78. A triangle is inscribed in a circle, and any point P on the circumference is joined to the orthocentre of the triangle: shew that this joining line is bisected by the pedal of the point P.

ง

IV. ON THE CIRCLE IN CONNECTION WITH RECTANGLES. [See Propositions 35, 36, 37.]

1. If from any external point P two tangents are drawn to a given circle whose centre is O, and if OP meets the chord of contact at Q; then the rectangle OP, OQ is equal to the square on the radius.

Let PH, PK be tangents, drawn from the external point P to the OHAK, whose centre is O; and let OP meet HK the chord of contact at Q, and the Oce at A. Then shall the rect. OP, OQ=the sq. on OA.

On HP as diameter describe a circle: this circle must pass through Q, since the L HQP is a rt. angle.

Join OH.

III. 31.

2. ABC is a triangle, and AD, BE, CF the perpendiculars drawn from the vertices to the opposite sides, meeting in the orthocentre O: shew that the rect. AO, OD=the rect. BO, ŎE=the rect. CO, OF.

3. ABC is a triangle, and AD, BE the perpendiculars drawn from A and B on the opposite sides: shew that the rectangle CA, CE is equal to the rectangle CB, CD.

4. ABC is a triangle right-angled at C, and from D, any point in the hypotenuse AB, a straight line DE is drawn perpendicular to AB and meeting BC at E: shew that the square on DE is equal to the difference of the rectangles AD, DB and CE, EB.

5. From an external point P two tangents are drawn to a given circle whose centre is O, and OP meets the chord of contact at Q: shew that any circle which passes through the points P, Q will cut the given circle orthogonally. [See Def. p. 240.]

6. A series of circles pass through two given points, and from a fixed point in the common chord produced tangents are drawn to all the circles: shew that the points of contact lie on a circle which cuts all the given circles orthogonally.

7. All circles which pass through a fixed point, and cut a given circle orthogonally, pass also through a second fixed point.

8. Find the locus of the centres of all circles which pass through a given point and cut a given circle orthogonally.

9. Describe a circle to pass through two given points and cut a given circle orthogonally.

10. A, B, C, D are four points taken in order on a given straight line: find a point O between B and C such that the rectangle OA, OB may be equal to the rectangle OC, OD.

11. AB is a fixed diameter of a circle, and CD a fixed straight line of indefinite length cutting AB or AB produced at right angles; any straight line is drawn through A to cut CD at P and the circle at Q: shew that the rectangle AP, AQ is constant.

12. AB is a fixed diameter of a circle, and CD a fixed chord at right angles to AB; any straight line is drawn through A to cut CD at P and the circle at Q: shew that the rectangle AP, AQ is equal to the square on AC.

13. A is a fixed point, and CD a fixed straight line of indefinite length; AP is any straight line drawn through to meet CD at P and in AP a point Q is taken such that the rectangle AP, AQ is constant: find the locus of Q.

14. Two circles intersect orthogonally, and tangents are drawn from any point on the circumference of one to touch the other: prove that the first circle passes through the middle point of the chord of contact of the tangents. [Ex. 1, p. 251.]

15. A semicircle is described on AB as diameter, and any two chords AC, BD are drawn intersecting at P: shew that

AB2 AC. AP+BD.BP.

16. Two circles intersect at B and C, and the two direct common tangents AE and DF are drawn: if the common chord is produced to meet the tangents at G and H, shew that GH2=AE2+ BC2.

17. If from a point P, without a circle, PM is drawn perpendicular to a diameter AB, and also a secant PCD, shew that

PM2 PC. PD+AM. MB.

18. Three circles intersect at D, and their other points of intersection are A, B, C ; AD cuts the circle BDC at E, and EB, EC cut the circles ADB, ADC respectively at F and G: show that the points F, A, G are collinear, and F, B, C, G concyclic.

19. A semicircle is described on a given diameter BC, and from B and C any two chords BE, CF are drawn intersecting within the semicircle at O; BF and CE are produced to meet at A: shew that the sum of the squares on AB, AC is equal to twice the square on the tangent from A together with the square on BC.

20. X and Y are two fixed points in the diameter of a circle equidistant from the centre C: through X any chord PXQ is drawn, and its extremities are joined to Y: shew that the sum of the squares on the sides of the triangle PYQ is constant. [See p. 161, Ex. 24.]

PROBLEMS ON TANGENCY.

21. To describe a circle to pass through two given points and to touch a given straight line.

and from PD (or PC) cut off PQ equal to a side of this square. Through A, B, and Q describe a circle. Ex. 4, p. 171. Then since the rect. PA, PB the sq. on PQ,

.. the ABQ touches CD at Q.

III. 37. Q.E.F.

NOTES. (i) Since PQ may be taken on either side of P, it is clear that there are in general two solutions of the problem.

(ii) When AB is parallel to the given line CD, the above method is not applicable. In this case a simple construction follows from III. 1, Cor. and 111. 16, and it will be found that only one solution exists,

22.

To describe a circle to pass through two given points and to

touch a given circle.

Let A and B be the given

points, and CRP the given circle.

It is required to describe a circle to pass through A and B, and to touch the CRP.

Through A and B describe any circle to cut the given circle at P and Q.

Join AB, PQ, and produce them to meet at D.

R

From D draw DC to touch the given circle, and let C be the point of contact.

Then the circle described through A, B, C will touch the given circle.

For, from the O ABQP, the rect. DA, DB = the rect. DP, DQ: and from the OPQC, the rect. DP, DQ=the sq. on DC;

..the rect. DA, DB=the sq. on DC:

.. DC touches the O ABĈ at C. But DC touches the PQC at C; ..the ABC touches the given circle, and it passes given points A and B.

III. 36.

III. 37.
Constr.

through the

Q. E. F.

NOTE. (i) Since two tangents may be drawn from D to the given circle, it follows that there will be two solutions of the problem.

(ii) The general construction fails when the straight line bisecting AB at right angles passes through the centre of the given circle: the problem then becomes symmetrical, and the solution is obvious.

23. To describe a circle to pass through a given point and to touch two given straight lines.

Let P be the given point, and AB, AC the given straight lines. It is required to describe a circle to pass through P and to touch AB, AC.

Now the centre of every circle which touches AB and AC must lie on the bisector of the L BAC. Ex. 7, p. 197.

Hence draw AE bisecting the

L BAC.

A

R

E

From P draw PK perp. to AE, and produce it to P', making KP' equal to PK.

Then every circle which has its centre in AE, and passes through P, must also pass through P'.

Ex. 1, p. 233.

Hence the problem is now reduced to drawing a circle through P and P' to touch either AC or AB.

Ex. 21, p. 253.

Produce P'P to meet AC at S. Describe a square equal to the rect. SP, SP'; and cut off SR equal to a side of the square. Describe a circle through the points P', P, R. Then since the rect. SP, SP' the sq. on SR, this circle touches AC at R;

..

and since its centre is in AE, the bisector of the
it may be shewn also to touch AB.

NOTES. (i) Since SR may be taken on either side of S, it follows that there will be two solutions of the problem.

(ii) If the given straight lines are parallel, the centre lies on the parallel straight line mid-way between them, and the construction proceeds as before.

24. To describe a circle to touch two given straight lines and a given circle.

Let AB, AC be the two given st. lines, and D the centre of the given circle.

It is required to describe a circle to touch AB, AC and the circle whose centre is D.

Draw EF, GH par1 to AB and AC respectively, on the sides remote from D, and at distances from them equal to the radius of the given circle. Describe the

pass through D.

MND to touch EF and GH at M and N, and to

Let O be the centre of this circle.

Ex. 23, p. 254.

Join OM, ON, OD meeting AB, AC, and the given circle at P, Q,

and R.

Then a circle described with centre O and radius OP will touch AB, AC and the given circle.

For since O is the centre of the MND,

.. OM ON=OD.

But PM QN=RD;
.. OP=OQ=OR.

Constr.

.. a circle described with centre O, and radius OP, will pass

through Q and R.

And since the 4s at M and N are rt. angles,

.. the Ls at P and Q are rt. angles;

.. the PQR touches AB and AC.

III. 18.

I. 29.