much solace to my tender and deeply-sorrowing father, had but my heart been duly subjected to the restraining power of the cross of Christ; and oh! what cause have I to adore the preserving grace which saved my feet from the path of destruction, at a time when my own folly and inconsideration would have made me an easy prey of our soul's enemy: then, perhaps, were those prayers of my beloved parents, which had for so many years been offered up, permitted to descend on their unworthy child, in the blessing of that God who heareth and answereth prayer, and who, in his tender mercy, was pleased to follow me with the reproofs of instruction.

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ven above, to show me more clearly the sinfulness and depravity of my own heart, and to give me stronger and fuller views of the glory of that gospel, which is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth:' here, then, let me set up an Ebenezer, and say,— Hitherto hath the Lord helped me.' Whether days or years may be added to the fleeting span of life, is known only to Him who seeth the end from the beginning: wonderful in counsel and excellent in working, He doeth all things well: to this only wise God, our Saviour, I desire to commit myself and those dearest to me."

Soon after the death of her mother, the health "The ten years subsequent to this, were years of our dear friend became very delicate, and conof chastisement and discipline, variously admi- tinued so, with some variation, through the renistered. Our inestimable father was taken from mainder of her life. In the apprehension that a us, under circumstances which, even now, move change of residence might prove beneficial, she every feeling within me, when they are vividly removed, in the year 1821, with her only and brought to remembrance. After his redeemed beloved sister, Hannah Middleton, to Southampspirit had joined its beloved companion in the ton. Here, as elsewhere, her benevolent heart world of rest and purity, a series of trials, was often brought to feel deeply for the poor some, of my own procuring, for want of prayer- and the afflicted, and she was actively engaged ful dependence on an Almighty Saviour,-some, in efforts to alleviate their sufferings, and to immore directly in the course of providential dis- prove their moral condition. In 1825, she was pensation, were made the means of humbling acknowledged as a minister, and in the following and softening, in some degree, my hard, obdurate year, in company with her sister and her valued heart. I was brought to feel my own sinfulness, relative, Ann Alexander, she visited some parts helplessness and misery, and to cry, I humbly of Holland and Germany, as well as the Friends trust, in sincerity of soul, God be merciful to of Pyrmont and Minden, and was afterwards me a sinner;' to lie prostrate at the feet of Jesus, engaged in farther religious service. my compassionate Saviour, and, in a precious feeling of resignation to his will, to beg that He would do with me whatsoever seemed good in his sight.

Then was the love of Christ felt to

(To be continued.)

For Friends' Review.

OF CAROLINA.

be a constraining principle, and after many deep JOHN ARCHDALE, THE QUAKER GOVERNOR conflicts of spirit, I was made to bow before the Lord, and brought to a willingness to testify to others what he had done for my soul. In our Quarterly Meeting at Poole, a few days after the completion of my thirtieth year, I first spoke in the character of a minister. The sweet peace I was permitted to enjoy for a short time afterwards, no language can describe; a sense of the pardoning love of God, in Christ Jesus my Lord, seemed to swallow up my spirit, and leave nothing to disturb the soul's repose on his infinite, everlasting mercy. Bless the Lord, O my soul! and all that is within me, bless his holy name. Bless the Lord, O my soul! and forget not all his benefits.'

"And now what shall I say of the last ten years? What a record would they present of the faithfulness of God, of the tender care and matchless mercy of my covenant Lord and Saviour, and of my own ingratitude, unfaithfulness and negligence! My cup has, indeed, been made to overflow with blessings. To me belongeth only blushing and confusion of face, but I trust I may acknowledge, with reverent gratitude, that to these temporal mercies, my Heavenly Father, in his abounding goodness, has been pleased to superadd somewhat of the blessings of the hea

[A tract, including the two Carolinas, and a considerable portion of the adjoining country, was granted by Charles II. in 1663 to eight of his courtiers, constituting them proprietaries of the province, who endeavoured to erect a government there upon aristocratical principles; yet with liberal terms to those that should settle in the province. The first emigrants were of the most heterogeneous characters, often differing among each other, and almost always at variance with the proprietaries. There was assembly in which the colonists were represented; but the governors acted under the authority and instructions of the proprietaries, and found it nearly impossible to escape the censure, either of their employers, or of the people over whom they presided. The last of those governors, previous to Archdale, was Thomas Smith, with the close of whose administration the extract begins.]

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an

Though Governor Smith administered the concerns of the colony with prudence and integrity, so as to preserve a character unimpeached by any party, he found his situation rendered so irksome, by the turbulence and discontents of

the people, that he soon solicited a release from his government. At the same time he urged the proprietaries to depute as governor one of their own number, clothed with authority to hear, and decide on the spot, all the complaints and controversies by which the province was distracted. "The proprietaries, upon the resignation of Smith, agreed to adopt his proposal, and the choice eventually fell upon John Archdale, who had become one of their number. He is said, by historians, to have belonged to the people called Quakers, and was unquestionably a man of great prudence and sagacity; well qualified, by his patience and command of temper, to regulate and control the turbulence of others. So great was the confidence reposed in his wisdom and integrity, that he was invested with powers, which were deemed too absolute and extensive to be entrusted to others; and his commission contained a declaration, that the authority thus conferred, was not to be claimed by future governors. Upon his arrival at Charleston he formed a council of judicious and moderate men; and by remitting some arrears of rent, and other conciliatory measures, joined with a firmness not to be shaken, and a mildness not to be disturbed, he soon succeeded in composing the jarring elements of which the community there was constituted.

of the people, by cultivating the good will of his neighbours, both savage and civilized. A tribe of Indians, living about eighty miles from Charleston, had placed themselves under the English colonial government. A company of these people, while on a hunting expedition, met with some Indians who resided not far from St. Augustine, and took them home as prisoners, with a view of selling them as slaves, to be conveyed to the West Indies. Governor Archdale, hearing of the circumstance, caused the Indian chief and his captives to appear before him. After examining the case, he ordered the prisoners to be taken back to St. Augustine, and sent a friendly letter to the Spanish governor there. The consequence was, that a letter was received in return, thanking him for his humanity, and expressing a desire to maintain a pacific correspondence with the English.* In pursuance of these friendly demonstrations, Governor Archdale and the Spanish commandant issued orders to the Indians under their respective jurisdictions, to abstain from molesting each other. This was a more efficient security against Indian and Spanish hostility than any militia could furnish.

"The Indians in the vicinity of Cape Fear manifesting a desire to place themselves under the protection of the English government, Arch"A meeting of the representatives being con- dale admitted them to the privilege, but required vened, a vote of thanks to the proprietaries, was as a condition, that instead of plundering vessels passed by that body: which is said to have been when wrecked on their coast, and murdering the first expression of such sentiments uttered by their crews, as they had sometimes previously the people of Carolina. The success of Arch- done, such unfortunate persons should be treated dale's administration has been partly attributed with kindness and humanity. A few weeks to his exemption from proprietary instructions. afterwards, a vessel from New England, with The unlimited authority with which he was en- about fifty passengers on board, was cast away trusted, was, no doubt, in his hands, an important near that cape. The company, finding themadvantage; but the whole tenor of his adminis-selves surrounded by the natives, were greatly tration authorizes a belief that such a governor, however trammelled by instructions, would have done much towards maintaining the public tranquillity. He is said to have promoted a militia law, for securing the defence of the colony. From his conduct in other respects we may conjecture that he permitted rather than promoted the passage of such a law. Provision, however, was made to excuse all persons from bearing arms whom the governor should furnish with a certificate expressing his belief that their refusal was founded on conscientious persuasion.* "Whatever countenance Governor Archdale may have given to the military defence of the colony, it is fully agreed that he adopted the humane and rational policy of securing the safety

•By the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina every man between seventeen and sixty years of age was liable to be called into military service. These constitutions were given up but a short time before the appointment of Archdale: hence it is probable that this law was the first enacted in the province which secured an exemption from military service, on conscientious grounds.-ED.

alarmed, and remained on the wreck till they were nearly starved. But the Indians manifesting tokens of friendship, at length gained their confidence; and, coming to land, they were hospitably supported until they found means to acquaint the governor with their condition. He thereupon sent a vessel which conveyed them to Cooper River, where they were settled upon lands allotted to them.

"In the short space of a year, under the mild and paternal administration of John Archdale, the jarring spirits which had kept the colony in

It is to be remembered that the shores of the

Mexican gulf were first explored under the banner of Spain, and that the Spaniards, in consequence, claimed the neighbouring country, to an indefinite extent, on the plea of prior discovery. Hence they regarded the colonists of Carolina as intruders on their domain; and nearly all the intercourse between the Spanish and English colonists, previous to the administration of Archdale, were of a hostile character. The colonists had also frequently pursued the barbarous policy of encouraging the natives to weaken each other by mutual depredations.-ED.

commotion, appear to have been tranquillized; | but thirty millions, or six per cent., were exmagistrates were appointed to settle disputes ported the past year: yet the high price which among the colonists, and with their Indian this comparatively small quantity sold for in neighbours; public improvements were encou- Great Britain, enabled our farmers to obtain raged; and new laws enacted for the mainte-double price for all they could spare; so that a nance of order and peace. sale of only six per cent. of the immense crop,

From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.

"There was, however, one class of inhabitants doubled the money value of the whole. to whom he was unable to render entire satisfaction. The prejudices and antipathies, noticed in a former chapter, were not then sufficiently THE GEOLOGY OF THE NIAGARA FALLS. softened to permit the French Protestants, who had taken shelter in Carolina upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, to partake in the elective franchise. The governor, not finding his influence powerful enough to procure their peaceable admission to the full rights of citizenship, prudently refrained from irritating the passions of his countrymen by urging the measure: but he impressively recommended these strangers to the hospitality and compassion of the other colonists. He also advised these refugees themselves, to observe a conciliatory and Christian demeanor, by which the strongest aversions are eventually melted away. And it is a satisfaction to add, that by a patient adherence to this judicious advice, the jealousy of the English colonists was, not long afterwards, entirely removed; and an act of naturalization was passed by the colonial assembly.

"In reviewing the administration of Archdale, we can hardly fail to regret that he continued so short a time in Carolina, and that so few men of his principles and character have been placed in prominent stations in political life. He was evidently one of the few who exercised an imperfectly defined authority, not for his own aggrandisement, but for the benefit of those whom he governed. He no doubt felt the force of the declaration: He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.' In the following year (1696) he returned to England, followed by the benedictions of the people over whom he had so wisely presided."-MS. Hist. of N. America.

For Friend's Review.

PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The Secretary of the Treasury, in his Annual Report to Congress, states that the yearly value of the products of the United States exceeds three thousand millions of dollars; of which only five per cent., or one hundred and fifty millions, are exported-leaving ninety-five per cent. to be used at home.

These Falls, which an American writer, with justifiable boldness, speaks of as the greatest wonder in the world, occur, as is well known, on the course of that stream which forms the outlet of the great chain of Canadian lakes. In passing from the Atlantic up this grand natural water-course, we first come to Lake Ontario, a sheet of water a hundred and seventy miles long, and bearing all the ordinary appearances of a sea. Between this lake and Lake Erie there is a connecting river of about thirty miles, usually called the Niagara River, though it is the same stream, which, below Lake Ontario, bears the name of the St. Lawrence. It is about the middle of this short river course that the Great Waterfall takes place. The arrangement of physical objects essential to the fall is simple, and easily understood. The river flows over a flat table-land, in a depression of which Lake Erie is situated. Where it flows from the lake, it is three hundred and thirty feet above Lake Ontario, which is about thirty miles distant. It is here a mile broad, with all the appearance of an arm of Lake Erie. After flowing about fifteen miles between low banks, and only descending as many feet, it comes to a series of rapids terminating in a precipice of about one. hundred and sixty-five feet, down which it is precipitated into a narrow ravine which extends for seven miles, and along which the waters make a comparatively rapid descent. The course of the river above the fall is occasionally three miles broad, and studded with low woody islands, one of which forms a considerable tract of land. Below the fall, all is changed, for the water then runs with turbid violence in a trough or groove, generally not more than four hundred yards broad, and in some places only about half that width. At Queenstown, again, having passed out of the elevated region, it once more assumes a slow and gentle course over an open country, and thus it continues till it joins Lake Ontario. The course of the Niagara River is north and south; the country on the east or right bank belongs to the United States; that on the west is part of Canada.

The amount imported during the year was about one hundred and forty-seven millions of A vast volume of water, the drainage of a dollars; of which about eight millions were re- country thousands of miles in extent, pouring exported; leaving only one hundred and thirty-over a rock one hundred and sixty-five feet high, seven millions to be used in the country.

The crop of Indian corn alone now exceeds five hundred millions of bushels; and of this

must needs constitute an object of uncommon sublimity in almost any circumstances. It is admitted that, if it took place amidst savage.

Alpine scenery, its effect would be greatly in-, extremely glowing and vivid. The fragments of creased. As it is, there are some external fea- a plurality of rainbows are sometimes to be seen tures not unworthy of the neighbourhood of so in various parts of the misty curtain of the Falls. grand an object. The western shore is a cliff "The exploration of the inferior regions of of about eighty feet above the top of the fall; the cataract is attended by some hazard and the eastern shore is lower, but is finely wooded. much difficulty; but the thirst for the romaThe whole breadth of the river at the fall-nesque and sublime has overcome all obstacles, eleven hundred yards, or nearly two-thirds of a and led the ardent youth, the dauntless traveller, mile, and forming the chord of an irregular arc and the philosopher, a perilous pilgrimage along -is divided by a low wooded island, called Goat the slippery margin of storming eddies, beneath Island, into two parts, the eastern of which is impending rocks, amidst jarring elements, to the about three hundred and seventy-five yards in foot of the deluging torrents, and even to penecurvilinear length, constituting what is called the trate several feet behind the concave sheet of American Fall; while the western is about the headlong waters. It eminently requires seven hundred yards in the same measurement, fortitude and self-possession to make this proforming the more celebrated Horse-Shoe Fall, gress. The rocks over which we advance are so called from its strikingly curved form. Level sharp, broken, and excessively slippery, owing with the edge of this fall is a platform called to the perpetual moisture they acquire from the Table Rock, projecting over the abyss below, oozing crevices of the superincumbent cliffs and and from which a fine view of the cataract is the spray, so that one inadvertent faux-pas obtained. This rock seems much shattered, might plunge a victim into the whirling and and likely soon to give way; yet young and boiling vortex of the Falls. The danger is conheadstrong persons will sometimes lay them-siderably increased by the terror arising from selves prostrate on its front edge, and with extended hand cleave the torrent as it leaps down.

the stentorian thunders of the tumbling floods, that ever resound from side to side of the humid cavern, and seem to shake the firm rock to its foundation. The difficulty experienced in breathing, from the combined moisture and compression of the air, the impossibility of hearing or being heard, the dizziness produced by the falling waters, the dimly discovered snakes and reptiles around, the whirl, the wind, the roar, all combine most powerfully to affect the soul, to overwhelm at once the senses and the imagination, and baffle all powers of description.

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All beholders speak of the Niagara Falls in terms of the highest admiration, but with a strong sense of the impossibility of conveying by words an adequate idea of the grandeur of the scene. We take leave to quote a few descriptive passages from Bouchette. "The first object that meets the eye, after descending to the Table Rock, is the splendid gradation of swift rapids above the Falls; then white revolving clouds of mist, irregularly belched forth from the abyss, Immediately at the base of the Falls, the rush across the platform, enveloping the be- raging waters are lashed into one thick mass of holder; and as these are swept away by perpe- froth and foam of dazzling whiteness; but their tually varying currents of air, he approaches surface farther down becomes comparatively nearer the verge of the rock, and beholds the still, though ever whirling and boiling, and exwhole length of the tremendous cataract. The hibits a totally different appearance from that of loud shrill roar of the rapids is lost amidst the any other part of the river. The labouring appalling thunders of the Falls, which give a real stream seems inwardly convulsed, heaving and or imaginary tremulous motion to the earth, and throbbing in dark and bubbling whirlpools, as if seem to threaten a disruption of the projecting it threatened every moment to eject some of the rock upon which we are standing. The view mystic terrors of the deep. This effect is asfrom this spot is extremely grand, and unspeak-cribed by Professor Dwight of the United States ably sublime; but it is too near and overpower- to the reaction of the ascending waters. Preing to permit the spectator fully to appreciate cipitated bodily to an extraordinary depth by the whole splendour of the scene. The summit of the bank, rising about one hundred feet above the Table Rock, affords a more comprehensive and advantageous view. This position is most commanding, and perhaps the point from whence the collective magnificence of the cataract can be seen with the greatest effect. According to the altitude of the sun, and the situation of the spectator, a distinct and bright iris is seen amidst the revolving columns of mist, that soar from the foaming chasm, and shroud the broad front of the gigantic flood. Both arches of the bow are seldom seen entirely elicited; but the inferior segment is perfect, and its prismatic hues are

their own prodigious gravity, and the force of their impulsion, and involving in them a quantity of fixed air, they reascend to the surface in a struggling career, checked by the weight of the superincumbent water.

"The noise of the Falls is truly grand, commanding and majestic. It is very variable in its loudness, being essentially influenced by the state of the atmosphere, the direction of the wind, and the position of the listener. It is sometimes scarcely audible within three or four miles; and at others it may be heard at York on the opposite shores of Lake Ontario, a distance of forty-six miles."

The configuration of the ground suggests a curious inference regarding the history of the Niagara Falls. The table-land-over the surface of which the river flows for fifteen miles, and through which its channel is cut for other seven to the depth of from two to three hundred feet-terminates at Queenstown in an abrupt cliff ranging east and west, and facing towards Lake Ontario. Below this point, the course of the stream is over a low flat country, with a very slight descent. The most superficial observers unavoidably contemplate the deep channel of seven miles as the work of the river itself; and the idea receives confirmation of the most decided kind from the fact, that the waterfall is continually, though slowly, wearing away the rock. The common belief of the country people, therefore, is, that the fall was originally at Queenstown, and will in time get back to Lake Erie, which will consequently be emptied, and become dry land.

Geologists have examined the district, and fully confirm these popular observations. Our countryman, Mr. Lyell, has given it his especial attention; and in his "Travels in North America," has introduced some curious speculations on the subject. It appears from the inquiries of Mr. Hall, geologist for the state of New York, that the table-land is composed of nearly horizontal strata of the Silurian formation, the inclination being from Queenstown back to Lake Erie, at the rate of about twenty-five feet in a mile. It may be remarked that the land being highest at the cliff above Queenstown, the fall must have been considerably more lofty and grand when at that point than it is at present. Indeed there is another circumstance to be here taken into account-namely, that the space over which the river now runs between the fall and Queenstown, would also be an addition to the height of the fall. We may therefore suppose it to have been at first upwards of three hundred feet high-a stupendous altitude for the descent of such a volume of water. What chiefly has tended to the wearing away of the channel, is the peculiar arrangement of the strata at this place. The superficial beds are a hard limestone, calculated to wear away very slowly; but underneath these are deep beds of soft shale, which rapidly yield to the force of the water. The river, pouring over the limestone, makes little impression upon it; but, falling upon the shale below, it readily makes a great abyss for the reception of its maddened waters, while the spray, driven by the wind against the wall behind, scoops out a recess in that direction, thus taking away the support of the limestone above, and preparing it for crumbling away in considerable masses. Such is actually the way in which the cataract recedes. There was a great fall of rock in 1815, and another in 1828, causing very considerable changes in the appearance of the falling waters. In the year before the one last

mentioned, Captain Basil Hall conversed with a settler who had lived on the spot thirty-six years, and who had witnessed many such changes. In a country so recently settled, we have unfortunately very short and imperfect records to trust to; but it so happens that, so far back as 1697, a missionary called Father Hennepin published a drawing he had taken of the Falls, and from it we find that there was then a third fall, crossing the direction of the other two, and caused by the opposition of a rock which does not now exist. It was the belief of the old person consulted by Hall, that the fall receded at the rate of a yard per annum, and this received the sanction of the son of Mr. Bakewell, the well known geologist. Mr. Lyell, however, made such inquiries as satisfied him that one foot per annum was nearer the actual rate of the retrogression. The matter, after all, must depend very much upon the nature of the rock which forms the substratum at different points. In the early part of the process, the basis rock was of a harder kind, and the wearing would be slower accordingly, as it will in time be slower again, when the fall recedes beyond the point where the shale forms the base of the precipice. The obvious reason why the Falls assume a curved or horse-shoe form, is the fact, that the greatest volume of water is always in the centre of a stream, and this evidently leads to the great narrowing of the river channel from the fall downwards.

The greater elevation of the plateau towards the north, indicates that the above-fall portion of the river formerly occupied a higher bed. There remain actual memorials of this circumstance, in certain patches of a fluviatile alluvium, or river deposite, which are found close to the present fall, and in places farther down. A portion of this deposit rests upon Goat Island, at thirty-eight or forty feet above the top of the fall; a terrace-like portion is deposited on each side of the river, at an altitude so coincident as to show that they originally formed one uninterrupted bed. In this alluvium are found, united with the remains of the extinct mastodon, shells of the genera Unio, Cyclas, Planorbis, and others usually found in fresh water, clearly proving that it is a river or lake deposit. Three similar terraces exist near by, at somewhat lower levels, indicating rests which the river made in the process of depression which necessarily accompanied that of recession. Mr. Lyell extended this interesting class of observations, by discovering other patches of ancient river alluvium at two several places. They contained shells of the same genera. "These facts," he says, "appear conclusive as to the former extension of a more elevated valley, four miles at least below the Falls; and at this point the old river-bed must have been so high as to be capa ble of holding back the waters which covered all the patches of fluviatile sand and gravel, including that of Goat Island." He adds, "By