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The Texas statute differs considerably from the other laws of this class and authorizes subscribers "to exchange reciprocal or interinsurance contracts with each other" at an office designated in the application for such authority. Not less than 75 employers with 2,000 employees must apply and must place in deposit at least $10,000 for the payment of losses, and the reserve fund must be retained at this amount as a minimum. The insurance contracts must amount to not less than $500,000, and no employer may assume a risk in excess of 10 per cent of his net worth as shown by a reputable commercial rating agency.

Applicable to the above forms of insurance companies, and to all others operating in the field, including the State fund, are the provisions of a statute of California (ch. 642, Acts of 1915, adding sec. 602b to the Political Code of the State) which requires every such company to file with the State insurance commissioner its classification of risks and premium rates, together with its list of schedule or merit ratings. After hearings the commissioner is to fix a uniform classification of risks and premium rates, and may also establish a uniform system of merit rating; no insurance may be carried at less than the established rates. The statistical and actuarial data compiled by the State's industrial accident commission and compensation insurance fund are to be at the disposal of the insurance commissioner for the purposes above set forth.

The subject-matter of this reprint represents a study of cases available up to near the close of the year 1916. On March 6, 1917, the Supreme Court of the United States delivered opinions sustaining the constitutionality of the law of New York (New York Central R. Co. v. White, 37 Sup. Ct. 247), which is a statute compulsory in its application to designated classes of employments, but permittting the employer to select the mode of securing the payments to beneficiaries; that of Washington (Mountain Timber Co. v. Washington, 37 Sup. Ct. 260), which, besides being compulsory as is the New York law, also requires all employers under the act to contribute to a State insurance fund from which all payments are made; and that of Iowa (Hawkins v. Bleakly, 37 Sup. Ct. 255), which is a law of the elective type.

The points raised included the objections so often interposed in the State courts, as the change of the rules as to negligence, the abrogation of the common law defenses, charging liability without fault, interfering with the freedom of contract, and depriving of the right of trial by jury and of due process of law. All these contentions were resolved favorably to the acts, as well as objections of a more specific nature, relating to peculiar provisions of the different laws. The net result of the decisions, therefore, is to sustain the validity of every essential feature of the three general types of law which the States have adopted in this field, and to safeguard awards totaling many thousands of dollars and extending over the lifetime of numerous beneficiaries.

Washington, March 28, 1917.

CASES CITED.

Adams v. Acme White Lead & Color Works (1914).

Adams v. Iten Biscuit Co. (1917).

Allen v. State (1916)..

American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., In re. (1913)..

American Radiator Co. v. Rogge (1914).

Anderson v. Carnegie Steel Co. (1916).

Anderson v. North Alaska Salmon Co. (1916).

Archibald v. Ott (1916)..

Assaria State Bank v. Dolley (1911).

Aylesworth v. Phoenix Cheese Co. (1915).

Bateman Mfg. Co. v. Smith (1914).

Bargey v. Massaro Macaroni Co. (1916).

Barrett v. Gray's Harbor Commercial Co. (1913).

Barry v. Bay State Street Ry. Co. (1916)..

Batista v. West Jersey & S. R. Co. (1913)..

Bayer v. Bayer (1916).

Bayon v. Buckley (1915).

Beckman v. J. W. Oelrich & Son (1916).

Behringer v. Copper Co. (1915).

Bell v. Hayes-Ionia Co. (1916).

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Bischoff v. American Car & Foundry Co. (1916).

237

Blanz v. Erie R. Co. (1913)..

259

Bloom, In re. (1916).

282

Blynn v. City of Pontiac (1915).

219

Borgnis v. Falk Co. (1911).

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Bowman Dairy Co. v. Noyes (1916)..

215

Boyd v. Pratt (1913).

264

Branconnier, In re. (1916)

257

Brightman, In re. (1914).

203

Bryant v. Fissell (1913)..

227,246

Burbage v. Lee (1915).

Cahill, In re. (1916)..

Carroll v. Knickerbocker Ice Co. (1915, 1916)..

255

248

285

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Carstens v. Pillsbury (1916)..

Cavanaugh v. Morton Salt Co. (1913):
Cheevers, In re. (1914)..

City of Milwaukee v. Althoff (1914).

City of Milwaukee v. Miller (1913).

City of Milwaukee v. Ritzow (1914).

Clark v Clark (1915).

Cline v. Studebaker Corporation (1915).

Coakley v. Coakley (1913).

Connole v. Norfolk & Western Railway Co. (1914)

Conners v. Electric Co. (1916).

Connors v. Semet-Solvay Co. (1916).

Consol. Arizona Smelting Co. v. Ujack (1914).

Coronado Beach Co. v. Pillsbury (1916).

Cripp, In re. (1914)..

Crockett v. State Insurance Fund (1915).

Crowley v. City of Lowell (1916)..

Cunningham v. Northwestern Improvement Co. (1911).

Davison v. Walla Walla (1909)..

Dazy v. Apponaug Co. (1914).

De Francesco v. Piney Mining Co. (1915).

De Fillippis v. Falkenburg (1915)..

Deibeikis v. Link-Belt Co. (1914).

De la Gardelle v. Hampton Co. (1915).

Devney v. City of Boston (1916).

Diskon v. Bubb (1916)..

Donovan, In re (1914).

Dragovich v. Iroquois Iron Co. (1915)..

Durney, In re.

Duprey v. Maryland Casualty Co. (1914).

Ehrhart v. Industrial Accident Commission (1916)...

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255, 268

283

227,260

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Kennerson v. Thames Towboat Co. (1915).

Kenney v. Boston (1916).

Kentucky State Journal Co. v. Workmen's Compensation Board (1914)..

Kiernan v. Portland (1912).

Kilberg v. Vitch (1916)..

Kill v. Industrial Commission (1915).

Klawinski v. Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. (1915)..

Kricinovich v. American Car & Foundry Co. (1916).

Lehmann v. Ramo Films, Inc. (1915).

Lesh v. Illinois Steel Co. (1916).

Lewis & Clark County v. Industrial Accident Board (1916).

Lindstrom v. Mutual S. S. Co. (1916)

Liondale Bleach, Dye & Paint Works v. Riker (1914).

220, 222, 226

261

170

190

268

206

270

229

283

210

276

193

210

221

276

218

226

201

McCarthy v. McAllister Steamboat Co. (1916)...

McCracken v. Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Co. (1915).

221

272

McGarvey v. Independent Oil & Grease Co. (1914)
McManaman, In re (1916).

McNicol's Case (1913)..

McQueeney v. Sutphen & Hyer (1915)..

McWeeney v. Standard Boiler & Plate Co. (1914).

Mackin v. Detroit-Timkin Axle Co. (1915).

Madden, In re (1916)...

246

194

227, 260

210

244

178, 181, 185

203

Mahowald v. Thompson-Starrett Co. (1916).

Matheson v. Minneapolis Street Ry. Co. (1914).

Matwiczuk v. American Car & Foundry Co. (1915).

Mellen Lumber Co. v. Industrial Commission (1913).

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229

176, 178, 184, 245

282

267

Menominee Bay Shore Lumber Co. v. Industrial Commission (1916).

Middleton v. Texas Power & Light Co. (1916).

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Murphy, In re (death of dependent) (1916).

Naud v. King Sewing Machine Co. (1916).

Miller v. New York Rys. Co. (1916)..

Miller v. Taylor (1916)..

Milwaukee Coke & Gas Co. v. Industrial Commission (1915)

Milwaukee Western Fuel Co. v. Industrial Commission (1915)

Montana Co. v. St. Louis Min. Co. (1894).

Moore v. Lehigh Valley R. Co. (1915).

Murphy, In re (dependence on brother) (1914).

Newark Paving Co. v. Klotz (1914)..

Newcomb v. Albertson (1914).

Newman, In re (1916).

Newman v. Newman (1915, 1916).

Nickerson, In re (1914).

245

259

228

271

286

173

230

261, 270

263

200

245

207

261

209, 228

242

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Reardon v. P. & R. R. Co. (1914)..

Reimers v. Proctor Publishing Co. (1914).
Reisner v. Gross & Herbener (1915)..

Reithel, In re (1915)..

Reynolds v. Day (1914).

Richards v. Central Iowa Fuel Co. (1916).

Robbins v. Original Gas Engine Co. (1916)..
Roberts v. Whaley (1916)..

Rockwell v. Lewis (1915).

Ross v. Construction Co. (1916).

Rounsaville v. Central R. Co. (1915).

Ruth v. Witherspoon-Englar Co. (1916).

Sabella v. Braziliero (1914).

Sayles v. Foley (1916).

Schmidt v. Baking Co. (1916)..

Schmoll v. Weisbrod & Hess Brewing Co. (1916).

Schwab v. Emporium Forestry Co. (1915)..

Septimo, In re (1914).

Sexton v. Newark District Telegraph Co. (1913).

Shade v. Ash Grove Lime, etc., Co. (1914).

Shafer v. Parke, Davis & Co. (1916).

Shanahan v. Monarch Engineering Co. (1917).

Shinnick v. Clover Farms Co. (1915)..

Sibley v. State (1915)..

Smith v. Corson (1915)..

Smith v. Industrial Accident Commission (1915)..

Smith v. Price (1915).

Sponatski, In re (1915).

Staley v. I. C. R. Co. (1915).

State v. Buchanan (1902)..

State v. Chicago, M. & P. S. R. Co. (1914).

State v. Creamer (1912).

State v. Daggett (1915).

State v. District Court of Koochiching Co. (1916).

State v. District Court of Ramsey Co. (1916).

State v. District Court of Rice Co. (1915).

State v. District Court of St. Louis Co. (two cases) (1916).

State v. McDowell (1911).

State v. Mountain Timber Co. (1913).

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189

167, 172, 174, 177, 183, 186, 189, 190, 280

Uphoff v. Industrial Board (1916).

State ex rel. Kennedy v. District Court of Clay County (1915)

State ex. rel. Munding v. Industrial Commission (1915).

State ex rel. People's Coal & Ice Co. v. District Court of Ramsey Co. (1915).

Stertz v. Industrial Insurance Commission (1916).

Stetz v. Boot & Shoe Co. (1916)...

Stickley, In re (1914).

Stoll v. Pacific Coast Steamship Co. (1913).

Strom v. Postal Telegraph Cable Co. (1916).

Sullivan, In re (1914)..

Sundine, In re (1914).

Taylor v. Seabrook (1915)

Terlecki v. Strauss (1914).

Thompson v. Twiss (1916).

Turnquist v. Hannon (1914).

257

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Vennen v. New Dells Lumber Co. (1915).

206

Victor Chemical Works v. Industrial Board (1916).

226

Viita v. Dolan (1916)..

277

Village of Kiel v. Industrial Commission (1916).

231

Village of West Salem v. Industrial Commission (1916).

Vishney v. Empire Steel & Iron Co. (1915)..

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Von Ette, In re (1916).........

237

Voorhees v. Smith-Shoonmaker Co. (1914)

205

Wagner v. American Bridge Co. (1916)..

253

Walker, In re (1915)...

222

Walther v. American Paper Co. (1916).

232

Waters v. Guile (1916).

223

Waters v. William J. Taylor Co. (1916).

235

Weaver v. Maxwell Motor Co. (1915).

257

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Wood v. Camden Iron Works (1915)..

Wood v. City of Detroit (1915)...

Woodward v. E. W. Conklin & Son (1916)..

Young v. Duncan (1914).

Zabriskie v. Erie R. Co. (1913).

Zappala v. Industrial Insurance Commission (1914).

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