idle and profligate characters be sensibly dimin- | the Divine law, involves the interest and happiness

ished.

But the object principally in view, when these remarks were commenced, was to solicit attention to the principles partially developed in Trotzendorf's system.

of the pupils, quite as fully as those of the tutors.
Here then there is no place for two opposite parties;
the interests of teachers and pupils are the same.
If any disposition exists between them to counter-
act each other, it must be the result of ignorance
or perverseness. And the same or similar observa-
tions may be applied, to the support of the disci-
pline, in its various ramifications, which can be
shown to be necessarily and clearly conducive to
the preservation and advancement of the pupils.
The tutors and pupils, though occupying different
stations, and acting different parts, having essen-
tially one object and one interest, can be arrayed
against each other from no other cause than error
in judgment, or perversity of design, on one side
or the other.

In every seminary where a large number of youth are collected together, the establishment and maintenance of order, frequently constitute an object of great difficulty and embarrassment. In the government of schools, it not unfrequently happens, that the teachers and pupils are arrayed in opposition to each other. In despotic governments, the mass of the people, if they retain the spirit and energy of men, must be separated in feeling and interest, from those in authority. But where governments are administered upon correct princiNow it may be safely admitted, that a large ples, and exercised to promote the security and happiness of the people at large, every man, who majority of those who enter our seminaries of learning, are virtuously, rather than viciously inunderstands his position in society, must be conclined; and that where a school is grossly corrupt, vinced that his interest, as well as duty, requires it has become so by the influence of a few; and that the government should be sustained. So in that influence has been brought into operation by the economy of schools, of whatever grade or instilling a belief that the pupils had an interest opdescription, if the discipline is established upon proper principles, and directed to its legitimate ob-posed to that of the tutors. Probably nothing ject, the pupils are no less interested in its main

tenance than the tutors.

Whatever the system of government may be, especially in large seminaries, it is of great importance that it should recommend itself to the judgment, both of those who are to administer, and to those who are to be subject to it. Of course all arbitrary restraints, which are not founded upon principles of justice or necessity, ought to be rigidly excluded. Supposing then the discipline adapted to its legitimate object, the preservation and happiness of the pupils, and their advancement in the way in which their own enlightened judgment would convince them they ought to go, an important advantage would unquestionably arise, from a judicious and persevering effort to impress their minds with a just conception of the nature and object of the existing discipline.

In every assemblage, whether composed of adults or of children, a certain species of discipline is essential, to which men, no less than children, must submit; and that discipline being designed to facilitate the attainment of an object which all are desirous to effect, the presiding officer who is appointed to see that order is observed, is no more interested in its maintenance, than any other member of the assemblage. So in the economy of schools; the great leading principle of order is the law which religion and morality enjoins. Every pupil, who forms a just estimate of things, must readily perceive that the maintenance of a government which is calculated to prevent the violation of

would contribute more to counteract this inference,

than the manifestation on the part of the tutors of
a willingness to enter, as far as possible, into the
feelings of their pupils; to listen patiently to their
complaints, and to redress them if reasonable; or
if they are not, to explain their unsoundness. If
we would make boys and girls act like men and
women, we should treat them as such; and if we
desire that they should deserve our confidence, we
should let them see that we are willing to repose
confidence in them. The teacher who would have
his authority respected, should be careful never to
use it capriciously, and to let his influence govern his
pupils, whenever authority can be dispensed with.

When the concerns of a seminary are conducted
upon correct principles, there can be very little
doubt that a majority of the pupils may, by proper
attention, be convinced that it is so; and where
the judgment is clearly convinced, an essential
part of the work is accomplished. In political sci-
ence, the happiest government is that which is sus-
tained by well regulated public opinion. So in the
economy of seminaries, the most desirable disci-
pline is that which is supported by the enlightened
attachment of the pupils. In governments and
schools, the more the people or pupils govern
themselves, by a just regard to their moral and
religious obligations, without reference to the re-
straints of law, the better. In both it is a good
maxim, not to legislate too much. In both, au-
thority is most respected, if it appears only when
its presence is needed.

The readers of the Review were informed in | children. The tenderest ties of humanity were No. 32, that on the night of the 15th ult. seventy- ruthlessly severed by this brutalizing traffic. A seven slaves escaped from Washington in a north- man, in the meridian of life, begged to see his wife. ern vessel, but were quickly captured by a steamer He protested that she was free; that she had free and taken back to the city. Though there was not papers, and was torn away from him and locked the slightest reason to suppose that the Editor of up in jail. He clambered up to one of the winthe National Era, or any person in his employment, dows to see her, and as she was reaching forward was connected directly or indirectly with this her hand to him, the slavedealer ordered him escape, a large company collected, with an evi- down. The husband and wife, with tears streamdent design of destroying the office, or inducing ing down their cheeks, besought him to permit the Editor to remove from the district. While them to speak to each other; but he was knocked this measure was pending, and before the result down from the car and ordered away. could be known, J. P. Hale, from New Hampshire, offered for the consideration of the Senate, a bill copied substantially from a law existing in Maryland, to render corporations responsible for property destroyed by a mob.

Though the act proposed was similar in its provisions, not only to the Maryland law, but to laws now in force in a number of states, and evidently designed to secure the property of peaceable citi7ens against the assaults of lawless depredators, the southern members were aroused to the highest pitch of indignation, and denounced the movement as an unauthorized invasion of their rights. This drew from John Davis, of Massachusetts, some temperate and judicious remarks, of which a summary is given in the present number at page 533. Of the fate of these recaptured slaves, a mournful account is given in a letter dated 22d ult., from J. S. Slingerland, Member of Congress from New York, and published in the Albany Evening Journal.

What renders this case more intensely painful is, that a number of these slaves were, previously to their attempted elopement, in a state of compara tive comfort, being employed as domestics in fami lies, and quite unacquainted with the toils and privations to which they must be exposed in the cane or cotton-fields of the south and west.

The heaviest denunciations are thundered forth by the advocates of slavery against those whites who were engaged in this abortive attempt to secure the freedom of the fugitives. With the deepest conviction of the inconsistency of slavery with the principles and spirit of the Christian religion, we freely admit that this is not the proper method of seeking to redress the evils of the system. The cause of universal emancipation is too good to court or tolerate alliance with any other than open and honourable means. The man of correct moral principles will render either active or passive obedience to the laws. If they demand of him any act incompatible with his convictions of religious obligation, they will be met by open refusal and manly remonstrance, not by secret and furtive violation. Such was the conduct of the Apostles when commanded to teach no more in the name of Jesus.

He states that on the evening of the 21st, as he was passing near the railroad depot, he saw a large number of coloured persons round one of the cars, some of whom were exhibiting strong manifestations of grief, which induced him to draw nearer and examine the cause. In the car, upon which But what are we to think of the religion and hutheir attention was fixed, he found fifty coloured manity of those who have condemned their poor persons, some of whom were nearly as white as trembling dependents to the pangs of a final sepa. himself. They were mostly composed of the fugi- ration, from all that nature holds dear, and to the tives who had attempted to gain their liberty in horrors of an untried servitude, under a burning the Pearl. About half of them were females, a sun, because, they had caught a little of that love few of whom were slightly tinged with the African of freedom, which they could not fail to hear exhue, and were beautiful and finely formed. The tolled as the choicest of blessings, living as they men were ironed together, and the whole group did in the capital of a nation loudly proclaiming looked sad and dejected. In the midst of the car itself the most free and enlightened on the globe, stood the notorious slave-dealer of Baltimore, who The indurating influence of slavery is forcibly had purchased the men and women around him, illustrated by the fact, stated in the letter above and was about taking his departure for Georgia. noticed, that the first who struck a bargain with Some of the coloured people, both on the outside the Baltimore trader, was a professed minister of and within the car, were weeping bitterly. It ap- the gospel; and that another, bearing a similar peared that many families were on the point of appellation, entered into friendly and familiar con separation. Wives were there to take leave of versation with this trader, while surrounded by their husbands, and husbands of their wives; his weeping captives, apparently as unmoved by children of their parents, and parents of their the heart-rending scene before them, as if the

victims had been cattle or swine. Is it not time for the advocates of humanity to arise and declare that the capital of the United States shall no longer be disgraced with a system so revolting to the sentiments of a Christian and civilized community? And while we indulge a feeling of unmingled abhorrence for the cruelties which slavery carries in its train, may we not justly bring the question seriously home, what is it that givés vitality to the system? By whose capital is it supported, and by whose custom is it fed? How long could slavery be maintained in this country if left to its avowed defenders, unaided, either directly or indirectly, by those who conscientiously believe that personal freedom is an inalienable right?

From the copious notices of the life of William Allen, which are found in preceding numbers of the Review, our readers may probably not expect to meet with anything further on the subject. Yet when we consider the remarkable activity of this Friend-the space which he occupied, not only among the energetic philanthropists of his day, but in the most important concerns of our own religious society-the firmness with which he maintained the peculiar doctrines of Friends-and the disinterested manner in which he employed his extraordinary influence over the great ones of the earth, to promote the happiness or alleviate the sufferings of our fellow men-it is apprehended

that many readers of the Review will feel an interest in the perusal of the account which was given of him by the Friends among whom he spent the greater part of his active and useful life, and who were of course best qualified to judge of his character and appreciate the value of his religious services. We have therefore inserted in the present number a part of the testimony of Grace Church Street Monthly Meeting respecting him.

MARRIED, At Friends' Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, on Fifth day, the 27th ult., ISAAC C. FALLIS, to MARY C., daughter of Joseph Bonsall.

DIED, On the 20th of Second month last, aged 66 years, at his residence in Hannibal, Missouri, THOMAS ALBRIGHT, a member of the Religious Society of Friends, and within a few years from the north of England.

friends also in their behalf. Although bound to this world by many strong ties, she was enabled, through Divine Goodness, to sever them all, and yield up her own will in entire submission to the will of her Heavenly Father. In her last sickness she observed that she felt as though she might almost be compared to the barren fig tree-that it was only through the atoning meditation of her Saviour she hoped for final acceptance. But such was her assurance of the goodness and mercy of her Heavenly Father, that she completely triumphed over Death, and often expressed a wish to depart; but earnestly desired to be preserved in patience until it should please Him to take her home.

She was anxious not to say a word too much; but when her duty was made clear, she was faithful in bestowing advice and admonition on her friends and neighbours. This she was enabled to do much to her satisfaction, and, we trust, to their instruction and encouragement.

A few hours before her decease, she remarked that she believed her work was done, and desired her husband and friends to be resigned to the separation. After much bodily suffering, but in a peaceful state of mind, fully conscious that her earthly prilgrimage was about to close, she rassed calmly away to rest in "the bosom of her Father and her God."

Her peaceful resignation and triumphant end, exemplify, as we believe, the truth of that consoling assurance, "Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord; they rest from their labours and their works do follow them."

From the Westminster Review.
ANIMAL INSTINCTS.

After all that has been written by naturalists and philosophers upon the subject of Instinct, Paley's definition of that faculty is perhaps the best in few words that has been given. He says, "An instinct is a propensity prior to experience, and independent of instruction:" and it is a want of attention to this simple proposition that has led to the confounding two perfectly distinct faculties-Instinct and Reason. while Instinct, in the words of Archbishop Whately, is invariably a blind impulse" towards some end which the agent does not aim at or perceive," Reason, on the other hand, may be said to lead the agent to take certain steps, in order to bring about some end which he does aim at and perceive.

66

For

-It is the confusion of ideas above spoken of which has given rise to a denial of the exercise of reason by the inferior animals. Man, claiming for himself the exclusive possession of reason, as raising him high in the scale of being above In Weare, N. H., on the 2d of 4th month, "the beasts that perish," has been but too ready REBECCA B., wife of Moses Sawyer, aged 35. blind impulse This dear friend, by the sweetness of her dispo-to refer all their actions to the sition, and the unassuming gentleness of her man- by him named instinct; but, properly studied, ners, had endeared herself to a large circle of ac- how many animal actions may be discovered, quaintances. Particularly was she the friend of which by no possibility can be referred to "a the sorrowing and the oppressed; and in the spirit propensity prior to experience," but which are of her Divine Master "spoke gently to the erring." For the restoration of the wretched victims of readily explicable on the ground of their being appetite, and for the deliverance of the bondman, the result either of instruction or of reflection! she was ever ready to do what she thought was required of her, and endeavoured to interest her

Among birds, many beautiful instances are on record of departure from their customary instinct

:

prompted modes of nidification. Mr. Couch [apology for introducing them. The first is regives the following anecdote of a martin, whose lated by Dr. Whately in his lecture, from perproceeding was certainly the result of the exer-sonal knowledge. cise of some faculty of a higher grade than mere instinct.

"An instance is remembered, where, from some such cause of suspicion as to the stability of the edifice, a martin had recourse to the won derful expedient of working in a straw, as a binding beam, along the curve of the structure! The ends were, it seems, secured without difficulty; but the efforts of the little builder to bend down the arch, formed by the rising of the middle, were in vain; for, whenever the pressure was removed, it persisted in maintaining its elasticity. The baffled bird glanced about, as if in contemplation of the difficulty, and seemed ready to receive any suggestion which might be offered till, tired of watching the invariable result of so many efforts made in vain, the observer walked on. Returning an hour or two afterwards, the little architect was observed to have resorted to the only plan which could be, effectual; he had left the ends free, which thus projected a little from the mortar, and the structure was complete at last."

"This cat lived many years in my mother's family, and its feats of sagacity were witnessed by her, my sisters, and myself. It was known, not merely once or twice, but habitually, to ring the parlour bell whenever it wished the door to be opened. Some alarm was excited on the first occasion that it turned bell-ringer. The family had retired to rest, and in the middle of the night the parlour bell was rung violently: the sleepers were startled from their repose, and proceeded down stairs with poker and tongs, to interrupt, as they thought, the predatory movement of some burglar. But they were agreeably surprised to discover that the bell had been rung by pussy, who frequently repeated the act whenever she wanted to get out of the parlour."

The second example we quote from Mr. Couch's Illustrations.' He says,

"There was, within my knowledge, in the house of my parentage, a small cupboard, in which were kept milk, butter, and other requisites for the tea-table; and the door was confined with a lock, which, from age and frequent use, could be easily made to open. To save trouble, the key was always kept in the lock, in which it revolved on a very slight impulse. It was often a subject of remark, that the door of this cupboard was found wide open, and the milk or butter

In the above case of the martin, the influence of both instinct and reason must be recognised; by the one faculty the bird was prompted to build its nest; by the other it was taught both the necessity of deviating from its usual plan of building, and the only method of subduing a re-greatly diminished, without any imaginable rea fractory adjunct, and rendering it subservient to the purpose for which it was employed.

son, and notwithstanding the persuasion that the door had been regularly locked; but it was acci dent that led to the detection of the offender, On watching carefully, the cat was seen to seat her

A similar combination of the influence of instinct and reason, is evinced in the proceedings of the bird named in the following extract: like-self on the table, and by repeated patting on the wise from Mr. Couch's volume.

side of the bow of the key, it was at last made to turn, when a slight pull on the door caused it to move on its hinges. It had proved a fortunate discovery for puss, for a long time before she was taken in the fact."

We ourselves once knew a fine cat which was in the habit of lifting the latch of the back-kitchen door of a house in the country, and pushing open the door, whenever he wished to get in from his rambles in the garden. Jumping up, puss would catch and hang by the bow of the latch with one paw, while with the other he would pull down the lever, so as to raise the lateh within; and this, perhaps, several times in the course of the day, if the door happened to be shut at the time ingress was required.

"The nest of the holm thrush (Tardus viscivorus) is also sometimes modified according to circumstances, and evidently from a calculation of what the bulk and weight of the expected young ones may require. Its usual site for building is among the firmer branches of a tree, with little regard to concealment; where, trusting to the support afforded by those diverging branches, it does not follow the example of its kindred species, in strengthening the edifice with a lining of plaster. On one occasion, however, an otherwise excellent situation in a pear-tree lay under the inconvenience of having too wide a space between two out of the four surrounding props; and this portion of the structure was accordingly the only part that was strengthened by It will be readily granted, that ringing bells the addition of a firm layer of clay." and opening doors form no part of the ordinary avocations of feline life, however convenient such acts may prove to the individuals practising them. These actions cannot therefore be considered as properly coming under the denomination of instincts, since they were evidently performed under the impression that certain consequences would follow the adoption of such expedients: the animals were, therefore, acting rationally,

Among quadrupeds, instances of the exercise of this superior faculty, in addition to the performance of actions from the mere instinctive prompting of animal nature, especially among the domesticated species, so frequently occur, that no one can be at a loss to call to mind many cases in point. The cat furnishes three examples so much to the purpose, that we offer no

since in all the cases related they were "acting | nest, when taken up, did not separate, but hung with a view to, and for the sake of, some end," together like a piece of wood." which was perceived by them.

From the nature of the medium inhabited by fishes, it is more than probable that numerous manifestations of instinct among them escape our observation. Their migrations are, however, well known to be undertaken in obedience to an instinctive impulse compelling them to seek proper localities for the deposition of their ova. Under the influence of this impulse, many fishes, During the summers of 1842 and 1843, as the salmon, frequently overcome the most for- while searching for the naked mollusks of the midable obstacles; but it has been reserved for county, I occasionally discovered portions of naturalists of the present day to confirm a still sea-weed and the common coralline (Corallina more wonderful display of instinct in these ani- officinalis) hanging from the rocks in pearmals, with which the ancients appear to have shaped masses, variously intermingled with each been acquainted, though treated as fabulous by other. On one occasion, having observed that their successors. We allude to the construction the mass was very curiously bound together by of a nest by certain species of fish for the recep- a slender silken-looking thread, it was torn open, tion of their ova, a fact which has been observed and the centre was found to be occupied by a and verified by Mr. Couch himself; the follow-mass of transparent amber-coloured ova, each ing accounts we give from his book: