese, had he not put the shoulder to the wheel with a deep conviction of the greatness of his labours? Had

he left no other lesson behind him, he has left this, that the lowliest object, so long as it is open to advancement, is worthy of our deepest consideration, and that in the work we should be industrious and cheerful. In all social and mental regeneration, such men as Bishop Stanley will be found efficient and useful, inasmuch as they apply themselves with all their strength to the labour. He might have entertained very comprehensive views of the necessity of reform, but had he not accompanied his views with a resolute will to accomplish those reforms, his success would have been partial, or neutral. Hence, the man was peculiarly adapted to the wants of the age. Although his labours were limited to the parish of Alderley, or the diocese of Norwich, they showed that he was keenly sensible that the times in which he lived demanded reformation everywhere. In his sacred calling, and the liberality, impartiality, and industry, he connected with it, he again showed himself alive to the progressive character of the times. He showed to his euntemporaries and his successors the

LOUIS KOSSUTH.

WHEN the history of heroism shall be fairly written, a new light will be thrown upon the characteristics of the intellect and the emotions. The joint workings of sentiment and thought,of feeling and mental power, are essential in all the phases of the patriotic; and to passion, perhaps, more than intellect, we owe the finest traits in the history of the hero. The love of country is at once the source of the noblest heroism and the dearest of domestic ties. It gives warmth to the household hearth, vigour to the industrial energies,-force, purpose, and integrity to the national character, and connects together, by a current of the same blood, rich and poor, ostentatious and humble, as though one heart pulsated for the whole.

"Breathes there a man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said,

This is my own, my native land!”

The Cretans express the love of country by a name which implies the love of a mother for her children. The Ethiopian believes that God made his deserts, while angels made the rest of the globe. We have all heard of the Indian, who, meeting a banana in the Jardine des Plantes, bathed it with his tears. The Chinese say, "He who sincerely loves his country, leaves the fragrance of a good name to a hundred ages." It is the love of country which binds the Arab to his arid sands, and the Esquimaux to the arctic circle; which makes the Swiss peasant look joyfully on his barren mountains and bleak glaciers; which unites the Maltese to his isolated rock, and makes the Greenlander fonder of his snows. There is no land but has ties of affection for its own people; and when the Neapolitan exclaims, "See the Bay of Naples and die," or the Norwegians inscribe upon their coins, "Spirit, loyalty, valour, and whatever is honourable, let the whole world learn among the rocks of Norway," they simply utter the