3. What will it cost to pave a street 30 ft. wide and 1560 ft. long, with Nicholson pavement, @ $.30 per sq. ft.?

4. What cost the paving of an avenue 3150 long with the Miller pavement at 44

Ans. $ 100 ft. wide and

per sq. yd. ?

Ans. $15400.

CUBIC MEASURE.

254. Excavations and Embankments. Excavations and Embankments of all kinds are reckoned by the cubic yard.

NOTE.-Trenches for foundations are counted double.

EXAMPLE.-How many yards of excavation in a cellar 40 ft. by 25 ft. and 4 ft. deep?

SOLUTION. Since the solid contents of a rectangular body are found by multiplying together its three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness), we multiply 40 by 25, and this product by 4, obtaining as a result 4500 cu. ft. Dividing this by 27, the number of cu. ft. in 1 cu. yd., we have 1663, the number of cu. yd. of excavation.

PROBLEMS •

1. What cost the excavation of a trench for a foundation for a stone fence 500 ft. long, 2 ft. wide, and 14 ft. deep, at 27% per cu. yd.? (See Note.) Ans. $30.

2. How many loads of 1 cu. yd. each will be required to fill a street 150 ft. long, 50 ft. wide, and 2 ft. deep; and how much will the whole cost, at 18 per cu. yd.?

Ans. 6944 yds.; $125.

3. A railroad company excavated a tunnel 1500 feet long, with a cross-section of 450 square feet. How many yards of earth were removed? Ans. 25000 cu. yd.

4. What costs the excavation for a cellar 5 ft. deep, for a dwelling house, the main building being 40 × 30 ft., and the L 18 x 14 ft., at 50 per cu. yd.? Ans. $134.44.

5. What costs the excavation for a cellar under the main building of same dwelling-house, and an excavation 1 ft. deep and 14 ft. wide for the walls of the L (one of the short sides being attached to the main building), at 50% per cu. yd.? Ans. $115.03.

MASONRY.

255. Stone Work.

Stone Work is done by the perch of 243 cu. ft.

DIRECTIONS FOR MEASURING.

Rough Stone.

1. Measure the outside girt of a wall. This measures the corners twice; but as a corner is more difficult to build, this is a method of allowing for the extra work.

2. Add 9 in. in chimney breasts, pillars, &c., for each dressed and plumbed corner.

3. Count openings less than 3 ft. wide as built up.

Cut Stone.

1. In cut stone the measuring line follows the chisel, and the work is measured on the surface by the square foot.

2. Belt courses less than 1 ft. wide are measured by the linear foot. 3. Moulded and chamfered work and the whole face of the rise in moulded steps, is measured twice.

4. Circular moulded hoods, pediments, and lintels are measured twice.

EXAMPLE.-What is the cost of a foundation 36 × 20 ft., 4 ft. deep, and 14 ft. thick, built of rubble work with 11 in. belt course of cut stone, at $3.63 per perch for the rubble, and 25% per foot lineal, for the belt course?

measure, at $.25 per foot, cost $28. Therefore, $98.56+$28=$126.56, the cost of the foundation.

PROBLEMS.

1. How much will it cost to build the wall of a cellar 38 x 25 ft., 7 ft. deep, and 18 in. thick; the lower 4 ft. to be of common masonry, at $3.25 per perch; the next 3 ft. to be of cut stone, at 15 per sq. ft. ? , Ans. $155.97.

2. What cost the walls and paving of a conduit 250 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 2 ft. high, the walls being built of cut stone at 30% per sq. ft.; and paving laid in "flags," at 25% per sq. ft. ?

3. What cost a retaining wall built of rubble, and 500 ft. long, 5 ft. high, and 24 ft. thick, at $5.50 per perch?

Ans. $1388.89.

4. A stone mason received $27773 for building at $5.50 per perch a stone wall 500 ft. long and 5 ft. high. What was the thickness of the wall? Ans. 5 ft.

5. A base 12 ft. square and 9 ft. deep was built for a chimney stack at the rate of $3 per perch. What did the base cost?

6. The cost of a breakwater 100 ft. long and 20 ft. thick, at $1.75 per perch, cost $2121.21. How high was it built?

Ans. 15 ft.

256. Brick Work.

Brick Work is usually estimated by the thousand bricks, though sometimes in cubic feet.

IN MEASURING BRICKWORK,

1. Deduct all openings, taking the net width on the outside of the wall, and running up to the spring of the arch in circular head openings.

2. Deduct fireplaces and flues, when they are more than 9 in. square. 3. Ends of joists, common sized lintels, and boxing frames are not to be deducted.

4. Deduct 9 in. square flues when not plastered inside.

When bricks are 2 × 4×8 in., it requires seven bricks to build one square foot of a wall one brick, or 44 inches thick; hence it will take 14 bricks to build a square foot of a wall 9 inches thick; 21 bricks to build a square foot of a wall 13 inches thick, &c.

Therefore, to find the number of bricks in a wall, we have

this

RULE.-Find the surface of the wall in feet, and if the wall is one brick thick, multiply the number of feet in the surface by 7; if two bricks thick, by 14; if three bricks thick, by 21; &c.

EXAMPLE 1.-How many bricks in a wall 100 ft. long, 8 ft. high, and 13 in. (3 bricks) thick; and what will the wall cost, at $9 per M. for the brick, and $2 per M. for laying the same?

SOLUTION.

100 × 8 × 21 = 16800
$9 x 16.800 = $151.2
$2 × 16.800 = $ 33.6

$184.8, Ans.

In the foregoing RULE and EXAMPLE, we suppose the brick to be 2 × 4×8 in., and in estimating the sq. ft. of the surface, we suppose the brick to be laid so as to present to the eye its 2 × 8 in. sides, which gives 16 sq. in. surface. Now, 7 of these surfaces do not make a sq. ft.; in fact, only 112 sq. in.; but if we estimate the mortar as .438 in. thick, 7 bricks will present a surface 2.438 x 8.438 × 7 = 144 sq. in. 1 sq. ft.

=

=

If, however, as is often the case, the bricks are not 2 x 4 x 8 in., we must exercise our judgment in estimating the number of bricks used.

EXAMPLE 2.-How many pressed bricks, each 21 by 41 by 8 in., will be required to build a wall 40 ft. long, 7 ft. high, and 3 bricks thick, allowing in. between bricks for mortar?

SOLUTION.

21+1=21 in., thickness of brick and mortar.
8+8 in., length of brick and mortar.
8×21217 sq. in., surface of brick and mortar.
144÷217619%, number of bricks in 1 square foot.

280 × 61981843, number bricks in wall, 1 brick in thickness.

RULE. To the length and thickness of the brick in inches, add inch; and then multiply together the two sums. Divide # 144 by this product; the quotient will be the number of bricks in a square foot of wall, one brick thick. Multiply by 2, 3, or 4, &c., to find the number of bricks in a wall 2, 3, or 4, &c., bricks in thickness.

In estimating brick work by the perch, as is sometimes done, we proceed as in measuring STONE WORK, except that the corners are not measured twice.

PROBLEMS.

1. How many perches in an ice house 30 × 25 ft., and 15 ft. high, the walls being 14 ft. thick, allowance being made for 1 door, 5 x 3 ft. ? Ans. 93.63+ P.