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sent an army into England, under the command of the Duke of Hamilton, the protection of the kingdom was committed to three individuals: the Earl of Lanark, who was Hamilton's brother, the Laird of Garthland, and Colonel David Barclay. This trust was executed on the part of the latter, with vigour and fidelity. But after Duke Hamilton's overthrow at Preston, the opposite party, being assisted by Cromwell, procured the engagement to relieve the king to be declared unlawful; in consequence of which, all the officers were turned out of their posts. Among these, Colonel David Barclay was one; nor does it appear that ever after he was concerned in military affairs."

land states; and yet he had suffered in the cause of Charles the 1st, not only by being thrust from all his posts on that account, but by having his estates seized for several years. It was even suspected, there was a design that he should forfeit both estate and life, had it not been for the strong interposition of the General, and then Earl of Middleton, under whom he had served in the late civil wars; and by whose interest, as the King's Commissioner to the Parliament, he was liberated, without any thing being laid to his charge, or reason given for his commitment. (To be continued.)

COVERY.

Abridged for Friends' Review from the North British Review. (Concluded from page 382.)

A curious anomaly in the variation of the

ished to 86° 23′; and although the compass had on that account again begun to point with greater precision, yet an unaccountable decrease in the variation had taken place from 96° to 77° E., and this was followed by an increase of 16°. From the number and accuracy of the observations, Sir J. C. Ross had no doubt that they had passed among those extraordinary magnetic points which Sir E. Parry first observed in the Arctic seas, near the entrance of the Hecla and Fury Straits.

The above account of his conduct, is said to SIR. J. C. ROSS' ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF DIShave been given, in a manuscript preserved in the family, all written with his own hand; he also takes notice, that being, for the reason just mentioned, rendered incapable of further service to his Prince, he retired to Gordonstoun for several years. During this time, the Earl Maris-needle was here observed. The dip had diminchall, being taken prisoner at Eliot, in Angus, by the English under General Monk, and his estate forfeited, they seized it, together with the lands of Ury, which the Colonel had purchased from him; on the pretext, that the rights (or perhaps writings) of the latter were not fully completed. Upon this, by the advice of the Earl and his other friends, he availed himself of the interest he had by his wife's cousin-german, the Earl of Sutherland, and other relations, and became elected member of Parliament for that shire; and in the next Parliament, by his own interest, for the shires of Angus and Kinkardine or the Mearns. This was looked upon as the only method left, to get possession of his own estate of Ury, as well as to do service to his country and friends, particularly the family of Marischall, towards whom he bore a great respect. With regard to these objects, he was so successful, that he got access to his own lands, and obtained large concessions in favour of the Earl Marischall's family, so that there was little made by that forfeiture to the party then in power. This, with his strenuous endeavours on behalf of the other forfeited nobility and gentry, made him so popular, that he was again, in the year 1656, elected member of Parliament for those two shires; where he vigorously opposed and voted against Cromwell's being made King.

After this, he disentangled himself from all public affairs, living in much privacy, sometimes at Edinburgh, and sometimes at Gordonstoun, with his mother-in-law; until the month called March, 1663, when he lost his excellent wife, Catharine, aged forty-three years. About the same time, in addition to this source of affliction, he was, by order of the government, after the Restoration, committed close prisoner to Edinburgh Castle. This treatment was said to be occasioned by his having been "a trustee under the Usurper," as Mackenzie's History of Scot

On the 13th February, 1841, they bore away for the purpose of making another attempt to reach the Magnetic Pole, and of seeking a harbour in its vicinity, in which they might pass the winter. On the 14th, in lat. 76° 22′ and long. 178° 16' E., the dip had increased to 87° as they approached the Pole, then about 360 miles distant; and as the variation was 91°, they concluded that they were very nearly in its latitude. On the 16th of February, when a little to the west of the middle point between Franklin and Beaufort Islands, when the variation was 107° 18′ E., they were becalmed in the afternoon, and witnessed some magnificent eruptions of Mount Erebus. The flame and smoke were projected to a great height, but they could not, as formerly, discover any lava issuing from the crater, although the exhibitions were A solid mass now upon a much grander scale. of land ice, 15 miles broad, prevented them from approaching a low point of land, with a small islet, which they had hoped might afford them a place of refuge during the winter; and therefore thinking it impossible to get any nearer the Pole at so late a period of the season, they resolved to abandon the attempt. They were now in lat. 76° 12', and long. 164° E., the dip being 88° 40', and the variation 109° 24' E., and the distance of the Pole 160 miles; and having completed the necessary observations,

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On the evening of the 28th February, they were indulged for the first time with a sight of the Aurora Australis, which appeared in the magnetic west. It had the form of two segments of a broken arch, at an altitude of 15°, from which bright coruscations shot upwards to the height of about 60°. Sir J. C. Ross remarks, that the upper points of these radiations were more beautifully attenuated than any of those he ever remembered to have seen in the Aurora Borealis. The vertical beams had much lateral motion, and frequently disappeared and reappeared in a few seconds; but they could not perceive any of those remarkable colours which give such a peculiar character to the Northern Lights.

close the world, and all its hopes, and joys, and sorrows upon us for ever. In this our deep distress, we called upon the Lord. He heard our voices out of His temple, and our cry came before Him.'

"A gentle air of wind filled our sails; hope again revived, and the greatest activity prevailed to make the best use of the feeble breeze; as it gradually freshened, our heavy ships began to feel its influence, slowly at first, but more rapidly afterwards; and before dark, we found ourselves far removed from every danger."

The circumstance of Sir J. C. Ross having sailed over the region which is laid down as land in Lieutenant Wilkes' tracing of the icy barrier, has given rise to a very unpleasant controversy. Lieutenant Wilkes had, probably, been led into the mistake, by some of his officers, of supposing that he saw mountainous land in latitude 66°, and east longitude 163°-166°,-the very spot over which Sir J. C. Ross actually sailed.

On the 6th of March the ships in their westward course were very nearly in the centre of the mountainous patch of land which Lieutenant Wilkes has laid down in his chart as a part of As the easterly variation of the compass was the Antarctic continent; but though they steered now rapidly diminishing, it became interesting W. and N. W., they could not discover the sup-to determine the exact position of the line of no posed land. On the morning of the 7th of March they found themselves embayed in a deep bight of the pack, in which they counted from the mast-head 84 large icebergs, and some hundreds of smaller ones. In this situation, says Sir J. C. Ross, "We found we were fast closing this chain of bergs, so closely packed together that we could distinguish no opening through which the ships could pass, the waves breaking violently against them, dashing huge masses of pack-ice against the precipitous faces of the bergs; now lifting them nearly to their summit, then forcing them again far beneath their waterline, and sometimes rending them into a multitude of brilliant fragments against their projecting points.

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"Sublime and magnificent as such a scene must have appeared under different circumstances, to us it was awful, if not appalling. For eight hours we had been gradually drifting towards what to human eyes appeared inevitable destruction; the high waves and deep rolling of our ships rendered towing with the boats impossible, and our situation was the more painful and embarrassing, from our inability to make any effort to avoid the dreadful calamity that seemed to await us.

"In moments like these, comfort and peace of mind could only be obtained by casting our cares upon that Almighty Power which had already so often interposed to save us, when human skill was wholly unavailing.

variation. On the 23d of March, they crossed this line in latitude 62° 6′, and longitude 135° 50'; and on the 31st, they again crossed it in latitude 54°, and longitude 1331°. In pursuing their voyage northward, the Expedition was fortunate in observing the case of the Aurora, which we have already described, and after continuing their observations on the temperature and specific gravity of the sea at various depths, and obtaining very satisfactory measures of the magnetic intensity, they reached Hobart Town on the 6th of April, 1841, after a most successful termination of their first season's navigation of the Antarctic Seas.

Having refitted their ships, and embarked provisions and stores for three years, the Expedition left Hobart Town on the 7th of July, 1841, in order to make another attempt to penetrate to the southward, and to visit Sydney in New South Wales, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand, in order to obtain comparative magnetical observations. On the 14th they anchored in Port Jackson, and erected their observatories. During their stay of twenty-one days, there were only four without rain, and on two or three occasions it fell in "perfect sheets of water," more than three inches of rain falling in two and a half hours, and nearly five inches in five hours. On a preceding occasion, twenty-three inches fell in one day, the same quantity that in some parts of Scotland falls in a whole year. The droughts in New South Wales are sometimes as extreme. In the drought of 1838, a gentleman rode his horse forty miles without being able to give him a drink, and had eventually to pay half-a-crown at an inn on the road for less than a quart of water.

"We were now within half a mile of the range of bergs. The roar of the surf, which extended each way as far as we could see, and the crashing of the ice, fell upon the ear with fearful distinctness, whilst the frequently-averted eye as immediately returned to contemplate the awful Quitting Port Jackson on the 5th of August, the destruction that threatened, in one short hour, to | Expedition landed on the 17th in the Bay of

Islands, where the magnetic observatories were erected, and hourly observations immediately commenced.

Pursuing their southerly course towards the eastern part of the great icy barrier, they crossed the antarctic circle on the first of January, 1842, and on the 19th encountered a tremendous gale while surrounded with icebergs.

they had passed through could not be less than 800 miles.

On the 13th of March, while the people of the Erebus were close reefing their topsails for the night, a large iceberg was seen ahead, and quite close to the ships. During the attempt to weather it, the Terror was observed running down upon us under topsail and foresail, and as During twenty-eight hours, the ships were in she could not clear both the Erebus and the iceimminent danger. About nine o'clock in the berg, a collision was inevitable. The people of evening, the sea quickly rose to a fearful height, the Erebus instantly hove all aback in order to and breaking over the loftiest bergs, drove the diminish the violence of the shock, but the colliships into the heavy pack. After midnight they sion was such as to throw every one off his feet were involved in "an ocean of rolling fragments to carry away their bowsprit, foretopmast, and of ice, hard as floating rocks of granite, which were dashed against them by the waves with so much violence that their masts quivered as if they would fall after each blow, and the destruc-ing down upon the weather-face of the lofty icetion of the ships seemed inevitable." The rudder of the Erebus was disabled, and that of the Terror completely destroyed and torn away from the stern-post. Hour after hour passed away amid the loud crashing noise of the straining and creaking of the timber and decks, "which was sufficient to fill the stoutest heart with dismay, that was not supported by trust in Him who controls all events.'

66

other smaller spars. Entangled by their rigging, the ships were now hanging together-dashing against each other with fearful violence, and fall

berg, against which the waves were breaking and foaming to near the summits of its perpendicular cliffs. Providentially the vessels separated before drifting upon the breakers, and they escaped through a small opening, which appeared the only passage into clear water.

While the Erebus lay rolling amidst the foam and spray to windward of the berg, a bright auroral light, of a singular kind, presented itself to view. It formed a range of vertical beams along the top of the icy cliffs, marking and partaking of all the irregularities of its figure. Our author considers it as connected with the vaporous mist thrown upwards by the dashing of the waves against the berg, and supposes that it may have been in some degree produced by an electrical action between it and the colder atmosphere around the berg.

The storm gained its height at 2 h. P. M. Although we had been forced many miles deeper into the pack, we could not perceive that the swell had at all subsided, our ships still rolling and groaning amidst the heavy fragments of crushing bergs, over which the ocean rolled its mountainous waves, throwing huge masses one upon another, and then again burying them deep beneath its foaming waters, dashing and grinding them together with fearful violence. The During the prosperous course of the Expediawful grandeur of such a scene can neither be tion towards Cape Horn, which they reached on imagined nor described. Each of us secured the 4th of April, the quarter-master fell from the our hold, waiting the issue with resignation to mainyard overboard, and perished, notwithstandthe will of Him who alone could preserve using every exertion to save him. The Expediwatching with breathless anxiety the effect of tion reached Port Louis in the Falkland Islands each succeeding collision and the operations of on the 6th, and the observatories for the magnetic the tottering masts, and expecting every mo- and pendulum experiments were soon after ment to see them give way without our having erected. the power to make an effort to save them. About four o'clock the squalls laid the ship over on her broadside, and threatened to blow the stormsails to pieces. The Terror was then so close to us, that when she rose to the top of one wave, the Erebus was on the top of that next to leeward of her-the deep chasm to leeward of them being filled with heavy rolling masses, and as the ships descended into the hollow between the waves, the maintopsail-yard of each could be seen just level with the crest of the intervening wave, from the deck of the other."

This appalling scene began to change about midnight; the falling snow cleared away, and the swell gradually subsided. On the 28th they found themselves about 450 miles from the place where they entered the pack, and they ascertained that the breadth of the belt of ice which

After completing their magnetical observations on the Falkland Islands, the Expedition set out from Port Louis on their third visit to the Antarctic Zone. On the 28th of December they saw land, which was believed to be the "Point des Français," the north cape of “Joinville Land.”

Passing numerous icebergs and rocky islets, they fell in with a great number of the very largest black whales, so tame that they sometimes allowed the ship almost to touch them before they would get out of the way. Sir J. C. Ross remarks, that any number of ships might procure a cargo of oil in a short time; and that " within ten days after leaving Port Louis, they had discovered not only new land, but a valuable whale-fishery."

On the 22d of February, 1843, they crossed the line of no variation in latitude 61° 35′ south,

and longitude 22 west, where the magnetic dip | lows:-I tell you what, Mr. M. and gentle

was 57° 40'.*

On the 4th of April the Expedition reached the Cape of Good Hope, where the ships were refitted, and their magnetical observations continued. On the 30th of April they set sail for England, reached St. Helena on the 13th May, the Island of Ascension on the 25th, Rio on the 7th of June; and on the 3d of September, 1843, Sir J. C. Ross landed at Folkstone, the Erebus and Terror having, when paid off, been in commission four years and five months.

men; I have been knocking about this here town all my life, and have lodged in a great many houses, and I must say this here is the best booth in the fair.' He then went on to tell how kindly he had been treated when ill, and of the instruction he had received from the other inmates, and concluded by amusing the company in giving imitations of the cries of various animals, the starting of the steam-engine on the railroad, &c., &c., which he did almost to perfection. Another said in the house he had been taught habits of economy, which he had never before adopted; when he first came he was surprised and delighted with the intelligence he found among the in

These noble vessels, in spite of the rough treatment which they experienced, returned to England as sound, and ready for further service, as on the day they left it. They were accor-mates--it was a school in which a man could dingly commissioned in 1845 for a voyage of discovery to the Arctic Seas, under the command of Sir John Franklin and Captain Crozier; and from this important Expedition we are now anxiously looking for their return.

LODGING HOUSES.

(Concluded from page 376.)

"The Society has omitted no legitimate allurements to attract company-it has taken counsel from the enemy. It is,' said a witness before the Constabulary Commission, a very usual thing with the lodging-house keepers to give all their customers a dinner on Christinasday.' The Society has done the same; and here is the report of their agent, who affords us some curious peeps into private history:

"On Christmas-day the lodgers, to the number of seventy-seven, were treated to a substantial dinner of roast-beef and plum-pudding. I presided at table, and was not a little amused at the enormous quantity of food some of the poor fellows devoured. Throughout the afternoon and evening their conduct and conversation were of the most exemplary character, their general appearance respectable-in many cases the appearance of having seen better days. After dinner I addressed them, and requested them to state freely the advantages (if any) they derived in the King Street House, as compared with others of a similar description. The first who spoke was ; he has received a college education, and informed me he was intended for the church. He partially entered into his personal history, stating what were the causes which had brought him under the necessity of living in such a neighbourhood. He stated that from the time he came to London, he wandered from lodginghouse to lodging-house, but has never met a home until he came here. The next was a youth about seventeen; his speech was nearly as fol

Sir J. C. Ross places the southern magnetic pole in latitude 75° 5′, and longitude 154° 8' east. The phenomena, however, are such as to suggest a belief that there are two magnetic poles in the southern he

misphere.

obtain the best instruction without evil.' Another, in the course of his speech, declared he had not met a drunken man in the house, and appealed to the others whether so much as four quarts of beer had been consumed there during the last five weeks. The rest fully confirmed this, and said they would not tolerate a drunkard among them. Another, was formerly a mathematical teacher; his health failing, he became a commercial traveller; the same cause compelled him to give that up. He now obtains his living by selling an ingenious mathematical work of his own composition; he is a man of superior mind. He spoke highly of the management and the character of the inmates, comparing them to a happy, united family. Others gave utterance to similar sentiments, and the evening was spent in the greatest harmony."

The benefit of these arrangements is not merely direct in the use of the superior houses themselves. Every establishment so conducted, becomes the centre of a healthy infection; a higher standard is raised, and people expect a better entertainment as the fruit of their "money's worth." Not long ago the keeper of one large and thoroughly abominable tenement assailed the Inspector with a volley of imprecations. "You have ruined me," he said," with your vile building there; since you opened that house of yours, I have been obliged to spend more than four hundred pounds on painting and cleaning."

But the society, in their second effort, attempted greater things, and determined to raise a new house from the foundation, constructed on the best plan, as a model for future establishments. They selected a site in George Street, Blooms bury, in the neighbourhood of Church Lane, and other streets and alleys of the same Elysian description. Here they have erected a spacious, airy building, calculated to hold one hundred men and boys-firebrands, we hope, plucked from the fire of the general corruption.

The system and rules of this Refuge are almost a transcript of those laid down for the management of the original houses. The main difference lies in the superior accommodation. It consists of five stories besides the kitchen

missionaries describe as "great splendour" in different parts of London.

floor; the staircases are wide, well lighted, and, of stone; gas is supplied to all parts of the edifice, being put on and turned off at fixed hours, The model-house in George Street is the only according to the season. One of the lower one that has been raised from the foundation for apartments is assigned to the lodgers as a store- this special purpose; but there are already in closet; each person having a small provision- London several good lodging-houses, not belongsafe to himself, fronted with a plate of pierced ing to the Labourers' Friend Society, but copied zine, which he keeps under lock and key-the from theirs. We may mention an establishment room looks like a luggage-train of rabbit-hutches. in St. Peter's, Westminster, and another, for feThe dormitories each contain no more than males, in Newton street, Holborn, under the thirteen single beds; and each bed, with a nar-care, and at the charge of the London City Misrow pathway at its side, is separated from the sion. The system, too, has found its imitators adjoining one by a high wooden partition, ap- in the provinces. At Birkenhead, the spirited proached by a private door from a common proprietors have constructed large barracks for passage down the centre. In this small compart-the reception of their work-people, but so arment are a bed, a chair, and wooden box for clothes and other valuables,--and to this contracted but comfortable recess the tenant can withdraw himself, and enjoy an hour of retirement—a privilege as salutary to the poor as to the rich, but alas! rarely attainable in any walk of humble life. The advantage, we know, is most highly valued. On each floor are rooms with zinc basins and a full supply of water for personal cleanliness, and every other convenience; and below is a spacious laundry where the inmates may wash their linen-tubs, hot water, and drying-closets are provided. The use of these comforts, including salt, soap, towels, and a small library, is charged at the rate of fourpence a night for every night in the week. This is an increase of fourpence on the weekly payments of the other houses-an increase, however, very cheerfully paid, and very moderate in reference to the advantages obtained; it was rendered necessary, we may add, by the price of the land. The fruits of this establishment have been as happy as those of the others. We beseech any one who may entertain a doubt, to visit the house about eight o'clock in the evening, observe the arrangements, and converse with the inmates.

It need hardly be observed that if the Society can afford, and with an adequate profit, to provide all this accommodation for the price demanded at the most infamous receptacles, the gains of their proprietors must be really enormous. By way of specimen, we were informed by a most respectable missionary, that he knew an individual who rented a small house at 117. 148. a year. The man put into it eighteen double beds, which brought in 21. 8s. a week, or 1241. 16s. per annum. If 137. 2s. be allowed for necessary expenses, a yearly profit of 1007. would remain on this paltry tenement. Another missionary reported: "One of the lodging-house keepers in my district told me that he came to London a journeyman carpenter, with only five shillings in his pocket, and now he could lay his hands any day on ten thousand pounds." In fact, we are assured that many of the proprietors, hiring out such houses by the dozen, are men of notorious wealth, and live in what the worthy

ranged as to give to each family a separate dwelling, with every convenience that comfort and decency can require. We have also visited establishments at Glasgow and Edinburgh-in both of which towns the necessity of such refuges is as great as in London; they are small and imperfect as yet; but we hail the efforts as indicative of better things. In Glasgow we endeavoured to ascertain from the inmates some particulars of their history; but the native caution of the Scotchman was a match for our curiosity; and we learned but little beyond the gratifying fact that many of them were persons recently arrived in search of employment. Here, then, the establishment was meeting with the very evil we mentioned at the outset. In Edinburgh, the hostelry is situated in the Westport; and the contrast of the past with the present use of the premises adds a peculiar interest to the experiment-for the cellars of that house were in former days, the infamous laboratory of Burke and Hare.

Such is the outline of the domiciled condition of tens of thousands of our countrymen and such the progress of some efforts that have been made to improve them. Would that we might hope to be this once listened to! For we are not unacquainted with the worse vexation that awaits the investigator and publisher of social evils,-who sees the mischief growing rapidly under his eyes, yet his statements, his warnings, his entreaties, fall still-born to the earth, and earn nothing for him but the title of humanity-monger! Meanwhile, ignorance or carelessness, or both together, heap one wrong upon another; every improvement in streets, squares, or approaches; every architectural clearance, prompted by taste or convenience, brings trouble to the impoverished multitude. "This may be sport to us, but it is death to them." They are driven, at a very short notice, from their humble abodes, to search in vain for other dwellings, which, in common justice, should be prepared for them at an equal charge ;-we have seen them in agonies of doubt, worn by fatigue, and anticipating a much increased rent for a still more miserable accommodation. They press, of course, into the densely crowded lodging-house, which, though

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