vanced as to the wind-roads. The all but river-, less countries of Southern America, South Africa, and Australia, are situated in the midst of the largest expanse of ocean, with surface winds blowing over them that have swept the face of the waters for many thousands of miles, and which must at their temperature be heavily loaded with vapor. Yet these winds furnish no supplies of rain sufficient to form any rivers of magnitude. Those lands are almost riverless. On the other hand, the winds which blow over the gigantic rivers of the northern hemispherethe mighty streams of America, Russia, India, and China-have all traversed but little of ocean; their way from the equator has chiefly been over dry land, whence they could raise up but little, if any moisture. Whence then is it, that countries with comparatively so little water about them should receive so copiously of rain, whilst those in the very heart of the seas are devoid of any such supply? these vast regions of dry earth, pursued a southerly career, its stores of rain would be spent over very small tracts of earth, and over immense regions of water. It is clear, therefore, that no other system than that which it is now believed is the course of the winds, could be productive of the great benefits which we receive from them. The southern hemisphere may be likened to an enormous boiler; the northern, to a huge condenser, by means of which all the moisture in the world is dealt with for distribution. which sweeps The one exception, of the Rio de la Plate, to the absence of large rivers in the south, serves equally to prove the theory. If the reader will refer to a map of the world, he will perceive that the North-east Trade-wind, which is lifted at the equator, passes as an upper current of precipitation over the sources of the Plate, must have crossed the equatorial region in about one hundred degrees west longitude, and, therefore, having come from the north-east, must have traTo take up surface water and hold it in sus-versed some thousands of miles across the Atlanpense, the air must be at a high temperature; to tic; and then meeting, in its southerly career, part with it again in the shape of rain, its tem- with the lofty Andes, becomes forced up by them perature must be considerably lowered. The only into still higher regions of cold, draining, in its winds which, by reason of the temperature, can ascent, the last drop of moisture from these mounperform this lifting process, are the trades on tains to supply the solitary river of the south. either side of the equatorial region. In their course over the vast body of waters, they become show that the north-east wind which traverses In like manner, a reference to the map will highly charged with vapor. On their meeting On their meeting the Great Sahara of central Africa, is flung up at at the zone of equatorial calms they rise, reach a cooler atmosphere, and consequently become exthe equator, and thence passes over South Africa panded, and part with some of their moisture: in a south-westerly direction, leaving no rain in panded, and part with some of their moisture; that riverless country. Again; the same trade and hence we hear of such extraordinary falls of rain in these regions, as that sailors have actually taken up buckets of fresh water from the surface of the ocean during one of these down-pourings. But the winds only part with a portion of their load; the South-east Trade lifts itself and its load of aqueous vapor high above the surface, and coursing on towards the north in the contrary direction of the North-east Trade below, becomes gradually cooled on its way, and as it cools, parts as gradually with its vapors in the shape of rain. In like manner, the North-east Trade that rose as an upper current at the equator to take its way to the south, performed also its task of evaporation, but to a far less degree. Coming from the regions of the north, it is a cold wind, and therefore not in a condition to raise up vapor until it be near the equator; consequently, it has but little to precipitate in the shape of rain, and hence we find the lands of the south so devoid of rivers. Were it to be otherwise than thus-were the south-east vapor-loaded winds to traverse the surface of the earth in their northerly career, they would not part with their moisture where most needed, by reason of their high temperature; but would deposit the whole when arrived in the temperate zone, where least needed. Again; if this south-east wind, when it rose up, was turned back in its course, and, instead of passing over to the northern hemisphere to water the sterile, rainless steppes of Chinese Tartary, crosses the line to the southward of the great Australian continent, where also there Ceylon, and thence takes its vaporless way over are no rivers of any size. There is a remarkable circumstance connected with whirlwinds at sea, or cyclones, as they are termed, which goes far to confirm this theory of our Air Map. In the northern hemisphere, all these circular storms revolve from right to left; in the south they revolve from left to right; and these are precisely the courses indicated by the present theory, which the various currents of atmosphere take at the two poles in their return circuits. We have thus given the main features of the great wind roads of this earth, as laid down by Lieutenant Maury. There are, however, many lesser tracts-small footways, as it were-diverging from the main trunk roads of the atmosphere, which, taking their course and strength from the varied surface of the land, follow irregular, and, as yet, but little known directions. It is to these, and to the confirmation of what is already believed to be the case, that the attention of nautical observers is wished to be directed; so that, in the course of time, by the united efforts of British and American navigators, we may be enabled to fill up the many blank and uncertain spaces in our great Air Map.-Household Words. A new class of institutions has recently sprung up in country villages, called Union Schools. The plan is, to unite several small schools into one, having one supervision, but various departments. The result is, more and better instruction at less expense. Ohio has probably entered more generally, more liberally, and more successfully into the plan than any other State in the Union. In several instances school-houses have been erected for the purpose, at the expense of from twenty to thirty thousand dollars. In Circleville, a village of four thousand inhabitants, their Union Schoolhouse, with the land, cost twenty-five thousand dollars. Teachers receive salaries of eight hundred, ten hundred, and even fifteen hundred dollars. The Union School of Marlborough, a village of five hundred inhabitants in Stark county, illustrates the policy of liberal provision for education, in a manner worthy the attention of American citizens generally, and the citizens of all other countries. It is very extended in its plan, and exceedingly successful in its operations. From the normal department of the school about sixty teachers have just gone out, under the offer of high salaries; females, with equal qualifications, receiving as much as males. The course of instruction is of an extended and elevated character. By an apparatus costing fifteen hundred dollars, a full course of experimental chemistry is given; the various departments of natural philosophy fully illustrated; experiments on electricity and galvanism liberally given; physiology and comparative anatomy illustrated by a manakin, and a large variety of anatomical preparations; and by a microscope magnifying one million five hundred thousand surfaces, various departments of botany and other branches of natural history are so fully illustrated as to show the beauties and the wonders of science. nation and experiment. For engineering, the mathematical training will be rigorous, with a thorough use of instruments in mensuration, surveying, levelling, plotting, draughting, and designing. "A rigid propriety in deportment and language, a cheerful compliance with established regulations, a thorough and constant self-control, and a generous bearing towards others, and pure and lofty religious sentiments inculcated, and in a good measure attained, in the school, exert a healthful influence on the habits of the people among whom it is located." During the last year the school has numbered three hundred and thirty-three pupils, more than half of whom were from abroad. The salary of the principal is one thousand dollars. It is a public school, opening, of course, these high intellectual and moral privileges to every child in a community supporting it, and at the same time made available to many teachers of other communities." LIFE AND DEATH. "What is life Father?" A battle, my child, Where the strongest lance may fail, "What is death father?" "The rest my child Where the strife and toil are o'er, Let me die Father, I tremble, I fear "The crown must be won for leaven, dear, My child, though the foes are strong and tried, For a knowledge of the English language, "constant and varied exercises in composition are inseparably connected with every branch in every department of the school, in which orthography, etymology, and syntax are objects of unremitting attention." A daily paper is also pre-arrived pared alternately by the ladies and gentlemen, and read each morning as the opening exercise, recognized as one of the most useful features of the school." SUMMARY OF NEWS. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.-The British mailsteamer America, from Liverpool on the 10th inst., arrived at Boston on the 24th. No material change had taken place in the aspect of affairs in the East. The four powers have resumed their joint action in favor of peace and have recognized, by a formal protocol, the paramount Departments for agriculture and engineering importance of preserving the present territorial arare, in future, to be made prominent in the plan rangements of Europe. On this basis, measures of the school. The former, embracing all the have been taken to hold a joint conference, which sciences, will be especially and practically illus-is to be open to the representatives, of Russia and ele-Turkey, thus making a conference of six Commistrated by chemistry and geology, making the ele- sioners. The liberal party claim that the present ments and the analysis of soils, and the various opportunity should be seized to obtain the free navimanures adapted to them, subjects of rigid exami-gation of the Danube and the Black Sea, and the abandonment of all Russian claims against Turkey. The Czar is represented as alternately irritated and depressed at the evident failure of his political and military schemes, and irresolute in the adoption of decided measures to carry on the war on a grand scale, or to conclude a lasting peace. No movements of importance are reported on the Danube. The Turks were fortifying Kalafat. In Asia, the Russians were so hard pressed that 16,000 troops had been sent to their relief. In an engagement of some magnitude, near Areska, on the 4th ult., the Russians were defeated, leaving a number of their dead and wounded on the field The fortresses of Saffa and Aristan had been taken by assault by Selim Pasha. Akhalzikh, in Georgia, had also been captured by the Turks. Baron Bruck has informed the Porte that Austria will support the neutrality of Servia, and the Sultan replies that he will compel Servia to renounce her neutrality, and has given orders to that effect. Austria is said to be making active preparations to assist Servia. FRANCE.-Louis Napoleon is said to have addressed a formal representation to the King of the Belgians, charging him with having brought about the late "fusion" of the two branches of the House of Bourbon, which took place at Vienna, between the Count of Chambord and the Duke of Nemours. The Emperor gives the Belgian Government notice, that upon the first movement of the coalesced Bourbons against the French government, an army will be marched into Belgium. The late rapid movements of the Duke of Brabant, heir apparent to the crown of Belgium, are understood to have referred to the fusion. SPAIN.-Reports are prevalent of movements among the Carlist Chiefs. MONTEVIDEO. A change of government has taken place in Montevideo, without bloodshed, the late President, Giro, and his ministers having taken refuge in some of the foreign ships of war in the harbor. The new government is composed of a triumvirate of generals-Flores, Paxheso and Fructus Rivera. It is thought that Flores will be nominated to the Presidency. MEXICO.-Mexican popers state that 2,000 men have been sent to the Pacific coast, to defend the country against the invasions of fillibustering expeditions. A valuable gold placer has been discovered in Sonora, north of the village of Tubutama. The Apache Indians prevent its being worked, but the Government has sent a reinforcement to the troops for the protection of the place. Several political arrests have been made, and an order has been issued forbidding any Spaniard to leave the Island, on pain of condign punishment. An American citizen had been ordered to leave the Island within six days. CALIFORNIA. The steamship Northern Light, from San Juan del Norte, arrived at New York on the 24th, bringing dates from San Francisco to the 1st inst. The rainy season commenced on the 14th ultimo. The rain had filled the gulches and raised the rivers, and the works of the dry season were closed. The diggings in the river beds had been abandoned, and, though the rise was not great, many valuable dams, flumes, &c., had been swept away. Preparations for next summer are making among the miners, and canals, to be finished by the 6th month, have been commenced on the North Yuba, Middle Yuba, and North Fork of the American river. Many similar enterprises are contemplated. A number of new diggings have been discovered. A lead two hundred feet wide, evidently once the bed of a stream, has been found under a mountain, and 600 feet above the level of the Middle Yuba, near by. In this lead are found the remains of trees, some rotten, others petrified, others changed into a mineral resembling sulphate of iron. Several valuable quartz veins have been opened in El Dorado; and some discoveries have been made in Calaveras which, it is thought, will raise the latter to a high position among the quartz counties. From a report of the Legislative Committee, it appears that the State debt is $3,197,688, and the yearly interest $231,912. DOMESTIC.-Congress.-In the Senate, on the 20th, a number of petitions and resolutions were which was adopted, directing the Committee on presented. Senator Sumner offered a resolution, Post Offices and Post Reads to inquire whether the charges on letters carried by the ocean steamers are something may not be done to secure the benefits not unnecessary and burthensome, and whether of cheap ocean postage. A remonstrance from citizens of New York against the ratification of the International Copyright treaty, and a bill for the payment of French Spoliations, were appropriately referred in the U.S. Senate on the 20th. A resolution instructing the Committee on Indian Affairs to consider the expe diency of appointing a Commission to prepare a code of laws for the government of the Indian tribes within the limits of the United States, was agreed to. In the House of Representatives, on the 19th, a A report from Gen. Gadsden informs that Santa bill was reported making appropriations for the Ci Anna's government has favorably received his pro-vil and Diplomatic expenses of the Government for position to concede the right of way, for a Railroad to the Pacific, through territory south of the boundary line of the United States. HONDURAS.-Advices from Honduras state that the contract for the new interoceanic route to the Pacific, through Honduras, has been completed, and that a special agent has been sent to Washington by the government of Honduras, to effect a treaty with this country for more intimate relations, and to perfect the arrangements for the opening of this new communication with the Pacific coast of this continent. CUBA. The yellow fever still prevails, to some extent, in Havana. the year ending 6th month, 1855; also a bill for supplying the deficiencies in the appropriations for the year ending 6th month, 1854. On the 20th, a bill was reported authorizing the construction of six first-class steam frigates for Government. On the 21st, a bill providing for he establishment of the Territory of Nebraska, was referred to the Commit tee on Territories. The Senate of South Carolina has passed a bill to amend the law in relation to colored seamen. It provides that masters of vessels shall give bond and security for the continuance of such persons on board their vesssls while in port. It is thought the bill will become a law. FRIENDS' REVIEW. VOL. VII. A RELIGIOUS, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS JOURNAL. PHILADELPHIA, FIRST MONTH 7, 1854. EDITED BY ENOCH LEWIS. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY SAMUEL RHOADS, Price two dollars per annum, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE, or six copies for ten dollars. Postage on this paper, when paid quarterly or yearly in advance, 13 cents per annum in Pennsylvania and 26 cents per annum in other States. No. 17. we have lived subject to his government, all the time of his reign in Norway; although, for conscience sake, we have suffered under his rule, by the old laws continuing in force in the land. We also certainly believe it was quite contrary to his will, which he in many respects showed, by his affectionate and tender mind and judg ment towards us, when our sufferings came to his knowledge. "We have the same hope in thee, O king! (should) similar circumstances occur to us, in SOME ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF our honest regard for conscience. And since THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS IN NORWAY. (Continued from page 243.) On the proclamation of this alteration of the law in favor of those who conscientiously dissented from the Lutheran church, the Friends of Stavanger prepared and forwarded to the king, the following grateful acknowledgment: "Translation of an Address on behalf of the Society of Friends, in and near Stavanger, in Norway; to Oscar, King of Sweden, Norway, &c. "To KING OSCAR! in thou hast shewn so much favor, and such a Christian disposition towards us, so we desire, for these and other reasons, that the love of the eternal and true God may not only be as a heav enly visitation to thy soul from the Most High, but that it may continue to grow from one degree of pureness to another, and be known of eternal life in thy heart. This is the true greatthee as a fountain of peace, springing forth to ness by which the thrones of kings and princes are established, and is of more worth than earthly crowns. This was the fountain from whence king Solomon obtained his great wisdom, and which he sought for before earthly crowns, and after which he cried to the Most High, to obtain wisdom to reign over a great people; and, so long as he lived in the fear of God, it was well with him "We, who are a people called Friends, but known by the name of Dissenters in Norway, assume the liberty in these lines, to express, in true and sincere love, our gratitude to thee, O king! for the law for liberty of conscience, and so large and free exercise of religion, which thou, "We desire, fervently, that a portion of this in thy generosity, hast granted us; a law which, spirit of true wisdom, may also in the same way any former age, would scarcely have even been be thine; and that we, thy subjects, may also be asked to be permitted in the land of Norway. in a fervent and daily endeavor to get a part in We believe that herein, (we dare to say) that it, and continue to grow in it, which always leads thou, O king, hast shewn a pre-eminence over to humility; so would the equity of thy spirit, thy predecessors, who were kings of the same and obedience to the same from thy subjects, meet each other. And thus, as we have lived "And that it is from the Most High, this ex-in peace and obedience under the government of cellent judgment and disposition of mind is-to thy father, to all his equitable laws and comloosen the bands of conscience, for peaceable and mands, which we did not feel to be in opposition Christian minded subjects, that they might wor- to the laws of God; we also hereby promise, ship and adore God in the manner they believe through the grace of God, as good subjects, to country. to be right. should often again be proved, thou wilt never | "If this step, and this excellent judgment while to repent even unto thy latest shew the same obedience to thee, O King! to thy government and authority. "We believe that this is the binding duty of breath; all under this Christian profession; and we bewhilst the knowledge of God and his fear dwell lieve obedience to be the first, sole, and right ho in thy heart. nor, with which we can honor our king, govern father had a mind in union with it; under whom I We believe, also, that thy dear deceased ment, and superiors in authority. "And as we wish that the mercy of God may 66 rest upon thee, thy house, and people; and that |ing, which have occurred during the year, should thou, O king, mayest seek after both heavenly then be discussed and considered. and earthly peace, and rule over thy land and people in the same, and therein end thy days in the Lord's appointed time. This is the sincere wish, for thee and all men, of us, thy well-wishing subjects, in, and near Stavanger, in Norway, of the Society of Friends, but formerly known under the name of Quakers. On behalf of this little society, and in its fellowship, we hope by faithfulness to continue, "King Oscar's obedient subjects, "Stavanger, 12th of 8th mo., 1845. "By E. TASTED." We will now present the reader with one more letter from the pen of Ener Rasmussen, written in Danish, to a Friend of Sunderland. 8th mo. 30th, 1845. “Although I and thou are personally unknown to each other, I believe we yet do know each other in the hidden man. I feel a true union in my spirit with you, the Friends in England. Often am I in my loneliness turned towards you in love and sweet fellowship in my spirit, even as if I were amongst you. This fellowship has its source in Christ, the true vine tree, in whom all true unity and fellowship consist. "Your love is great toward us, and the concern you have evinced in both spiritual and temporal things, is much appreciated; and, I believe, yet more precious in the sight of God, who rejoices to behold his love poured forth on earth, as it is in heaven. "You are much mentioned amongst the young Friends, and love bursts forth from them towards you. I trust all will be to the praise and honor of Him who has thus united us together in the spirit. "I will now inform thee of a great visitation of grace from on high, which was felt in our meeting on the first First day in the fifth month last. I believe the Lord's presence was near the assembly, and was felt by all present, as our dear friend, Endre Dahl, stood up and publicly bore testimony amongst us. A shaking or motion was felt by the whole assembly. He has also appeared in ministry a few times since, and has travelled to visit Friends who live at a distance from Stavanger, and who lack ability frequently to attend our meeting. I have also been with him on a visit to some Friends. Perhaps we may venture secretly to look for some one from England to visit us at Stavanger. It would be very acceptable to us, if it were the Lord's will. Friends are well, except two women, who are very feeble. And now thou art affectionately saluted from thy friend and fellow pilgrim, ENER RASMUSSEN." In the spring of 1846, an individual accustomed to attend meetings at Stavanger, had occasion, with her husband, to come over to Newcastle, where they were kindly noticed by several Friends. On their return home, they mentioned the surprise with which they had observed, in the houses of Friends, a departure from that ancient simplicity which the early Friends were accustomed to observe, both in their apparel, and in the furniture of their houses. This being reported to the dear Friends of Stavanger, gave them pain; and proves the need we have, as members of a Society hitherto so remarkable for its self-denial, and abstinence from an indulgence to be very careful in an adherence to that innoin the pomps and vanities of this wicked world, cency and simplicity of life and manners which was so impressively inculcated by our Lord, when he warned his disciples against the pursuit of such things; adding, "After all these things do the nations of the world seek; and be not ye like unto them." In a letter to a Friend of Newcastle, the writer remarks: "They are telling some things which are a grief to tender-hearted Friends, and which, they say, only worldly-minded people do, as it is not useful for any thing but to gaze upon. Friends ask me, Is that true? and have Friends liberty to do it? Is it consistent with Friends' principles? Are they not more separated from the world than this? Such questions do they put to me, because I never told any body of such things amongst you, although I saw it when with you, and looked upon it as superfluity; your great love covered it to me." There is so much instruction to be derived from this little occurrence, that the Editor is best satisfied to give it a place in these pages, as an excitement to greater circumspection, lest we unhappily offend or give occasion of stumbling to any of the little awakened tender-hearted ones of Christ's flock, who are earnestly enquiring after the true way to the kingdom of God; and whose eyes have been measurably opened to see that the lusts of the flesh [the carnal mind,] the lusts of the eye, and the pride of life, are not of the Father, but of the world. "We are now granted religious liberty by the king of Norway; and, perhaps, Elias Tasted or Endre Dahl will send a copy of the law to thee, by which thou canst see how great our liberty is. "It was determined, in our two months' meeting, held in the sixth month last, that, in the We now come to another remarkable event in sixth month of each year, all Friends in Norway, the history of the little community of Friends in who live at a distance from Stavanger, should be Norway; the religious visit paid to them in the invited to meet as regularly as possible for them, summer of 1846, by our dear Friends, Edwin O. as many have a dangerous voyage to travel; and Tregelles and John Budge, of Cornwall, and that all things relating to the two months' meet-Isaac Sharp, of Darlington. It cannot be better |
