indeed, until his master is awakened, and heall of their brethren whose interest or adventurscribed duties of any existing organization, the object will probably be effected in the surest manner by a union of all the friends of freedom in America whose sympathy for the oppressed is not limited by geographical boundaries or national sovereignty, in an association with the philanthropists of Great Britain, (or in such manner as shall receive their co-operation;) and as distinguishing the society and explaining its object, it might be called, "THE AFRICAN CIVILIZATION SOCIETY." It would occupy a different field of labor from any other anti-slavery association, and thus be frce from the objection of many, whose exertions have been limited to mere partial measures. There are in our religious Society many who deeply feel the wrongs of slavery, and who would gladly avail themselves of an opportunity of more extended usefulness, but who have not deemed it their duty to take an active part in the political conflict that the slavery question has engendered. Such will probably see in this quiet and peaceful, yet most effective mode of overcoming the principal obstacle to our national prosperity, the way made clear for extending more enlightened views of govermental policy to the nations of the world, some of whom may have been deterred from adopting our professed principles, from the inconsistency of our practice, in continuing an institution at variance with both the obvious precepts of Christianity and our boasted republicanism. comes out. They both descend the stairs together, and partake of the fresh air, and when the record is made they both retire again to a brief repose, which the coming hour is sure to interrupt. It would be curious to know what the dog's speculations upon the subject are and what all this getting up and down stairs every night is designed for, and whether any doubts ever entered into his head as to the profit or necessity of the business. The useful animal has shown no disposition to bolt from his duty, and surrender the post to some other dog. If he has reasoned upon the matter at all, he has long since come to the conclusion like a wise dog, to obey orders, even if he breaks owners. CULTIVATION OF COTTON IN AFRICA. A few suggestions on the importance of the Cultivation of Cotton in Africa, in reference to the abolition of Slavery in America. Concluded from page 303. It is also to be hoped that the idea of extending the culture of flax in our northern and western states, may be realized by those who desire thereby to make it a substitute for cotton in the manufacture of many articles for the home market. It is therefore desirable that the very able and interesting essays on this subject, that have appeared in the "Review," may be extensively read by those who are interested in this question. When it is remembered that the entire yearly consumption of cotton in England alone, is upwards of 800,000,000 lbs., and of this 79 per cent., or more than three fourths, is raised in the United States, it will be readily perceived how indispenpensable it is, that we should undermine this powerful support of slavery, in our plans for the overthrow of the institution. This done, we may safely leave the repeal of all fugitive slave laws, and the answer to all pro-slavery arguments, to the slaveholders themselves. Make slavery obviously unprofitable, and the work is done. In this view of the case, our first and great duty would seem to be, to raise the colored man from his present state, infuse into him a noble ambition to occupy a more elevated position in the world, and qualify him to act the part which appears to be so clearly marked out for him in this age of progress. With a liberal education, it is not to be supposed that he will fail to recognise the responsibility resting on him, and learn to know that it is on his own exertions he must mainly depend to become a useful and respected member of society; he will then see the importance of immediate action to secure for himself and his children, some of the advantages that the continent of Africa offers to the enterprising emigrants who seek her shores; and having thus secured a home for themselves, and laid the foundation of an extensive Christian empire, will soon be able to receive ous spirit may lead them to seek a new abode from under the dominion of "the proud and imperious Saxon," where their labor will be estimated at its proper value. Our duty, however, will be but partially performed to a long-neglected portion of our brethren, by freeing them from aetual bondage, without, at the same time, making provision for their future welfare. We must bear in mind, that the prejudice arising from a long course of degradation will not soon be eradicated after chattel slavery shall have ceased; that while we may grant to them entire equality under the law, in accordance with our republican creed, yet that social equality which cannot be looked for until the feeling of brotherly love engendered by a truer spirit of Christianity than at present prevails, shall have pervaded the mass of the community; and as this will be a work of years, many of the free spirits among our colored brethren may not be willing to await this "good time coming:" and when the certainty of a general emancipation is made manifest to our Southern brethren, it is to be hoped that there will be shown a liberal and Christian spirit toward their slaves, that will induce them to allow such educational privileges as will prepare them to become useful citizens either in the land of their nativity or that of their adoption. Many, no doubt, will still be employed as laborers in the Southern states, where their services, to a certain extent, will be indispensable; while others will seek new residences in which they can immediately become landed proprietors. To provide for a large emigration of this nature, consequent upon the success of the measures indicated for the overthrow of slavery, a broad and sure foundation should be laid, upon which these new African states will be erected. In asking the attention of the friends of the African race to this subject, it is respectfully suggested, that much may be done towards the object at the present time, by extending the facilities of education to the different towns and settlements in Liberia, in establishing primary, high, and normal schools for both males and females, and also by furnishing each settlement with the necessary machine for cleaning and pressing cotton. These must be extended as new settlements are formed, whether under the auspices of the American Colonization Society, or by individual enterprise: both of these measures were considered desirable by our friends Eli and Sybil Jones, who visited Liberia a year or two since, neither of the objects being within the province of the Colonization Society; and as the emigrants are generally very poor, they require all their means for the cultivation of their farms. Capital is, therefore, much needed by them for such purposes. To secure the accomplishment of this plan on a scale commensurate with the important end to be attained, combined effort will be necessary; and as the measures proposed do not come within the pre C. among the branches of the teak and maringin trees, which grow here to an enormous size, as is, indeed, the case with the forests throughout the Island. They construct a rude platform of bamboos wherever they can find a sufficiency of horizontally extending limbs of a tree to serve as the basis or sleepers of a floor, and over this they raise an equally rude conical roof of split bamboos and cocoa-nut or pi-sang tree leaves. These savages are ichthyophagists, as are almost all the uncivilized tribes of the Eastern Islands; and in all the rivers and bays of Sumatra, as also of all the rest of the islands of the Archipelago, a most bountiful provision of excellent fish is to be found. I had an opportunity to have a glimpse of some Kooboos people while ascending with my boat a small branch of the Soonsang, but it was only near Palembang, and at the Kraton, or palace of the old Susuhunan, or Sultan of Palembang, and at the residence of the independent Panzorang or Prince, Osmin, that I had an opportunity for an especial observation of these creatures. The Panzorang had several as slaves, or rather as beasts of burden, for they were not intrusted with any labor but the dragging and carrying of loads of dirt, stones, or material for building. He called them "tai orang," the refuse of men. He said that they were born as the lowest of slaves, and this had been the case for hundreds of generations, inasmuch as they were the descendants of slaves and burden-car ▲ CURIOUS RACE-ORANG KOOBOOS, OR BROWN riers of the army of Alexander. MEN OF SUMATRA. From Capt. Gibson's Lecture before the N. Y. These are probably of all the races of men of whom we have any knowledge, the lowest in the scale of humanity; or rather the degradability of our species would seem to have reached that limit in their case which might be regarded as the connecting link between the human and the brute creation. They are covered with hair, have long arms, and are deficient in chin, or rather it I found them generally called "hamba or boodka Iskander" - the slaves of Alexander. It is well known that numberless traditions of Alexander the Great, of "Dou'l Karnain""the two horned," -prevail throughout Sumatra, as well as in the Asiatic Continent. It has been found impossible to teach the many Kooboos the use of garments, although they have a great fondness for pieces of colored cloth to be fastened to various parts of their body; and seem to make no distinction between a simple piece of cloth for ornament or a manufactured article-the only cause for preference being the difference of colors. forms no part of the face; these were the points It has been found equally impossible to teach in their formation which first arrested my observation, and led me to class them at once, as simply a somewhat higher development of the Orang-outang; but on further observation, I found that they possessed speech, though extremely rude and monosyllabic, had risible faculties, and resembled the rest of mankind in their sexual formation and arrangement, and were recognized as belonging to the family of man by the Malays, who, however, hunted them as wild animals, in order to work them as beasts of bur then. them the language of their masters; for those who had grown up in a domestic state, still spoke the Malay in an uncouth, monosyllabic manner, like their own jargon of unclassifiable grunts. They seem to have no idea of marriage, and the Panzorang assured me that he had never discovered in them any evidence of their belief or consciousness of the existence of a Spiritual Being having any influence upon their own condition; but in regard to this matter I was informed by a fellow prisoner at Weltevreden, one Captain Van Woorden, who had been four years commanding at the small post at Lahat in the interior The Orang Kooboos are only to be met with in the almost impassable swamps and forests that fo Sumatra, that he had frequent opportulie between the Jambee and Palembang terri- nities to observe the Orang Kooboos, both male tories, in the Island of Sumatra. They live and female, sit round a buluh batang, or species of bamboo, that attains to a greatsize, and would all in concert, as many as could, strike their heads repeatedly against the trunk of the tree, and utter some rude grunting ejaculations; this, he observed, took place whenever any one, or all of the band, got hurt or received any special gratification, but mostly when injured. may be set down at 20 cents per pound. Some of the largest of these factories gave employment to from 150 to 200 hands, making, by estimation, 50 or 60 boxes a day. From 60 to 80 presses are supposed to be used by these factories. A large quantity of what the writer terms fancy tobacco is put up in boxes of various forms and sizes; but the general weight is estimated at 18 pounds. A considerable quantity of tobacco is merely stripped from the stem, and shipped to London, Liverpool, &c., in an unmanufactured state. Now, it is well known, that a large proportion of the semi-civilized and semi-pagan Sumatrians, believe that in the enormous tufts of the buluh batang, as well as in the maringin tree, there exists widadiri dewas, and rakshashas, or good and evil supernatural beings; and what is remarkable, that throughout Sumatra, all the beings of their pagan mythology are of the feminine gender. I have heard described by their orang menyanyee, or pantun verse singers, some most ravishing pictures of the widadiri or good wood nymphs of the buluh batang, The Orang Kooboos would seem to have some vague idea of their supposed existence. But notwithstanding the utter degradation of this hairy, brutish man, he The daily task of each lump-maker, is 65 seems to be no insignificant contributor to compounds, and whatever any of them perform be merce; for, as yet, in some of the impassable forests of Sumatra, in the Batang Lekoh, he has been the chief collector of the benzoin or gum benjamin. Curious stories were related to me by Arab and Malay traders, in the Jambee country, about the manner of trading with the Orang Kooboos. The trader would proceed to a certain point, on the edge of a forest, at certain periods of the year, with quantities of colored clothes, beads and other trifles; he would then beat a gong for some length of time, at various intervals, for one or two days, and then retire to a considerable distance, to return in about a week, when he would find satisfactory quantities of benzoin in place of his goods, that had been caried off by Kooboos. TOBACCO TRADE OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. A young man, a native of Virginia, mentioning some weeks ago, in the presence of the editor, some facts which he had recently learned in regard to the manufactures of Richmond, particularly of Tobacco, was requested to furnish a statement of them in writing. After consulting an acquaintance residing at or near that city, who appears connected with the business alluded to, he furnished an account of which the following is the substance : During the past year, 73 factories were in operation there, employing about 4000 hands, and turning out (as estimated) 1200 packages of tobacco daily; the average weight of each package being 115 pounds, or about 13,8000 pounds in all. The average worth of all the kinds manufactured, • The word hands, in this case no doubt means slaves. Besides the manufacturers, there are in Richmond great numbers of speculators and shippers. Enormous quantities are bought by the agents of the French government, which monopolizes the trade. Some of the manufacturers ship only to foreign markets. One of this class, probably the wealthiest in the city, is supposed to be worth two millions of dollars, nearly all derived from the tobacco business. yond this quantity, they are paid for; and numbers of them, by this species of task-work, earn more money for themselves than for their masters. An active workman can frequently, in this manner, earn four dollars a week besides his allotted task. One gentleman is stated to have offered his slaves the privilege of working by the usual rate per 100 pounds, and dividing the proceeds equally with them at the end of the year; but they preferred the chance of profit from overwork. Besides this tobacco trade, there are in Richmond some flour-mills, called the Mammoth mills, said to be the largest in the world, to which extensive additions are now making, but yet unfinished. It is estimated, that when completed, they will manufacture from 1500 to 1600 barrels of flour per day. It may be observed, that Richmond probably possesses greater advantages of water-power than any other city in the Union. The fall in James River, within a few miles, being about one hundred feet, terminating at the level of tide-water; yet the population, in 1850, is stated at no more than 27,570, of whom only 17,643 were free. FREEDOM. He is a freeman whom the truth makes free, Abundance has been spoken and written in our day, particularly in the United States, respecting liberty. We boast of our freedom, but often forget in what freedom actually and essentially consists. Slavery may be said to consist in the constraint of the will, and freedom in exemption from such constraint. But, however free we may be from external constraint, there is no actual freedom amidst the conflict of contending passions. The despot who governs a kingdom with absolute sway, may be as destitute of freedom as the meanest slave whom he rules. His passions, and his unsatisfied ambition may exercise a more galling tyranny over him than he can exercise over his abject dependants. If the same mind was in us which was in our holy Redeemer and pattern, when he declared, "my meat is to do the will of Him that sent me, and to finish His work," we should witness a freedom which the world knows little of. The man whose will is absorbed in the Divine will, a will which is always consistent with itself, enjoys a freedom which no others can experience. If the truth make you free, then are ye free indeed. L. FRIENDS' REVIEW. PHILADELPHIA, FIRST MONTH 28, 1854. Among the objects which have occupied the attention of the public, in this city, during the passing winter, there was one of which the Editor of the Review has heard with no inconsiderable regret. A public discussion, in which the disputant on one side employs his learning and ingenuity to weaken, or absolutely to prostrate, the faith of the hearers in the authenticity and Divine authority of the Sacred Writings, appears much more likely to be productive of evil than of good. It is said that freedom of opinion ought to be tolerated, and that the truth has nothing to fear from examination. This may be admitted as generally true; but it is also true that a great part of the evil which exists in the world has arisen from the abuse of liberty. In regard to the subject in question, the experience of Franklin in his youth, furnishes an instructive lesson. He informs us that he became a confirmed deist by reading the productions of writers in reply to infidel authors. The cavils of sceptics were short and piquant; while the refutations were often tedious. The consequence was that the cavils were remembered, and the refutations forgotten. It has been said that a fool may raise a question which a wise man will not easily And though the writer of this article is not, by any means, disposed to admit, that any question impeaching the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures, can be raised, which a well-instructed and experienced Christian cannot satisfactorily answer, he is fully convinced that the inconsiderate and inexperienced mind is very liable to be captivated, and betrayed into acquiescence, by plausible though superficial arguments, which favor the indulgence of corrupt propensities. answer. "Faults in the life breed errors in the brain, And these, reciprocally, those again." The lives, and more particularly the deaths, of the most celebrated champions of infidelity, if soberly examined, supply a conclusive answer to all their arguments; while the excellency of the precepts, and the lives and deaths of the most devoted advocates of christianity, cast entirely into the shade all the cavils and petty criticisms of the most ingenious opponents. But, unhappily, these cavils and criticisms, being congenial to the vicious propensities of the unregenerate mind, are very liable to be embraced, and when once admitted, are not easily expelled. The divine authority of the Holy Scriptures is, indeed, in this country, not an open question. It is the belief of the community, and any attempt to unsettle it may be justly regarded as impertinent and unworthy of public attention. A letter from a Friend in England informs us that James Backhouse and Lindley M. Hoag, having completed their visit to Norway, arrived in England near the end of last month. Their visit appears to have been a satisfactory one. MARRIED,-On Third day the 3d inst., at Friends' Meeting House, on Sixth St., JACOB LEWIS CREW to ANNA, daughter of Ebenezer Levick, deceased, both of this city. -, On the 3d of 11th mo., at Middle River Meeting, JOSEPH ARNOLD, of Spring Creek Monthly Meeting, to TACY S., daughter of Benjamin Smith, of Three River Monthly Meeting. -, Also at the same place, on the 9th of 11th mo., ISRAEL SMITH to ASENITH SMITH, both members of Three River Monthly Meeting. DIED,-In Lynn, Mass., on the 19th of Tenth month, 1853, ELIZABETH BREED, widow of the late William Breed, aged 84 years. This dear Friend had manifested from early life a deep concern for the support of our principles and testimonies, and had for many years stood in the station of a minister. A few days before her decease she informed one of her friends, that she thought her end was near, and she believed her release would be a happy change to her, for she felt that she had an interest in her Saviour; and her mind appeared to be clothed with that peace promised by our blessed Lord to those who put their trust in him. In Smithfield, R. I., on the 7th inst., CHRISTOPHER ALMY, in the 85th year of his age, an esteemed member of Smithfield Monthly Meeting. He bore the sufferings of a protracted illness with exemplary patience. - At the residence of her father, near Martinsville, Clinton county, Ohio, on the 26th of the Twelfth month, 1853, MARY ANN, daughter of Jonathan and Margaret Hunt, a member of Newberry Monthly Meeting, in the 19th year of her age. She was mercifully favored to bear a long and painful illness with patience and resignation. DIED, On the morning of the 20th of 12th month of the delicacy and importance of the task; and last, of Paralysis, after twenty-four hours affliction, in the 48th year of her age, BETSY ANN MACY (formerly White,) wife of John M. Macy, and a member of Spiceland Monthly Meeting. -, Very suddenly, at Amesbury, Mass., on the 14th inst., in the 92d year of his age, MOSES HUNTINGTON, a member of Seabrook Monthly Meeting. ELIZABETH FRY. In the 30th number of our preceding volume, a concise notice is given of the publication of the life of this remarkable woman, by Susanna Corder. As the volume alluded to has since been published in this city, and is believed to constitute a correct and faithful portrait of one who probably accomplished more, amidst the cares of a numerous family, than any other of her sex ever did, towards elevating the characters and meliorating the condition of a class who are generally regarded as hopelessly sunk into the lowest depths of human depravity, the editor of the Review offers to his readers in the present number, the preface of Susanna Corder, which furnishes a comprehensive view of the nature and motives of her undertaking. The volume is deemed worthy of an attentive and serious perusal. The "Memoir of Elizabeth Fry," in two volumes, edited by her daughter, has been extensively circulated in this and other lands; and rarely has any religious biography been perused with so general and so deep an interest. More brief notices of her life have also emanated from other pens; and it might seem superfluous again to depict her character, or to rehearse the circumstances which marked those arduous labors, in the service of Him who 'went about doing good,' to which, under the constraining influence of His love and power, she devoted every talent committed to her stewardship. There are, however, many by whom a memorial of Elizabeth Fry, more compendious than that which has been published by her daughters, would, perhaps, be welcomed with pleasure and with instruction. A work which might embrace more exclusively the records of her own experience, and of her religious and philanthropic engagements, appears, in the estimation of some of her most intimate friends, to be required, as filling up a chasm still left in the circle of read ers, to whom the voluminous 'Memoir' may not be conveniently accessible. To venture on such an abridgment has not been contemplated without a serious conviction * By H. Longstreth, No. 347 High Street, at $2 per copy, $20 per dozen, or $125 per hundred. had not a special request from her daughters, (the editors of her life,) in conjunction with other members of her immediate families, encouraged the compiler of the following pages to undertake the work, it would not have been attempted. But various considerations have additionally stimulated the compiler to add another to the several sketches of the Life of Elizabeth Fry. A prominent one is suggested by the fact, that her character and her sentiments have been represented by individuals, widely differing in religious opinion, both from her and from each other; and they have (in consequence of the varying mental complexion to which habit and circumstances impart a coloring peculiar to each) given, to their picture of Elizabeth Fry, a tinge which has prevented her from appearing, as she was, consistent in her language, her conduct, and her demeanour, with the principles which, from conviction, she was early led to adopt, and to which, through life, she steadfastly adhered. This, it must be confessed, is calculated to induce the impression that, in Elizabeth Fry's life, there was evinced a compromise of principle; and it proves that whilst her ardent admirers exhibit a dazzling portrait of her piety, her loveliness, and her philanthropy, they fail, in degree at least, to depict her in the light of truth in her meek and lowly garb of deep humility, treading with watchful circumspection and fear, the crossbearing path of the blessed Redeemer. Drawn by the attractions of heavenly love, her steps were directed into a course untried and new; and the service that was designed for her became gradually manifest, as she followed, in simple faith, the guiding light of the Holy Spirit: and whether it led her into the presence of monarchs, into association with princes, or into the company of the wise and learned-whether she was brought into communion with fellow-disciples who, whatever might be the form of their Christian profession, were pursuing with her the same heavenward track, or surrounded by the votaries of a thoughtless world, incapable of responding to the deep sympathies of her spirit, in all situations and under every circumstance, she was enabled to maintain, with holy consistency, the dignified character of her high vocation, as a minister of Christ in the Society of Friends; adorning the doctrine of God her Saviour; being an example to the believers in faith, in patience, in meekness, and charity; raising in the hearts of thousands, among the varied classes of the people, a reverent acknowledgment of that divine influence, which constrained her to gather immortal spirits to the Fountain of life and peace. Yet how few, among the many who have extolled her deeds of mercy and love, were prepared to penetrate the veil that concealed, from the gaze of the world, the working of that heavenly power, through which alone she be |