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PART II.

ΝΟΤΑΤΙΟΝ.

1. The expression of numbers by symbols is called notation.

2. In mathematics two sets of symbols are employed to represent numbers; namely, ten characters-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0-called figures; and the letters a, b, c, d,

X, Y, Z.

NOTE.—The figures from 1 to 9 are called digits. The term significant figures is sometimes applied to the digits. The tenth character (0) is called a cipher, zero, or naught.

THE ARABIC NOTATION.

3. The method of representing numbers by figures and places is called the Arabic Notation.

It is the principle of position in writing numbers that gives to the system its

great value.

Fourth place.

First decimal place.

Second place.

Second decimal place.
Third decimal place.

Third place.

First place.

Units of the fourth order.
Units of the third order.

Units of the first decimal order.

Units of the second decimal order.
Units of the third decimal order.

Units of the second order.
∞ Primary units.

24 38

4. A figure standing alone or in the first place represents primary units, or units of the first order; a figure standing in the second place represents units of the second order; a figure standing in the third place represents units of the third order; a figure standing in the first decimal place represents units of the first decimal order, etc.

5. The following are the names of the units of eight orders:

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6. In a row of figures representing a number (342.65), the figure on the right represents the lowest order given; the figure on the left, the highest order given. In general, any figure represents an order of units higher than the figure on its right (if there be one), and lower than the figure on its left (if there be one).

7. Ten units of any order equal one unit of the next higher order; thus, ten hundredths equal one tenth; ten tenths equal one primary unit, etc.

8. The naught, or zero, is used to mark vacant places; thus, the figures 205 represent 2 hundred, no tens, and 5 primary units.

NOTE 1.-Observe that a figure always stands for units. If it occupies the first place, it stands for primary units; if it occupies the second place, it stands for tens (that is, units of tens); the third place, for hundreds; the first decimal place, for tenths; the second decimal place, for hundredths, etc. Thus, a figure 5 always stands for five-five primary units, five thousand, five hundredths, five tenths, according to the place it occupies.

NOTE 2. In reading integral numbers, the primary unit should be, and usually is, most prominent in consciousness. Thus, the number 275 is made up of 2 hundreds, 7 tens, and 5 primary units; but 2 hundreds equal two hundred (200) primary units, and seven tens equal seventy (70) primary units; these (200 +70 + 5) we almost unconsciously combine in our thought, and that which is present in consciousness is 275 primary units. So in the number 125,246, there are units of six orders, which we reduce in thought to primary units, and say, one hundred twenty-five thousand two hundred forty-six primary units.

NOTE 3.-In reading decimals, too, the primary unit should be prominent in consciousness. Thus, .256 is made up of 2 tenths, 5 hundredths, and 6 thousandths; but 2 tenths equal 200 thousandths, and 5 hundredths equal 50 thousandths; these (200 + 50 + 6) we combine in our thought, and that which should be present in consciousness is 256 thousandths of a primary unit.

Write in figures:

9. EXERCISE.

1. Two hundred fifty-four thousand one hundred.

2. One hundred seventy-five and two hundred six thousandths.

3. Eighty-four and three hundred five thousandths.
4. Three hundred seven and eighty-seven hundredths.
5. Seven thousand four hundred twenty-four.

6. Twenty-four thousand six hundred fifty-one.
7. One hundred thirty-five thousand two hundred.
(a) Find the sum of the seven numbers.

10. EXERCISE.

Read in two ways as suggested in the following:

324.61. (1) 3 hundreds, 2 tens, 4 primary units, 6 tenths, 1 hundredth. (2) Three hundred twenty-four and sixty-one hundredths.

Use the word and in place of the decimal point only.

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Observe that any number may be read by giving the name of the units denoted by the right-hand figure to the entire number; thus, 146 is 146 primary units; 21.8 is 218 tenths; 3.25 is 325 hundredths.

1. 27 = 2 tens + 7 primary units = 27 primary units.
2. 2.72 primary units+ 7 tenths tenths.
2 tenths+7 hundredths

3. .27 =
4. .027

sandths.

=

=

=

2 hundredths + 7 thousandths

hundredths.

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5. .436 = 4 tenths + 3 hundredths + 6 thousandths thousandths.

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=

6. 5.247 5 primary units + 2 tenths + hundredths +

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NOTE.-Exercise 11 and Exercise 12 are important as a prepar

ation for the clear understanding of division of decimals.

12. EXERCISE.

Observe that any part of a number may be read by giving the name of the units denoted by the last figure of the part to the entire part; thus, 24.65 is 246 tenths and 5 hundredths; 14.275 is 1427 hundredths and 5 thousandths. In a similar manner read each of the following:

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Observe that in reading a mixed decimal in the usual way, we divide it into two parts and give the name of the units denoted by the last figure of each part to each part; thus, 2346.158 is read 2346 (primary units) and 158 thousandths.

Read the following in the usual manner. Do not use the word and in reading the numbers in the second column:

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1. Two hundred and eight thousandths.
2. Two hundred eight thousandths.
3. Six hundred and twelve thousandths.
4. Six hundred twelve thousandths.

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