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MULTIPLICATION.

94. Multiplication is the process of taking a number (of things) a number of times.

The word number as first used in the above statement stands for measured magnitude. The second word number does not stand for measured magnitude, but rather for pure number, representing simply the times the number (of things) is to be repeated.

95. The multiplicand is the number (of things) taken or repeated.*

96. The multiplier is the number that shows how many times the multiplicand is to be repeated.

97. The product is the number (of things) obtained by multiplying.

98. The sign, ×, which is read multiplied by, indicates that the number preceding the sign is a multiplicand, and the number following it a multiplier.

For other uses of this sign, see notes 3, 4, and 5, page 443.

99. PRINCIPLES.

1. The multiplier is always an abstract number.

2. The denomination of the product is always the same as that of the multiplicand.

100. PRIMARY FACTS OF MULTIPLICATION.

There are sixty-four primary facts of multiplication. See note 6, page 444.

*"The multiplicand, however written, must always be understood to express measured quantity; it is always concrete."-Psychology of Number, McClellan & Dewey, page 76.

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40 a

30 b

1820 tons 309 yd. 0 ft. 1 in.

102. Observe that in each of the above examples the multiplier is a pure number.

103. Observe that in each of the above examples the denomination of the product is the same as the denomination of the multiplicand.

104. MULTIPLICATION AND ADDITION COMPARED.

Find the sum of each of the following groups of numbers and compare the result with the product in the corresponding problem in article 101:

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Multiplication-Simple Numbers.

105. Find the product of 563 and 7.

Operation.

563

7

Explanation.

Seven times 3 units of the first order are 21 units of the first order; they are equal to 1 unit of the first order and 2 units of the second order. Write the 1 unit of the first order and add the 2 units of the second order to the next partial product.

3941

Seven times 6 units of the second order are 42 units of the second order; 42 +2 44; 44 units of the second order equal 4 units of the second order and 4 units of the third order. Write the 4 units of the second order and add the 4 units of the third order to the next partial product.

Seven times 5 units of the third order are 35 units of the third order; 35+ 4 = 39; 39 units of the third order equal 9 units of the third order and three units of the fourth order. Write the 9 units of the third order and the 3 units of the fourth order.

The product of 563 and 7 is 3941.

106. Find the product of 3426 and 57.

Operation.

3426

57

23982

17130

195282

Explanation.

Seven times 3426 equals 23982. Fifty times 3426 equals 171300. Fifty times the number plus 7 times the number equals 57 times the number. Therefore adding 23982 and 171300 gives 57 times 3426. The product of 3426 and 57 is 195282.

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Multiplication-Decimals.

108. Find the product of 728.37 and .6.

Operation.

72 8.37

.6

437.022

Explanation.

To multiply by .6 means to take 6 times 1 tenth of the number. One tenth of 728.37 is 72.837. Six times 72.837 equals 437.022.

NOTE 1.-The separatrix is used to indicate the place of the decimal point in the number that is one tenth of the multiplicand.

NOTE 2.-The decimal point should be written in the product when, in the process of multiplication, the place is reached where it belongs. Do not multiply all the figures and then attempt to determine the place of the point.

109. Find the product of 746.2 and .25.

Operation.

7'46.2
.25

37.310

149.24

186.550

Explanation.

To multiply by .25 means to take 25 times 1 hundredth of the number.

One hundredth of 746.2 is 7.462. Five times 7.462 equals 37.310. Twenty times 7.462 equals 149.24. 37.310149.24 = 186.550.

110. Observe that when a multiplication of decimals is complete, the number of decimal places in the product is equal to the number of decimal places in the multiplicand and multiplier.

111. PROBLEMS.

1. Multiply 324.6 by .7. 2. Multiply 324.6 by .27. 3. Multiply 324.6 by 2.7. 4. Multiply 324.6 by 27. 5. Multiply 324.6 by 5.4.

6. 324.6 × 54 =

7. 324.6 x .48 = 8. 324.6 × 6.3 = 9. 324.6 x 3.07 = 10. 324.6 x .08 =

(a) Find the sum of the ten products.

Multiplication—United States Money.

112. Find the product of $34.50 and 53.4.

Operation.

$34.50

53.4

$13.800

$103.50

$1725.0

$1842.300

Explanation.

To multiply by 53.4, means to take 53 times the
multiplicand plus 4 tenths of the multiplicand.
One tenth of $34.50 is $3.45.
Four tenths of $34.50 is $13.80.
Three times $34.50 is $103.50.
Fifty times $34.50 is $1725.

The sum of the partial products is $1842.30.

Practical application of the foregoing.

If one acre of land costs $34.50, how much will 53.4 acres cost?

One tenth of an acre costs $3.45.

Four tenths of an acre cost $13.80.

Three acres cost $103.50.

Fifty acres cost $1725.

53.4 acres cost $1842.30.

113. Complete the following bill and find the amount:

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TO THE PUPIL.-Remember that any inaccuracy in solving business problems makes the work valueless. Accuracy ranks next in importance to integrity in the selection of an accountant.

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