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for the purpose of securing their assent to the settlement of the citizens of the United States upon the lands claimed by them, and for the purpose of extinguishing their titles in whole or in part to these lands. This duty was committed to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, who undertook at the earliest practicable period, and has made every effort to discharge it faithfully, and to accomplish the object for which the appropriation was made.

Although it is doubted whether the federal Courts have cognizance of such offences, when committed by Indians, yet Congress should interpose and relieve the question from all doubt.

The issue of warrants to Indians, under the bounty land laws, has been suspended, and unless Congress expressly authorizes it, they will hereafter be disallowed. It is questionable whether the Indians engaged in the service of the Government in any of our wars, severed, or His journey through the section of country in intended to sever their connection with the tribes question, and his interview with the Indians, to which they belonged; so long as they continue cannot fail to be of great value to him, in the fu- members of a tribe, their individual appears to ture discharge of his duties. It is believed that be merged in their tribal character; and whathis presence made a most favorable impression, ever is due from the Government for their service and that the results of his visit will prove bene- belongs to the tribe. They are, moreover, in a ficial to them and the Government. Little doubt state of pupilage, the Government is their guaris entertained that early in the season, and in dian, and bound to protect them against the sutime for Congress to act upon the subjects con-perior intelligence and sagacity of the white man. nected with this territory, and to consummate Although many warrants were issued previous the design of the appropriation, treaties will be made with the Indians, and such arrangements entered into, as will satisfy them, and gratify the people. No effort will be spared to accomplish the object, as the Bureau and the Department fully appreciate its value and importance.

to the question being brought to my notice, it may be safely assumed that, with the exception of a few of the Stockbridges, scarcely a solitary entry has been made by an Indian under the scrip or warrant issued by him. There is no positive proof of the fact, but it is the belief of those who have diligently inquired into it, that whenever scrip or warrants have been issued to individual Indians, they have been defrauded of them. If they are entitled to any such gratuity, sound morality, as well as justice to them, requires that some legal and different provision be made.

It is estimated that there were upwards of seven thousand Indians, whose military service might entitle them to bounty lands; supposing their claims to average eighty acres each, the aggregate amount would exceed 560,000 acres.

Some of the Creek Indians were indicted in the federal court in Arkansas, for introducing or vending spirituous liquors in the Indian country. The Marshals of the Western District of that State, arrested them under process from that court, and they were rescued from his custody. Many of the Indians are banded together, and are determined to resist the execution of the writs, on the ground that by their own laws, the same Indians have been already tried and punished, and that it is unjust, and contrary to the spirit of our own institutions to put them upon their trial a second time for the same offence. The excitement and exasperation of the Indians were so great and alarming, that the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for that district appealed to the officer, and requested him to suspend proceeding, until he could consult and advise with this Department. This has been done, and after declaring that it had neither the legal authority nor the disposition to interfere with the acting I concur with the Commissioner of Indian Af of the judicial tribunal, nor to prevent the service fairs, in the recommendation that the Indians be or execution of any writ, which had been law-colonized in suitable locations of limited extent, fully issued, the Department suggested to the and distant from white settlements. Marshal and the District Attorney having charge of the indictments, the propriety of co-operating, as far as was compatible with their sense of duty, with the Superintendent, and other Indian Agents, in their efforts to calm the trouble which existed, and to restore quiet and contentment among the disaffected.

The laws of most of the Indian tribes are severe upon this subject, and enforced and executed with great rigor. It would, therefore, be far better to permit them to control it, than to introduce a conflict of jurisdiction, which might lead to disastrous consequences.

The effort to remove the remnant of the Seminole Indians from Florida through the instru mentality of a special agent, proved abortive, notwithstanding it is alleged that some $50,000 were expended in the attempt. As it was supposed that a military force would be necessary to effect their removal, the duty was transferred to the War Department.

tion with it, a system of education, commensu rate with their position and wants, should be introduced and efficiently prosecuted.

The agents in Texas are desirous of providing suitable places for the Indians in that State. Many of the Indians themselves are anxious for the adop tion of this system, and all would probably soon submit to it. Although the agents have selected locations, they cannot be fixed without the consent of, and a cession by that State, with which arrangements should be made as soon as practicable.

The plan for removing the Indians in Califor

nia, to five military reservations, of not more than | perish from want of food and clothing. The twenty-five thousand acres each, and subsisting quantity furnished is believed to be ample, but them there, having been approved, instructions the mode of distribution fails to accomplish the for carrying it into effect were promptly given to object intended. To obviate the difficulty and the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for that remedy this great evil, it has been suggested, State; his success has not been such as was ex- that with the assent of the Indians, storehouses pected; difficulties presenting themselves which might be established, at suitable points in their were not anticipated. It appears that suitable midst, from which the agents of the government locations cannot be made in the northern part of could distribute goods and provisions, equivalent California, for the Indians in that region; suffi- to the amount stipulated in the treaties, in quancient territory for the purpose, belonging to the tities and to individuals as needed, with such general government, cannot be found; and in arms and ammunition as might be judicious. order to accomplish the object designed, it will There is much force in the suggestion, and the be necessary to make extensive purchases of lands cost of the experiment would be trifling. The from private individuals at great expense. It is comfort and preservation of the Indian requires also questionable whether, before the reservations that a different method from that heretofore purare permanently made, the State should not sued should be adopted. The only obstacle in grant to the general government the right to ex- the way of immediately testing the plan proposed, ercise jurisdiction over them. If the plan adopt- is the existing treaties, and the difficulty of obed is to be pursued, it should be enlarged, taining the consent of the Indians, so long as greater powers given for the execution, and more they are influenced by those having an adverse ample means provided for its successful operation. interest. It is a subject which deserves the prompt attention and speedy action of Congress. Immediately after taking charge of the Department, I caused instructions to be issued to the Superintendents and agents of the Indians, to pay the annuities to them per capita, unless contrary to treaty stipulations, and in no case to pay any portion to other claimants or attorneys. Experience has taught the wisdom of this measure, and I am persuaded it has prevented much fraud and unfair dealing. If continued, it will tend to banish that feeling of asperity so often exhibited by the Indians to the white man, arising from the deceptions practised upon him.

If the Indian has just claims against the Government, it is the duty of the Indian Bureau, and those under its control, to examine into them, and when ascertained, to press their speedy adjustment. Congress will do them justice, when the facts are properly brought to their notice and

consideration.

The system of cash annuity payments, except to a few of the semi-civilized or colonized tribes, should, as far as practicable, be abolished; goods, provisions, implements of husbandry, should be substituted, and education and the arts of civilization more generally encouraged. They know not, especially the hunter tribes, the proper use or value of money. The mere drawing together of large bodies of men, women and children, to receive their annuities, is detrimental to their habits, health and morals, and the money may be viewed as an actual bonus for their destruc

It is folly to attempt to conceal the fact that, under the present system, the Indian has not, for many years past, advanced in morality, integrity, or intelligence. The pictures drawn in many of the reports, of his exalted condition, superior intelligence, and increasing knowledge, Much of the have been too highly colored. philanthropy and charity manifested for them has been wrongly directed. Their condition is truly deplorable.

A VISIT TO BRAZIL.

Narrative of a recent Visit to Brazil, by John
Candler and Wilson Burgess; to present an
Address on the Slave Trade and Slavery,
issued by the religious Society of Friends.

(Continued from page 207.)

We obtained permission to view the public prisons, but had time only to visit the principal one. On our presenting to the chief jailer the order to admit us, he called out a file of musquetAt first, eers, with fixed bayonets, to attend us. we wondered at this strange precaution; but our surprise ceased when the doors of the prison were unlocked-heavy massive doors, that required strong arms to open them-and we were introduced into one long vaulted chamber, with iron gratings for air and light, and found ourselves in the midst of a band of murderers! The inmates in this part of the prison were forty in number, most of whom had committed murder, and were incarcerated for life, or for a limited term of years. Here, confined in a long narrow One of the most prominent characteristics of dungeon, with nothing to do, they frequently the Indian, especially in the hunter state, is im- quarrel, and sometimes fight. The laws of Braprovidence. A surfeit to-day is followed by fa- zil, or rather, perhaps, the feelings of the peomine to-morrow; hence, notwithstanding the vast ple, are opposed to capital punishment, even for amount of goods and money annually distributed the worst of crimes, so that executions seldom among them, they are often reduced to the great- take place. What there is of good in this, and est extremity, and, it is feared, sometimes actually we cannot but commend the feeling that leads to

tion.

it, should now be directed to some humane secondary punishment, which, whilst from its severity it may deter others from guilt, may conduce at the same time to the reformation of the guilty. It was a sad spectacle that we witnessed: the poor wretched men fell back and ranged themselves in a long row; we saw their ferociouslooking faces, and would gladly have addressed them, but their tongue was an unknown one to us, and we could only give them a sorrowing look, and our silent sympathy. The other parts of the prison were less revolting.

We had just left the great gate, when we were called back again to converse with a prisoner at the lodge. He was a genteel, good-looking man, and addressed us in excellent French. He supposed we were the gentlemen who had come to present an Address to the authorities in Brazil on the subject of slavery.* We told him we were, and asked him if he had seen it. Yes, he said, and had read it and approved it; we had taken right ground: slavery was an unchristian institution; but if we thought, by good words, to put it down in Brazil, we should find ourselves greatly mistaken. Our principles were pure, but the moneyed interests of the nation offered too much resistance; the shock, or collision, would be too great: we could never make way in a contest so unequal. This individual was an Italian by birth, imprisoned for insolvency and fraud.

language, to attend us through the journey, and introduce us to their friends.

The distance across the bay in the direction we traversed, was twenty-two miles, and here we entered the mouth of the river Paraguassu, a stream remarkable for the sylvan beauty of its banks, its many villages, its numerous sugarplantations, and its distant hills and mountains. We were furnished with a letter of recommenda tion to Egas Moniz Barreta d'Arogao, one of the four sons of the Baron de Paraguassu, who has an engenho, or sugar-plantation, on its left bank, about four miles below the town of Cachoeira. The steamer stops only when a canoe comes alongside to bring or take away passengers; our captain hoisted a signal as we approached; a canoe and boatmen soon made their appearance, and conveyed us to the dwelling-house. Three gentlemen, besides our party, were bent to the same spot-seven of us in the same boat-all unexpected, going at the same time to solicit the hospitalities of the same mansion! Right nobly were we all received. Our generous host, nothing daunted by our number, descended the steps of the wharf to the boat-side to give us all a greeting; he glanced at the letter brought by our party, observed the signature, and, without reading it, offered his arm to the female Friend who was with us, and conducted us all to an upstairs drawing-room, of large dimensions, which at dinner when we arrived, and the wife, the overlooked the beautiful river. The family were mistress of the large establishment, left the table to solicit us at once to join them and partake of the repast. We had already dined on board the steamboat, but our three stranger-companions both master and mistress came out to bid us accepted the invitation. When dinner was over, welcome; our lodging-rooms were apportioned, and we became for a few days members of their family. We had been in the families of slaveproprietors before, but in no one like this. The owner, the son of a Baron of the Empire, was a travelled gentleman, well acquainted with the continent of Europe, who had married a German lady, the daughter of a military man, a woman of lovely countenance and of great accomplishments. They had four sons, the eldest fifteen years of age; and though themselves Catholics *It has been regarded, no doubt justly, as a defect under the judicious care of a Protestant tutor, a by profession, they had placed these fine boys in the management of our penitentiaries, that the pris-graduate of Gottenburg, who lived with them in

In the course of an excursion in the vicinity of Bahia, our travellers fell in with a village by the sea-side, inhabited by fishermen who had been slaves, but having obtained their freedom, were then living in comfortable houses; they possessed good boats, had plenty of fishing tackle, and seemed quite prosperous. The village was scattered over with cocoanut palms; the inhabitants kindly regaled their visitors with draughts of the refreshing liquid afforded by the newlygathered cocoanuts.

Our friends, desiring to afford us pleasure, and to assist us in the object for which we came out, arranged for us a visit to some sugar-plantations in the interior, and set at liberty one of their clerks who was conversant with the Portuguese

oners are left too much unacquainted with the events which are passing around them, so that when their times of confinement have expired, they emerge from the prison so ignorant of the circumstances which have tran-pired during their incarceration, that they almost unavoidably betray the manner in which their time has been recently passed. And it is readily perceived, that if a prisoner, when discharged, inclines to live by honest means, his success will in a great measure depend upon having the fact of his imprisonment as little known as possible. From the above narrative it would appear, that among the people of Brazil there is at least one class of prisoners who enjoy the privilege of becoming acquainted with passing events.-Ep.

the house, and superintended their studies.

We presented copies of the Address to the gentlemen who came with us in the boat, but who left them on the table at their departure early the next morning, to signify, as we supposed, their displeasure at its contents.

We now found ourselves at the breakfast-table alone with the family; with the tutor we conversed in English; with our host and hostess, and their eldest son, in French; and where Por tuguese was needed, we looked to the young

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who conducted us as guide, to interpret. The name of the property we thus visited is Vittoria, large of extent, but owing to some parts of it having indifferent soil, not so productive as other 2 estates in the neighborhood. Its owner has 150 oxen, and employs 250 slaves. The estate makes annually 250 cases of sugar, of 40 arrobas each, in all 142 tons; which, delivered at Bahia, and selling there at nearly £13 per ton, realizes about £1800. The rum, distilled from 200 T pipes of molasses, sells for £750. Besides these products, some provisions are grown, and provender for the horses, mules and oxen.

The tutor of these young people is a learned, pious man; he instructs them, though Catholics born, in the knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, and endeavors to train them in the paths of virtue. Our profession as Friends excited curiosity in the minds of our host and hostess, and numerous were the inquiries made to us regarding our religious principles. Were we baptized; how did we marry, and how did we bury our dead? What was our faith, and what ordinances did we observe? The tutor, who, like many of the studious Germans, seemed to know almost everything, understood us and answered many inquiThe growth and manufacture of sugar on this ries. On our asking him how he had obtained engenho, would have afforded us much more in- so much correct information about us, he fetched terest had the operations been conducted and from his study an octavo volume in German, the carried on by free men, and not by slaves. It "Kirchengeschichte" of Dr. Karl Hase, Profeswould be impossible for strangers, such as our- sor in the University of Jena, and read to us selves, known to be opposed to slavery, and re- about two pages under the head of "Quakers," maining only two or three days on the spot, to in which our religious views are more clearly estimate correctly the condition of the laborers. stated than by any author, not himself a Friend, Any glaring wrong, had there been any, would that we can remember having consulted. have been hidden from, our observation. The Cachoeira is a closely-built, respectable-lookwrong of slavery itself, as an institution, is gla-ing, bustling town of about 7,000 inhabitants, ring enough everywhere; nor did the candid and bids fair largely to increase in population and owner of the property attempt to justify it in his commerce. It has one good public school, where own case; but we had reason to believe, from boys and girls, black, white and brown, without all we saw and heard, that much humanity influ- distinction, receive an elementary education at enced his rule and government, and that his the public expense. When we had well surveyed slaves had reason, comparatively speaking, to re-it, we took leave of the family who had so genejoice in such a master and mistress. There was, indeed, a gloom upon the faces of the negroes, such as prædial slaves are said generally to exhi- On reaching St. Felix, we at once proceeded bit; but their clothing was decent; their food, to the country-house of a merchant to whom we we believe, was abundant; their habitations were had brought a letter of recommendation. It is respectable; and their toil, so far as we observed surprising to observe with what readiness stranit, was no greater than many masters would gers are received in Brazil, who come with good willingly exact of those who are free, and who credentials. Our host, a native of Schaffhausen work for wages. The adult slaves are allowed in Switzerland, glanced at the note we put in his provision-grounds for their own benefit, and are hand, conducted us to our respective apartments, permitted to make money for themselves by sell-ordered lunch, told us that he dined late, and ing the produce; some of the slaves, who had made from 600 to 1000 milreis, or from £70 to £116 each, had purchased their own liberty. Four of them bought their freedom last year. They are allowed to name those to whom their property is to be given when they die.

The good lady of the household told us, that when she came out from Europe, as a young wife, to take charge of the family and the female slaves, her heart sank within her at the sickening sights she saw and tales she heard; but that custom, and the seeming impossibility of working out a change, had in a degree reconciled her to the evils of the sad system. An admirable lady we found her; she entered with much apparent feeling into the subject of slavery, for which she offered no defence, and seemed strongly solicitous on behalf of her four sons, that, through a guarded education at home whilst young, and a finished education in Europe, they might be preserved from the contamination of bad example, and become honorable men.

rously entertained us, and taking boat, crossed the river to the town or hamlet of St. Felix.

that as time might be precious to us, we were at liberty to go where we pleased, and do what we pleased, till the dinner-hour arrived.

Our conversation during the day had been much on slavery, an institution which our new friend defended as indispensable to the wants of the country; he was himself a slave-holder, he said, but he allowed all his slaves who were employed in the factory to work over hours, by which means they earned a good deal of money: they seemed, indeed, ambitious of obtaining it, as we found some of them working till midnight, and yet these were the men who, our host maintained, would not work if set free! The only wonder is that in a hot and relaxing climate like that of South America, such continued toil should be persevered in without breaking down the energies both of body and mind, though there can be little doubt such a melancholy result must often ensue. The immigration of Europeans seemed to be in favor with this gentleman, as a means of keeping together the commerce of the

tering the course of the Gulf Stream or other ocean currents.

Let us see, then, what this general atmospheric system is. On either side of the equator, commencing at a distance of some few degrees from it, we find a zone of perpetual winds, extending to about thirty degrees north and south. These

country; on our observing that it might be kept together and even extended, through the natural increase of the native laborers, he denied that there was such an increase; the slaves, he said, annually diminished in number. We asked him why it should be so. Because, he replied, the slave mothers feel no interest in rearing their children to slavery: they neglect them in in-blow continually in similar directions, as steadily fancy, and the mortality is great. There are no accredited statistics to prove this fact, but we believe it to be true. Here, as in most other places, our "Address to Sovereigns" was apparently well received, and we left it to make its

own way.

(To be continued.)

AIR MAPS.

(Continued from page 223.)

If we examine the seasons of the various parts of the great South American continent, we shall find that the tract of country which suffers most severely from the tropical drought at the period of the vernal equinox, is the valley of the lower Oronoco, which is then parched and burnt with intense heat. Its pools are dry; its marshes and plains arid; all vegetation has ceased; the great reptiles have buried themselves deep in the sands; the hum of insect life is hushed, and the stillness of death reigns through the valley.

In the autumnal equinox we find a similar state of things in the upper Oronoco and the great Amazonian basin. It is precisely at these times that all vegetable matter is in the fittest impalpable and feather-like condition for being lifted up and carried away; and it is precisely at such periods of the year that these regions are visited by terrific gales, whirlwinds, and tornadoes; which, sweeping over their lifeless, death-like plains and basins, raise up vast clouds of microscopic organisms, and bear them away with lightning speed to be rained down in remote countries, chroniclers of the great wind-roads of the world.

It is quite evident from what has been here stated, that for these "organisms" to be carried from south-west to north-east, immediately opposite to the course of the prevailing surface winds of those regions, there must be other upper currents performing this work. This is the case; and in stating it to be so, we arrive at a solution of the whole secret mechanism of the atmosphere. We learn how it is that "the wind goeth towards the south, and turneth about unto the north."

We on shore find the wind frequently veering about from point to point of the compass, often blowing in opposite directions during a few hours. Not unfrequently we are visited with strong gales of wind, lasting for a day or more, and then followed by heavy falls of rain and calms. Yet such winds, in comparison with the general system of atmospheric circulation, are but eddies of the main current. They have no more effect in deranging or disturbing that system, than the showers which they bring with them have in al

and perpetually as the tides of the Thames flow and ebb, and are called, from the directions whence they come, the North-east and Southeast Trades. These winds are constantly travelling from the poles, north and south, to the equator. Their spiral or curved motion is accounted for by the rotation of the earth on its axis from west to east. If, using the language of Lieutenant Maury, we imagine a particle of atmo sphere at the north pole, where it is at rest, to be put in motion in a straight line towards the equator, we can easily see how this particle of air coming from the pole, where it did not partake of the diurnal motion of the earth, would in consequence of its vis inertia, find, as it travels south, the earth slipping under it, as it were, from west to east; and thus it would appear to be coming from the north-east, and going towards the south-west; in other words, it would be a north-east wind. A similar course is followed by the wind coming from the south pole towards the equator. Now, as these two winds are known to be perpetually flowing from the poles, it is quite safe for us to assume, that the air which they keep in motion must return, by some channels, to their former places at the poles; otherwise these winds would soon exhaust the polar regions of their atmosphere, and piling it up, so to speak, about the equator, would cease to blow for the want of a fresh supply of air.

Looking at it in this light, it has been assumed, and proved almost to a certainty, that there exist far above these trade-winds, other and countercurrents of air returning to the poles as rapidly as they are flying from it. In short, that above the South-east Trade there is a north-west wind, and above the North-east Trade a south-west wind perpetually blowing.

We have already told how nature has so wonderfully and beautifully placed tallies on the wings of the latter, by means of the microscopic infusoria raised from the Oronoco and Amazon valleys, and doubtless this first outlining of the new Air-Map will, in due be filled up course, other parts of the world by certain indications of the true course of the upper strata of air returning to the south pole.

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Believing that these phenomena are those actually in operation, we will endeavor to show, more in detail, the course of the "wind roads" of the world, and do so by again making use of Lieutenant Maury's illustration of a single particle, or atom of air, as representing the entire volume.

We will start from the north pole, in company

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