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trade, and receive a monthly stipend. Not one appeared. It was the idea of the parents that the real object of the government was to make their children Christians; and although they, the prisoners, must work under compulsion, they were determined to place their offspring, who were free, under no such suspicious subjection. Mr. Williams at length offered, as a premium to such parents as should comply, the privilege of sleeping in the village, instead of being locked up in the jail at night; and the consequence was, that twenty boys appeared at the factory the next morning, and one hundred more within a week. The latter, however, were rejected; for Mr. Williams had become uneasy at the idea of leaving so many desperate men together in a village guarded by only four sentries. It was necessary to proceed by degrees, and let the ci-devant Thugs feel their way to the comparative freedom of the village.

The first twenty boys were taught the manufacture of Brussels carpeting by an expert weaver from Mirzapore, and in three months were able to go on without their master. Another score of boys were then admitted; and in six months there were in all fifty boys, under ten years of age, busily employed in carpet-weaving. But although such a luxury as Brussels carpets might employ fifty boys even in India, it could not afford occupation for hundreds; the overseer, therefore, constructed another shed similar to the one built by Lieutenant Brown, and set more approvers and boys to the manufacture of cotton cloth. And cotton cloth they did manufacture to a considerable extent; but unluckily, when they came to sell it, they found the long cloths of another hemisphere offered in the bazaar at two shillings for six yards, while for the same money they could not afford more than seven of their own, as coarse as dowlas. This now, of course, remained unsaleable. "Read this, men of Manchester!" says our correspondent. "In the valley of the Nerbudda, where cotton is cheaper than in any part of India, and where labour is the cheapest in the world-being six shillings a month for weavers who will work with an Indian loom twelve hours a day-in that valley you can sell cheaper cloth than is produced at our very doors, although, to say nothing of the sea voyage of so many thousand miles, you have to bring your manufacture 800 miles inland, and pay duty on it four times after it has left Calcutta!”

What was to be done? The cloth must be used-the work must go on. It was suggested by the overseer to turn the stuff into tents; and although these had hitherto been supposed to require expert workmen, no one now saw a difficulty in teaching the Thugs anything. Expert workmen were brought from Futtyghur; and in twelve months, 100 people were employed in making tents, stamping the chintzes for lining, turning the poles, making carpets, ropes, and a

score of other articles indispensable for a Bengal tent. From the year 1840 to 1847, this establishment has increased tenfold: it has now upwards of twenty large workshops, built in good style by the Thugs themselves; and among the hands are 150 boys, most of whom earn more than ordinary workmen in the town. The original 450 murderers by birth and profession who have thus been brought into habits of industry, are represented as exhibiting every appearance of contentment and comfort; their children are growing up respectable members of the new form of society of which they are a part; their wives keep their houses and village clean, and add to the family funds by spinning thread at their leisure hours, which is purchased at the factory. The wages paid to them average £80 a month; and the goods sold exceed £300 a month. In fine, the paltry outlay of the government has been already returned, and the establishment supports itself.

66

(To be continued.)

From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. TRUMAN HENRY SAFFORD. This is the name of a boy now ten years of age, who, if he lives, and continues to enjoy mental and corporeal health, will in all probability be one of the most remarkable men America has ever produced. He is not one of those prodigies" in whom a single faculty is deve loped to a preternatural extent; for his general talent is nearly as conspicuous as his aptitude for mathematics. He has both the will and the power to learn in a very extraordinary degree, and his success cannot by any means be ascribed, as in other cases, to the collective energies of his mind being turned into a single channel.

He was born at Royalton, Windsor county, Vermont, on the 6th of January, 1836. His father is a farmer, and a person of considerable intelligence; and both his parents, during the earlier portion of their lives, were instructers of youth. From his father he appears to have inherited his passion for mathematical studies, and from his mother a nervous temperament, so exquisite,

"That one might almost say his body thought."

In his first year he was so delicate, so fragile, that perhaps no other mother could have reared him; but from the wan unearthly lips of the infant there came questions that made the listeners start and thrill by their preternatural intelligence. It seemed as if he had come into the world with a craving for knowledge, which he waited only for the gift of speech to wreak upon expression." But it was not till his third year that the grand bias of his mind was suspected; nor did this fully develope itself till three years after. His parents had already amused themselves with his power of calculating numbers;

but one day now, as we are told, he "remarked | boy. His mind seems bent on the study of mato his mother, that if he knew how many rods thematics, and he takes his books about with it was round his father's large meadow, he could tell the measure in barleycorns. When his father came in, she mentioned it to him; and he, knowing the dimensions of the field, made a calculation, and told the boy it was 1040 rods; the lad, after a few minutes, gave 617,760, as the distance in barleycorns, in his head,' as the phrase is."

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This was sufficiently remarkable in a child of six years of age; but before his eighth year, he had gone to the extent of the famous Zerah Colburn's powers, and had answered, in fifteen minutes, all the questions which more recently made the reputation of a negro boy; detecting three mistakes either of the press or the boy. But these feats were not achieved-and this is the most promising fact in his history-by the kind of intuition usually observable in such cases, but by means of study; and it was observed that he improved rapidly by practice, and lost proportionately when he neglected the cultivation of his powers. At this time he acquired from books some knowledge of algebra and geometry, and appeared to possess, "in addition to the power of performing lengthy calculations in his head, the higher power of comprehending and solving abstruse and difficult questions in the various branches of mathematics."

He was now attacked by typhus fever; and an incident of his illness is related which exhibits at once his passion for such studies and the extreme delicacy of his nervous temperament. "When the alarming crisis of his disease had passed, and he was slowly recovering, he plead most affectingly with his mother for Day's Algebra and his slate. His mother, aware of his extreme nervousness and irritability at the time, thought it would be better to gratify than to refuse him, and gave him the Algebra and slate. He immediately commenced making a long statement, which extended nearly across the slate; but before he could finish it, his little hand failed, his pencil dropped, and giving up in despair, he burst into tears, and wept long and bitterly." After his recovery, Hutton's Mathematics and the Cambridge Mathematics were added to his few books, and in the winter of 1844-5 he studied hard. In the following spring, Dr. Chester Dewry, a mathematician well known throughout the United States, writes of him thus:"He is not one of the calculators by instinct, if I may use the language, but a real regular reasoner, on correct and established principles, taking the easiest and most direct course. As he had Hutton's Mathematics, and wanted some logarithms, his father told me he computed the logarithms from 1 to 60 by the formula given by Hutton, which were afterwards found to be the same in a table of logarithms for the same number of decimals. He is a wonderful

him, that he may study some every day. He was also much interested in three lectures on chemistry that he attended. He seems very able to make a practical application of his knowledge. His mind is too active; and when roused in the night, or made wakeful by his nervous temperament, it is often difficult to arrest the current of his thoughts on some interesting calculation. The study of mathematical relations seems to be amusement to him.”

He was now taken to Hanover, where he saw for the first time an extensive collection of books and mathematical instruments. The sight made the poor nervous student wild with excitement, and when taken away, he was drowned in tears. On returning home from a little tour, in the course of which he had been introduced to various scientific men, and had his library enriched by several useful acquisitions, he set about constructing an almanac, which was actually put to press in the autumn of 1845, having been cast when its author was just nine years and a half old. In the following year he calculated four different almanac calendars-one for Cincinnati, which was published with a portrait; one for Philadelphia; one for Boston; and one for his native Vermont. "While getting up the Cincinnati one, he became much abstracted in his manner, wandered about with his head down, talking to himself, &c. as is his manner while originating new rules. His father approached him, and inquired what he was doing, and found that he had originated a new rule for getting moon risings and settings, accompanied with a table which saves full one-fourth of the work in casting moon risings. This rule, with a number of others for calculating eclipses, is preserved with his manuscript almanacs in the library of Harvard University." This almanac was placed upon a par by scientific men with the works of mathematicians of mature years; and the wonderful boy, who saw two editions of his book sold almost immediately-one of 7000, and one of 17,000 copies-became at once a public character.

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Not satisfied," says the Rev. H. W. Adams of him at this time, "with the old circuitous processes of demonstration, and impatient of delay, young Safford is constantly evolving new rules for abridging his work. He has found a new rule by which to calculate eclipses, hitherto unknown, so far as I know, to any mathematician. He told me it would shorten the work nearly one-third. When finding this rule, for two or three days he seemed to be in a sort of trance. One morning very early he came rushing down stairs, not stopping to dress himself, poured on to his slate a stream of figures, and soon cried out, in the wildness of his joy, 'Oh, father, I have got it-I have got it! It comes-it comes!'

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We now proceed to give the results of a regu

lar examination of the boy, in which the questions were prepared beforehand by a skilful mathematician, with the view of testing his powers to the uttermost.

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Now, in regard to these sums, they are the hardest in Davies's Algebra."

(To be continued.)

FRIENDS' REVIEW.

In the 5th number of the Review, a brief notice was given of the establishment which Friends of Baltimore, and the two western Yearly Meetings, have supported during several years past, at the confluence of the Missouri and Kanzas rivers; and of the prospect of a religious visit, to the Indians residing in New England, New York and Canada, by Thomas Wells, the Friend who had for six years the oversight of the Shawnese establishment. This Friend, in prosecution of his concern, has arrived in this city, where he will probably remain a few days. From him we learn that the school there is but scantily furnished with books; and some Friends are endeavouring to make collections for their use, consisting of school books, and such as are suitable for a library. If any of our readers should feel disposed to contribute toward this ob will be gratefully accepted. Donations may be deject, either in books or money, their contributions

posited with William M. Collins, No. 33 Commerce street, or with Isaac Collins, No. 129 Filbert street.

"I went, firmly expecting to be able to confound him, as I had previously prepared myself with various problems for his solution. I did not suppose it possible for a boy of ten years PHILADELPHIA, TWELFTH MONTH 11, 1847. only to be able to play, as with a top, with all the higher branches of mathematics. But in this I was disappointed. Here follow some of the questions I put to him, and his answers. I said, Can you tell me how many seconds old I was last March, the 12th day, when I was twenty-seven years old?' He replied instantly, 85,255,200.' Then said I, The hour and minute hands of a clock are exactly together at 12 o'clock; when are they next together?" Said he, as quick as thought, 1 h. 5 5-11 m.' And here I will remark, that I had only to read the sum to him once. He did not care to see it, but only to hear it announced once, no matter how long. Let this fact be remembered in connection with some of the long and blind sums I shall hereafter name, and see if it does not show his amazing power of conception and comprehension. Also, he would perform the sums mentally, and also on a slate, working by the briefest and strictest rules, and hurrying on to the answer with a rapidity outstripping all capacity to keep up with him. The next sum I gave him was this: A man and his wife usually drank out a cask of beer in twelve days; but when the man was from home, it lasted the woman thirty days. How many days would the man alone be drinking it?' He whirled about, rolled up his eyes, and replied at once, 20 days.' Then said I, What number is that which, being divided by the product of its digits, the quotient is three; and if 18 be added, the digits will be inverted?' He flew out of his chair, whirled round, rolled up his wild flashing eyes, and said in about a minute, 24.' Then said I, Two persons, A and B, departed from different places at the same time, and travelled towards each other. On meeting, it appeared that A had travelled 18 miles more than B, and that A could have gone B's journey in 15 3-4 days, but B would have been 28 days in performing A.'s journey. How far did each travel?' He flew round the room, round the chairs, writhing his little body as if in agony, and in about a minute sprung up to me, and said, 'A travelled 72 miles, and B 54 miles-didn't they?' 'Yes.' Then said I, What two numbers are those whose sum, multiplied by the greater, is equal to 77, and whose difference, multiplied by the less, is equal to 12?' He again shot out of his chair like an arrow, flew about the room, his eyes wildly rolling in their sockets, and in about a minute said, 4 and 7.' 'Well,' said I, 'the sum of two numbers is 8, and the sum of their cubes 152. What are the numbers?' Said he instantly, 3 and 5.'

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We give a place in this number to a notice of the proceedings of the newly elected Pope, which we apprehend must be highly interesting to such of our readers as have made themselves acquainted with the course pursued by most of his predecessors. When we consider upon what foundations the pretensions of this supposed Vicar of Christ and successor of the Apostle Peter are erected, and how greatly the stability of the papal throne depends upon the ignorance and superstition of the people, we must regard the liberality of this pontiff, and his efforts to improve the condition and enlighten the minds of his subjects, as one of the most remarkable phenomena of our day. We may safely believe that the elevation of such a man to a station from which so large a share of influence and power is derived, was not the result of accident. The labours of Pius IX, and those of Father Matthew, may be regarded as an evidence that the Star of Bethlehem is illuminating some of the darkest recesses of Christendom. And may we not rationally, as well as piously hope, that the light which has thus appeared, will rise higher and higher, until the cloud of superstition which has rested for centuries on some parts of benighted Europe, may vanish before it.

The discerning reader will no doubt perceive in the article on the Letheon, the strokes of a master's hand. The discovery thus brought to view, may be classed among the happiest improvements in medical science. While we duly appreciate the industry and skill by which the secrets of nature are successively disclosed, we are not to forget that, in all these cases, human perspicacity only finds what the omnific hand had previously interwoven into the mysterious fabric. Every discovery of a principle or power, which human intelligence can apply to increasing the comforts or relieving the sufferings of our race, may be justly regarded as a fresh evidence of the benignity of our adorable Creator.

Among the articles of news, received by the Acadia, is an account of a meeting held in London, in which George Thompson, well known for his eloquence, and his zeal in the cause of the coloured race, took a conspicuous part. He has been recently elected to parliament, and in his address to the audience, he disclosed the objects to which, in his new situation, he purposes to direct his principal attention. His plans, if successfully accomplished, must have an important bearing upon the commerce of the United States. His object is two fold; to meliorate the condition of the people of India, who are now subject to British authority, and to assail the slavery of the United States, in its most vulnerable point, the market for cotton.

According to the statements of the orator, the first cotton exported from this country to Great Britain, was a single bag, which, in the beginning of 1785, was carried from South Carolina to Liverpool. From other sources of information, however, we find that in 1787 the British importations from the West Indian colonies amounted to about nine millions of pounds. In 1792, the import is said to have been thirty-five millions of pounds, of which a small part only could be derived from the United States; for the whole produce of the year is stated at three millions. The demand for cotton, arising from the recent improvements in its manufacture, gave a fresh impetus to slavery. It was found that the cultivation of this article furnished profitable employment for the labour of the slaves. The grasp, which the want of a market for the products of slave labour had caused to relax, was renewed. The virgin soils of the South Western States were devoted to the culture of cotton by the drudgery of slaves. And in 1840, the quantity produced, appears, from official reports, to have exceeded seven hundred and ninety millions of pounds; of which the exports to Great Britain were upwards of five hundred and sixty millions.*

*See Non-Slaveholder, vol. 1, p. 91.

According to the statements of Thompson, no less than £70,000,000 sterling, of British capital, are invested in the cotton trade of the country; and two millions of the people depend upon this trade for their support. Now the plan proposed, is to effect such changes in the commercial or fiscal regulations of British India, as to turn this immense tide of commerce into that channel. The population of British India is estimated at one hundred and fifty millions; and the qualities of the soil, and the cheapness of labour, are such, that it is apprehended cotton might, under proper regulations, be raised there to profit, and sold at Liverpool for 21d, or about five cents a pound.

In Great Britain the opponents of slavery are evidently awakening to the undeniable fact, that the slavery of the Western world, and the African trade, which is supposed to sweep off not less than a thousand a day from that ill fated continent, owe their vitality to the market for the products of slave labour; and that while that market remains, it is vain to expect the extinction of the trade, whatever naval force may be employed for the purpose. We must therefore expect, that while the cotton of the United States continues to be cultivated chiefly by the labour of slaves, there will be an effort among the philanthropists there to find a supply of that article through a less polluted channel.

NORTH CAROLINA YEARLY MEETING.-Since the last number of the Review was put in type, the printed minutes of this meeting came to hand. From this document the following summary is collected.

8th of last month, and closed on the 11th. A The meeting convened at New Garden on the number of Friends from other yearly meetings, including Benjamin Seebohm and Robert Lindsey, from Great Britain, were acceptably present; whose certificates and minutes were read and recorded, and returning minutes were prepared and adopted by the meeting.

and Dublin, as well as from those on the American Epistles from the Yearly Meetings in London agreed to as usual. Directions were given to procontinent, being received, were read, and replies cure the printing of 1500 copies of the general epistle from London, for distribution among their members.

After considering the state of society, as repreIsented in the answers to the queries, an epistle to their members, expressive of the exercise of the meeting on the subjects then brought into view, was prepared and adopted; from which the following are extracted:

During the consideration of the state of society as brought to view by the reading of the answers

to the queries, we have had again to mourn over the many departures from the principles and testimonies of our religious society, especially the neglect of the attendance of our religious meetings by many of our members. It was forcibly impressed upon the meeting, that if we were established in the root of Divine life, and come to know a growth in the living experience of the Truth, we should not be satisfied short of a faithful compliance with the injunction of the apostle: 'I beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect will of God.' But, dear friends, a neglect in this most important Christian testimony is not only a manifest ingratitude to the author of all our blessings, both spiritual and temporal, but it tends to poverty and weakness, barrenness and

leanness of soul."

"A deep exercise and concern were felt that the youth of our society might be brought up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord, that parents and those having charge of this interesting portion of our religious society, might early impress upon their tender minds a due regard for the frequent perusal of the scriptures of Truth, and the approved writings of Friends. This, we believe, would have a salutary influence over their conduct and conversation, and tend to strengthen their attachment to the principles and testimonies of our religious society."

A memorial to the two houses of Congress, remonstrating against the Mexican war, and soliciting the exercise of legislative authority for its immediate termination, was agreed upon by the meeting, and directed to be presented to those bodies. Upon reading the summary of the reports from the quarters on the subject of spirituous liquors, the meeting was introduced into concern and exercise, and, after a time of deliberation, united in the opinion that the use of spirituous liquors is unnecessary, except for medical purposes; and quarterly and monthly meetings were directed to continue their labour of love with such of their members as continue in the use of this pernicious

article.

SUMMARY OF NEWS.

An awful calamity occurred on Lake Michigan on the 21st ult. which involved a most melancholy destruction of life. The propeller Phonix, having on board a large number of passengers, most of whom were emigrants from Holland, took fire when about six miles from shore, and was entirely destroyed. Accounts differ as to the number on board, but it seems certain that there were nearly three hundred persons in all, of whom more than two hundred perished. This is said to be the greatest destruction of life that has ever occurred by a single accident on the

lakes.

MEXICO.-Affairs in Mexico are as much confused as ever, and nothing definite can be said of the future policy of the government. Congress had assembled at Queretaro, but, being much overawed by the military at that place, they adjourned to Morelia-(Valladolid, the capital of the State of Michoacan.) Their first business will be to elect a president of the republic—an office for which there are many candidates. The result of this election will probably indicate, in some measure, the disposition of Congress in regard to the war. At present, conjectures differ as to whether the majority are in favour of peace, or of a continuance of the conflict. It is, however, conceded, that the population at large cherish the most intense hatred of the Americans, so that the probabilities are, that a peace, founded on the submission of Mexico, even if agreed to by Congress, would not be of long continuance.

No considerable or combined effort has of late

been made to oppose the American forces, whose operations are principally confined to marching large bodies of men from Vera Cruz towards Mexico. The appearance of this road, as described in the following paragraph from a Vera Cruz paper, gives a sad picture of the ravages of this horrible war.

"The road to Mexico, according to persons who came down with the last train, presents every where the most complete scene of waste and desolation. At the approach of the Americans the inhabitants of the villages abandon their houses, and run away to conceal themselves in the woods. The churches have been converted into hospitals or stables by the troops of both armies, and the whole way is strewn with the skeletons of horses, shreds of uniforms, broken wagons, &c."

The Mexican government has deprived ExPresident Santa Anna of the command of the army, and summoned him to trial on charges of cowardice and incapacity.

U. S. CONGRESS.-The thirtieth Congress convened on the 6th instant. Forty-one senators answered to their names. Robert C. Winthrop, of and two hundred and nineteen representatives Massachusetts, was elected Speaker of the House.

A TRUE GENTLEMAN.

No well-bred person will be insolent to his inferiors. On the other hand he will observe a scrupulous tenderness of manner towards them -a care of words and action that will lighten the load of humanity that they must necessarily feel, as much as possible. This refinement of heart is the most prominent characteristic of a high and noble spirit. It is the only mark of a gentleman that is wholly unequivocal. When we see a person very choice of his words, and very dainty at the table, and yet capable of insulting the unfortunate, or ridiculing distress, we always think of the ass in the lion's skin.

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