paper. In this way both tusks were dug out and laid bare to the action of the sun and wind. This done, it was found necessary to paste cloth over the tusks and around them in all directions, so as to give it sufficient "body" to hold the fragile parts in place until it could be shipped. Both tusks were allowed to stand on stilts of the original clay in which they were imbedded, but these had to be replaced by wooden stilts, in order that all of the surface might be pasted with paper, cloth, and burlap. The next thing was to pull up large masses of stiff grass, which grew in a marshy spot near by. These tufts of grass were arranged longitudinally along the tusks and wrapped and tied very securely in place by means of binding twine. On top of all was bound a heavy layer of stout willow sprouts in order to give it additional stiffness and strength. However, in spite of all these precautions, it was found to be entirely impracticable to lift or move these tusks in any way. The only possible means of rescuing them was to build a large crate about them as they lay in position and to suspend each tusk by means of rope and twine. In this position, when sufficiently roped, it was an easy matter to pick up crates and specimens and carry them down the hill and deliver them at the nearest station, some nine or ten miles distant. The boxes when done were so large that it was found impossible to get them inside of an ordinary wagon and considerable embarrassment was experienced for a time. Finally, however, they were roped on top of the wagon, extending across it, and in this way were transported safely to their destination. The tusks were driven. across a very rough prairie, part of it without roads or trails, a distance of nine or ten miles, then shipped by railroad from Gosper county to Lincoln, and delivered at the museum still swinging by cords and ropes and without breakage or injury. Then began the work of unpacking and preparing the specimen in some permanent way. The burlap, cloth, and paper were removed, a few inches at a time, and a mixture of paraffine, beeswax, and resin was melted and poured over the exposed part. This melted mixture sank into every crack and upon cooling hardened and united the parts completely. Finally, holes were bored

along the sides, about four inches apart and as deep as the center of the tusks. In these hot wax was poured. This strengthened the tusks to such an extent that they could be handled with safety preparatory to mounting them upon permanent bases of plaster of Paris, such as they now stand upon.

Two tusks of the mammoth or primitive elephant partly uncovered. Found in the loess of Gosper county, Nebraska, on the face of an extensive cut on the Burlington & Missouri River railroad. Length of tusk along the curve, 11 feet; diameter at base, 7 inches. From a photograph by Erwin H. Barbour, Morrill Geological Expedition, 1893.

THE BARITES OF NEBRASKA AND THE BAD LANDS.

ERWIN HINCKLEY BARBOUR.

During the past two years there have been several additions to the list of Nebraska minerals. Chief among them are the closely related minerals Barite and Celestite. Because of the larger collections and the better knowledge of the barites they will be made the subject of this paper.

Our barites occur in three rather distinct forms, the flat or tabular crystals of southeastern Nebraska; the superb prismatic crystals of the "Bad Lands," and the fibrous dike barite found in the Hat Creek basin of the Little Bad Lands in Sioux county. In southeastern Nebraska, in the Permian of Gage county, near Odell, Wymore, and Beatrice, barites are found quite abundantly in the clays. Because of their shape and frequent occurrence these beds have become known locally as the "Diamond Fields."

The barite group belongs crystographically to the orthorhom bic system, that is, the three axes are all at right angles, but are each of different length, accordingly the prism may be developed along different axes, making ever varying forms of crystals. The common form of crystal is flat and tabular, sometimes, however, they are long and needle like, at other times thick, strong prisms. The form found in Gage county is a flat, diamondshaped crystal from one to three millimeters in thickness. The largest of these will scarcely measure more than ten to fifteen millimeters (three-eighths to one-half inch) in length. It is a common feature of these crystals to show alternating bands of white, brown, or yellow color, parallel to the edges of the crystal; also a dark cross imitating axes is often present. The yellow portion, according to Dana, is the less pure barite, being, in fact, a pretty nearly equal mixture of barium sulphate and calcium

carbonate. In addition to these it is not uncommon for barite to contain impurities in the way of silica, clay, and bituminous or carbonaceous substances. The more transparent crystals show phantom figures to perfection.

These are all the more interesting to the Nebraska mineralogist from the fact that they are undescribed for the state.

In the Bad Lands there are thin dikes running in all directions, over the hills. These are generally dikes of chalcedony, and stand but little above the bare clays of the region. In other cases there is a filling of calcite with selvages of chalcedony. There are besides, occasionally dikes of sandstone a half meter thick, and even dikes of clay.

On the last expedition sent out by the State University.-the Morrill Geological Expedition of 1895,-the students found uncommon and altogether unexpected dikes of fibrous barite of a bluish color. The dike was scarcely more than fifteen to twenty millimeters (a half to three-quarters of an inch) thick, yet it could be traced for some distance across the Bad Land marls. The dike was vertical, the fibers at right angles to its plane. This is the first known occurrence of Barite in any form in this locality.

Further north in the Big Bad Lands a magnificent array of barites is found in the Fort Pierre shale. These are occasionally of striking size and of great superiority of color and crystallization. The prevailing type is a long, tapering, prismatic crystal of a fine amber color. There are occasional crystals found which are almost pure and transparent. Some are less distinctly crystallized and are arranged in conspicuously radiated bunches. The mode of occurrence is an interesting feature. Wherever the country is cut into hills by recent drainage lines, one can trace along the hillsides a band made conspicuous by its nodules or concretions. These vary in size from the diameter of the fist to those exceeding that of the outstretched arms. These are exposed along the Cheyenne river and its many tributaries. The concretions are of that peculiar type known as septaria. There is a well recognized tendency of matter in solution, hence

free to arrange itself molecularly, to become segregated, or aggregated together around a center, making more or less spherical masses. Thus it is that we find in the shales of the Fort Pierre Cretaceous great concretions of the same material, though rendered hard and dense. These clay balls when drying from the original plasticity, harden first on the surface. Naturally then, as the interior dried there would be all sorts of shrinkage cracks and irregular cavities left within. Here we

FIGURE 2.-A group of amber-colored barite crystals from the Bad Lands, showing etched and doubly terminated forms. The natural etching of these crystals is often rather remarkable. Doubly terminated crystals are rare. Natural size. have formed a beautiful receptacle for the magnificent crystals which are to be formed within these drying mud-balls. Soon water with calcium carbonate in solution coats all the surfaces with a layer of impure and discolored calcite. Succeeding layers are of better color and crystallization. Generally the cavities are lined with small crystals of dog-tooth spar of an orange color; upon these rest clear, sharp crystals of nail-head calcite,