It palsies the arm of industry, desolates the country which God gave for the heritage of a great people, and marks every land in which its shadow falls, with undeniable evidences of wretchedness and degradation.

Its empire is maintained by force. It exists only by waging a perpetual war with its victims. It cannot endure peace or justice or mercy. It exerts an iron despotism. It extracts benevolence from the heart and stamps "with the lineaments of wrath" every child nursed in its bosom. How is such an institution to be attacked successfully by outside influences? Its very nature makes it impervious to such attacks. It is armed with the mailed coat of the crocodile, and laughs in security and scornfully, at all the missiles which can be hurled against it, by humanity or religion. The most that can be done by the North is to hedge it in-deny all relief by expansion from the evils which the system generates-and compel reform by promoting the experience of its necessity.

As long as new lands continue open to the immigration of slave holders with their human chattels, little can be done to meliorate the condition of either master or slave, or to soften the rigors, or modify the nature of the institution.

All nations, from the earliest times, whose wealth consists mainly in chattel property, have manifested a restless spirit. Their local attachments are weak and easily relaxed, and they are ever on the look out for new seats.

ing for new abodes where the labor of the slave will yield larger profit to the master. It was thus that Florida became a desirable acquisition. The rich alluvial deposits that lie along the rivers of that delightful country, were needed and must be had. The purchase was accordingly made. The Indian owner must next be driven out by a war, at the expense of the Union, that the slave holder might be better accommodated. It was done. But, Florida being a narrow territory, was soon occupied. More space was wanted. Texas was next acquired. The facility, with which that acquisition was made, provoked the appetite for more. A war was therefore waged with Mexico, and that republic, whose efforts for liberty were inspired and stimulated by our example, was decimated, and territory sufficient for an empire, annexed to our already wide spread domain.

But for the aggressive spirit which is the natural and necessary concomitant of slaverybut for the restlessness of temper that belongs to a people, whose wealth is principally in moveable chattels, and who of necessity must have new lands on which their negro stock may be profitably employed, the Florida Indian might still have hunted his everglades in peace, and the es cutcheon of American honor might have remained untarnished by Mexican blood.

It is this aggressive spirit-this unappeaseable appetite for new acquisitions-this expansive energy manifested by southern slavery, in obedience to a law of its nature, that we are called upon to resist at every step and at all hazards.

Such was the case with the hordes of Tartary, the pastoral Arabs, the tribes of Sclavonia, the ancient Germans, and Gauls, and with that vast It was a mistake in the North, to consent to store house of nations which fed the successive the purchase of Florida, or the annexation of swarms that poured down from northern Europe, Texas, unless upon conditions securing those fine and overthrew the Empire of Rome. Their countries from the abominations of slavery. Had horses and cattle were to them everything. The such conditions been imposed, the slave power lands, which they occupied, were valued, only, would never have attained its present formidable as a means of sustenance for their four footed character, nor have exhibited the imperious and treasure. They could easily abandon what they rampant temper, which now characterizes its deemed of little worth, and were ever ready to movements. If slavery was confined within cermigrate, where the promise of better pasture ap-tain defined limits, and no new and fertile lands peared, or an opportunity for plunder presented. Such, to a limited extent, is the condition of the Southern States; particularly of those engaged in cotton growing. The wealth of the landed proprietors consists more in the negroes, that cultivate the lands, than in the lands themselves. The country, once fertile, is worn out, the soil is exhausted, and the returns of labor are insufficient for the wants of the owners. One stout negro is worth an hundred acres of land, and would be worth much more if the soil was more fruitful. The condition of the master, as long as he remains upon his hereditary acres, grows worse, every day, and he naturally looks about him, to see whither he can betake himself with his moveable wealth, to employ it to increased advantage. The uneasy eye, wearied with the signs of impoverishment, which salute it on every side, at home, wanders abroad, seek

opened to it, a remedy for its evils must in due time be experienced. That remedy would be forced upon the master, by a wise anticipation of what else must follow, or by the infliction of the punishment which his obstinacy must provoke. It must come either in mercy or in vengeancefrom the hand of Christian charity directed by enlightened judgment, or in blood and fire amid the horrors of revolution.

In this age of the world and in a country such as ours, self interest is too well informed not to anticipate, by preventive measures, violent means of redress. If the slave-holder must remain in his ancient abodes, if all hope of an advantageous removal were cut off, he would naturally betake himself to other means for improving his condi tion. He would look to manufactures, to commerce, to the mechanic arts, to a more spirited and systematic agriculture, as eligible modes of

of mind.

preser

profitable employment for his negro chattels. He THE WAX-INSECT OF CHINA. would be compelled by the instinct of self Of the innumerable tribes of insects that swarm vation, to teach them to do many things, which all over the face of the globe, there are comparaat present they can not learn. To employ them, tively few that minister directly to the wants of in any way, but in field labor, would require man. The honey-bee supplies us with food, the some degree of mental cultivation-the acquisi-silk-worm with clothing, and the cochineal insect tion of skill-a knowledge of art-the application with a rich dye; and there are many more less Here would be a starting point, in the conspicuously known for their economical uses way of improvement, and a movement, in advance, and the benefits they otherwise confer upon manwould then be as natural as is the downward ten- kind. It must be confessed, however, that in our dency, as long as worn out and exhausted lands own country the insect creation are more extenmay be exchanged for new. Every step of pro- sively associated with blights and barren fields gress would make the next the more easy, and than anything else. The wheat-fly and the turmany generations would not pass away ere Afri-nip-fly are the dread of the farmer; the onion can slavery would assume a mitigated form and gradually tend towards a final extinction. Negroes would soon cease to be chattels. A breaking up of the Southern market would lead, in due time, to a system of vassalage, attaching them to the soil, and recognizing in them the existence of personal rights. Palliatives would be applied from time to time, mitigating grievances, and concessions would be made as their condition would improve, and their intelligence increase.

grub is a too familiar enemy with the gardener; while the florist is at perpetual war with earwigs on his dahlias, aphides (green-fly) on his roses, and a legion of others that swarm on every pet plant he grows. Even the forester has his woods infested with boring beetles and other pests; while the entomologist himself, as well as the ornithologist and the botanist, has often ample evidence, in his cabinets of choice specimens, of the destructive peculiarities of the insect tribes. To detail the various ways in which man is injuriously affected by them would fill a folio.

This effectual mode of extinguishing this great moral, political and social evil, it becomes us to look to and prepare to adopt, with a settled and Insects being in this way generally forced upon firm intent to carry it out. We owe it as a duty our attention as pests and instruments of devasto ourselves, and to posterity, to permit the slave tation, we are prone to overlook what redeeming power to advance no farther, and to grow no qualities they possess. Even keeping out of view stronger. The South have robbed themselves, their importance to man, and to the animal kingby the recent movememt, of their imposing ar- dom at large, in other respects, it is believed that gument against agitation, and by seeking to rewe have much still to learn regarding their econpeal the most solemn act of compromise ever made omical uses. Our knowledge of the insects of between two great parties, have forever stopped many countries is very limited, and even large themselves from complaining of a renewed dis-numbers of those described in books are merely cussion of the slavery subject in any form. In known as pinned specimens in cabinets, while justice to the North we cannot let this matter their habits and their products, if any, are still a rest. The interests of the country demand that desideratum in science. It may be reasonably the new territories should not be given over to conjectured, that future research will serve to the desolating scourge of a system of tillage which develop more fully the commercial importance of yields but a temporary profit and leaves to final the 'insect throngs' which people many unexwaste regions capable of supporting millions of plored regions, while it will no doubt, at the same freemen. The free States should secure the time, increase our acquaintance with violent and territories should repeal the compromise that destructive species. Every day is, indeed, adding allows Texas to be subdivided into four slave to our knowledge of this, as of every other branch States, and should boldly take a high and com- of practical science. manding position, and say to slavery," thus far shalt thou come and no further, and here, at the boundaries of thy empire as already erected, thy waves shall be stayed-and stayed forever. Freedom demands all besides, as the rightful heritage of her children."-Independent Herald.

In China, many natural productions have been long in use with which other nations are only gaining acquaintance through the increase of intercourse with that wonderful empire. We have recently noticed some of these, especially the tallow-tree of China, and the fabric recently introduced to English commerce under the name of China Grass, but which, as we have stated, is GROWTH OF IOWA.-The Iowa Reporter says the product of a species of nettle-Bahmeria the emigration, into that State this year is im-nivea. Of late years, our gardens have also been The prairies of Illinois are lined with greatly enriched by Mr. Fortune's botanico-horcattle and wagons, pushing on for this prosper- ticultural researches. ticultural researches. On the present occasion, ous State. The addition to the population from it is our object to sketch the natural history of an insect which presents some striking features Sep. 1st, to Dec. 1st, from emigration alone, is of interest, and is at the same time of consideracomputed at 50,000. ble importance on account of its product. Satis

mense.

factory information respecting all points of its history has not as yet reached Europe, but enough is known through the recent researches of Mr. Daniel Hanbury, Dr. Macgowan, Mr. B. C. Brodie, and especially of Mr. Westwood, to enable us to give a pretty accurate account of the insect, and the substance which has drawn attention to

wards it.

In remarking upon this account of the habits of the wax-insect of China, Mr. Westwood mentions, that the statement of the insect becoming changed into wax, agrees with the mature condition of Coccus ceriferus, of the male of which, in the Reports of the Juries of the Great Exhibition, p. 624, the Chinese white wax is stated to be the secretion; but the insect so named is quite distinct from the one whose history we are now detailing; and it is the female, not the male, of, C. ceriferus which becomes changed into a white waxy mass. 'The statement of the white secretion deposited on the trees, resembling hoar frost, will agree either with Captain Hutton's account of the deposition of the snowy white brittle substance by Flata limbata, which I (Westwood) consider to be excrementitious, or with the fact of the secretion, from the different parts of the body, of white waxy matter by other homopterous insects.' This last-mentioned condition is exhibited by our present species of coccus.

In samples of the wax in a crude state as scraped from the tree, Mr. Westwood found a number of the dried full-grown bodies of the female coccus, as well as pieces of stick incrusted with the wax and with the insects in situ. He thinks that, in order to clear up all the difficulties connected with the matter, arising from the insufficient description of Chinese authorities, we require either a direct statement that the excretion of Coccus pe-la actually forms the base of the white wax of commerce, or correct chemical analyses shewing the two to be the same; and in this we see much reason to agree with him, especially as the only identical circumstance actually recorded in connection with both articles is, that they melt at nearly the same degree of heat.

The Pe-la, or wax-insect of China, is regarded by entomologists as a species of coccus, and has accordingly been named Coccus pe-la. Its habits are thus detailed in a condensed abstract, from Chinese authorities, by Mr. Hanbury, which, however, Mr. Westwood regards as by no means clear, and evidently drawn up by persons little accustomed to precise entomological investigation; we therefore retain his interpolated points of interrogation, &c. In the spring, the coccus (?) containing the eggs of the insects are folded up by the cultivators in leaves (sometimes of the ginger-plant), and suspended at various distances on the branches of the tree which is to be stocked. After having been thus exposed for from one to four weeks, the eggs are hatched, and the insects (which are white, and of the size of millet-seeds) emerge and attach themselves beneath its leaves. Some authors state that the insects have at this period a tendency to descend the tree, at the base of which, should there be any grass there, they would remain; and that, to obviate this difficulty, the Chinese keep the ground perfectly bare, so that they are induced to ascend. Fixing themselves on the branches, the young insects speedily commence the formation of a white waxy secretion, which, becoming harder, suggests the idea of the trees being covered with hoar-frost. The insect itself becomes (gradually imbedded? or), as the Chinese authors say, changed into wax. The The Pe-la wax is of a beautiful white colour, branches of the tree are now scraped, the collect- and the importations into this country will doubted matter constituting the crude wax. The time less increase. Our knowledge of the tiny manu of the collecting probably varies in different dis- facturer is not as yet sufficient to enable us to tricts, some authors giving June, and others Au- speculate as to the production of the wax in other gust, as the period at which the wax-harvest countries. Before doing this, it is necessary not takes place. At the latter period-August or only to have a perfect acquaintance with the haSeptember-the waxy matter becomes so firmly bits of the insect, but also a knowledge of the attached to the tree, that its removal would be tree it infests; for although a useful species, it attended with much difficulty; and it is of the is, like its congeners, a parasite. The researches wax thus left, and at this period, that a sort of of naturalists do not seem to have been at all case or cocoon ("purplish envelope," Macgowan) bent in this direction. Our own inquiries rela is formed, in which the eggs of the insects are tive to the tree have signally failed in bringing deposited. [Mr. Westwood, however, seems to any information to light. It is described in the regard this as the inflated body of the mature Chinese book as a winter-green or evergreen tree, stated to be of the size of a rice-grain, gradually even its natural order seems to be unknown. increases until, in the following spring, it becomes Mr. Westwood offers some valuable practical as large as a hen's egg (!), suggesting, when at- hints that our own gardeners and fruit-growers tached to the branch, the appearance of a fruit. might find worth their while to follow out, and "How far the white floccose matter exuding times together with a piece of the branch on from the different parts of the body of the Flata which they are fixed, and reserved for the further [to which we have already referred], is identical with that emitted from the Coccus pe-la, has yet to be ascertained; but I may be permitted to

The cocoons, called la-chung or la-tsze, which we therefore transcribe them. enclose multitudes of eggs, are removed, some

propagation of the insect.'*

Pharmaceutical Journal.

but

pleasures as we ought. It is by practising jusTemperance teaches us to pursue only such tice that we become just; nor can that vigilant circumspection and watchful attention to the is essential to the virtue of prudence, be acquired most remote consequences of our actions, which without trouble and care; without many painful efforts, and difficult struggles; yet it is the nature of all those virtues, as well as of the hardest lessons of justice, patriotism, and friendship, to become through habit, agreeable. And the only sure test that we have acquired them is, that they are practiced with pleasure. CYCLOPEDIA.

SUMMARY OF NEWS.

Wceived with general submission and return to alplegiance on the part of the inhabitants.

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.-The British steams Asia, with Liverpool dates to the 8th inst., arrived at New York on the 20th.

The allied fleet entered the Black Sea, and arrived at Varna, with the design of co-operating with Omer Pasha. The Russians were destroying all the fortifications in the Dabrudja. Their position is considered extremely critical, and their General was earnestly demanding reinforcements. The Dabrudja is an immense swamp, without roads or resources. The Wall of Trajan, which closes it from Chernavoda to Kostenje, is defended, on one side by Omer Pasha, and on the other, by the presence of the allied fleet. The Turks have gained a victory over General Uschakoff, in Bessarabia, and forced him to retreat.

The navigation of the Gulf of Finland was open to Petersburg, the ice no longer forming an obstruction. The Russians were dismantling their fortresses on the island of Akand, at the mouth of the Gulf of Bothnia. Sir Charles Napier's fleet had sailed south from Kioge Bay, after a warlike address from the Admiral to his men.

It was rumoured that Austria would make the crossing of the Balkan Mountains by the Russians a cause of war. The Archduke Albert had left Vienna for Semlin, as commander-in-chief of the army of observation on the Turkish frontier. This army, including the inhabitants who perform permanent service, is reckoned at from 120,000 to

150,000 men.

A Christiana journal states that Russia acknowledges the neutrality of Sweden only on the condition accepted by king Oscar, that not more than four foreign ships of war shall enter any Swedish or Norwegian fortified port at one time." It was believed that Austria would join England and France in the war against Russia. The course which Prussia would adopt was still uncertain. Greece and Turkey appear to be on the very verge of war. It is stated that the Sultan has resolved to expel from his dominions all the subjects of king Otho, and a declaration of war would probably accompany the execution of this measure. It is affirmed that the Greek Government has purchased three Russian ships of war, with all the material of war on board, now lying at Trieste.

DOMESTIC CONGRESS.-In Senate, on the 17th inst., after the presentation of a large number of pe titions against the Nebraska Bill, a bill was reported for enlarging the judicial system of the United States. One of the provisions of this bill exempts the Judges of the Supreme Court from the perfor mance of Circuit duties. The House bill to graduate and reduce the price of public lands was read twice and referred to the Committee on Public Lands. The Senate then went into Executive Session. The Gadsden treaty was finally rejected by a vote of

27 to 18.

On the

On the 18th, remonstrances against the payment of the Amistad claim, petitions in favor of the erec tion of suitable Post Office buildings in Philadelphia, remonstrances against the Nebraska bill, and a me morial from Jewish citizens, asking that efforts may be made to secure religious toleration to Americans in foreign countries, were presented to the Senate. Several bills of minor importance were passed. On the 19th, the House amendments to the Senate bill increasing the pay of clerks in the departments was concurred in. A bill was also passed for rewarding 20th twelve petitions from various States were prethe discoverer of practical anesthesia. sented, asking the abolition of the unconstitutional office of Chaplain. A bill was passed establishing a land system for the Territory of New Mexico. ing the salaries of clerks in the Departments was In the House of Representatives, the bill increas of Oregon to form a State Constitution, and to propassed on the 18th inst. A bill to enable the people vide for the admission of such State into the Union Territories. On the 19th, the Senate bill, granting was introduced and referred to the Committee on 10,000,000 of acres of the public lands for the benefit of the indigent insane in the several States was passed by a vote of 81 yeas to 53 nays.

PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATURE.-In Senate, the resolutions relative to the hours of labor were passed on the 17th inst., also, a large number private bills. On the 18th the bill to transfer the Franklin railroad to the Cleaveland, Painsville and Ashtabula Railroad Company passed Committee of the Whole, and a bill to transfer the same road to the Sunbury and Erie Railroad Company passed first reading. A bill to amend the State Constitution so as to limit Two war steamers, in the course of completion, the State debt and to prevent municipal subscripand a large quantity of machinery intended for the tions passed first reading. On the 21st, the bill reRussian service, have been seized in England by gulating the hours of labor in factories having been the officers of the Government. The Russian of returned from the House with the Senate's amend ficers who superintended the building and equipments non-concurred in, the Senate insisted on its ment of these vessels are said to have come to this country on a similar mission.

FRANCE.-A bill had been submitted to the French Legislature increasing the recruits of the class 1853 to 140,000 men, instead of 80,000.

SPAIN. A serious riot occurred at Barcelona on the 13th ult. A band of 40,000 unarmed citizens filled the streets and refused to disperse when ordered to do so, pelting the troops with stones. The latter then had recourse to their arms and the mob dispersed, several of their number being killed or wounded.

MEXICO. Late accounts state that the insurrection under Alvarez is nearly subdued. Several of the leaders have been taken prisoners and Alvarez was almost destitute of resources. Santa Anna had advanced as far as Chilpanciugo, and was re

amendments, and a Committee of Conference was ence on the Prohibitory Liquor bill submitted a appointed. On the 22d, the Committee of Conferreport recommending the adoption of a resolution to submit an abstract of the proposed law to a vote of the people. The question of the adoption of the report was deferred until the 25th inst. The bill to prevent abuses in the sale of intoxicating drinks passed finally.

In the House of Representatives, the bill relative to the title to Windmill Island passed the third reading on the 18th inst. On the 19th, the House decided to adjourn on 2d prox. provided the Senate concur. The Senate amendments to the bill for the sale of the Public Works were concurred in and the bill passed finally. The General Appropriation bill was discussed during the entire session of the 22d.