to half an ounce, but the division of it into 12 parts was still continued. The chief silver coin was the denarius, or Roman penny, 96 of which made a libra or pondo. If the value of the libra be stated at £3, as it usually is, the denarius is equal to 74d and the as to id The proportion of the value of silver to brass was 40 to 1. The proportion of the value of gold to silver was originally 10 to 1, but in the time of the latter empire, became 14 to 1. 1 Sestertium (neut. gen.) = 1000 Sestertii = £7, 16s. 3d. One pound of gold was originally divided into 48 Aurei, and afterwards into 72. Large sums are usually expressed in pounds of gold, the value of which is £40, nearly. The Roman foot 11.632 inches. The actus quadratus was a square of 120 Roman feet. The jugerum was equal to two of these, and is to the English acre as 10 to 16.097. The amphora was a cubical Roman foot, and contained 80 Roman pounds of water. It was nearly equal to of an English bushel. The Sextarius contained about 324 cubical English inches, and was subdivided in the same manner as the as. The modius, used for dry measure, contained 1 peck and about 8 cubical inches. Measures of Length in different Countries. The old French League 2 German Mile = 4 Dutch Mile Italian Mile English miles. ditto. New French Weights and Measures. During the time of the French republic, a new system of weights and measures was introduced into France, the foundation of which is the measure of a degree of the meridian. This was determined to be 57027 toises, from the mean of the measurements of 12 degrees, about latitude 45 deg.; hence a quadrant of the meridian is 5132430 toises, and from this number, the weights and measures, now used in France, are deduced The metre, which is the base of the new system, is the 10,000,000 part of 5132430 toises, or quadrant of the meridian, and is equal to 39.371 English inches. The other measures of length both ascend and decend, decimally, as follows: 10 Metres 10 Decametres = 1 Decimetre 1 Centimetre 1 Decametre. 1 Hectometre. 1 Kilometre or mile. = 10 Decimetres. 10 Centimetres. 10 Millimetres. The square of the Decametre constitutes the Are, and that of the Hectometre, the Hectare, or Acre. The cube of a Metre forms the unit of solid measure, or the Stere; and that of a Decimetre, the Litre or pint; and the weight of this bulk of water, at its greatest contraction, makes the Kilogramme, or pound; and the weight of the cube of a Centimetre of distilled water is called the Gramme. The value of these in English measures, are as follows: COMPOUND ADDITION. 1. PLACE numbers of the same kind under each other, as pence under pence, shillings under shillings, and pounds under pounds. 2. Find the sum of the figures in the right hand column, which divide by as many of that name as make one of the next higher denomination. 3. Set down the remainder under the column added, and carry the quotient to the next column. 4. Proceed in the same manner through all the denominations. 1. In adding the shillings, first find the sum of the column of units, then put down the right hand figure of the amount, and carry the rest to the tens, add the tens, and for every 2 in the sum, carry 1 to the pounds: if I remain, put it down on the left |