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amounts to the same thing. It imposes no additional burden upon the contractor; indeed, the findings of fact show that it greatly decreased his burden by lessening the number of miles of carrying required. We think this change of service was fairly within the power reserved to the Postmaster General, and the right given to him to designate such changes in the services as the public interest might require in the performance of this contract. It is true that if these services were not within the terms of the contract, and if they were of a different character, the fact that they greatly decreased the burden of the contractor might not require a disallowance of the claim for extra services. But we think the services were within the contract, fairly construed, and do not entitle the contractor to extra compensation.

In reference to the services rendered in Boston, required by the postmaster, between Back Bay station, in Boston, and the

tractor is not entitled to extra compensation therefor.

Finding no error in the proceedings of the Court of Claims, its decision is affirmed.

(196 U. S. 239) WESLEY E. TRAVIS, Appt.,

v.

UNITED STATES.

Postoffice-mail contract-right of Postmaster General to terminate.

This case is governed by the decision in Slavens v. United States, ante, p. 229.

[No. 84.]

Argued December 7, 8, 1904. Decided January 9, 1905.

Brookline postoffice, outside the limits of APPEAL from the Court of Claims to re

the city of Boston, and not within the terms of the contract, it does not appear that the requirement of such service was made, except by the postmaster of the city of Boston, who had no authority, so far as we can discover, to require such service. When the claimant protested to the Postmaster General he was promptly relieved from the service, and another contract was made for the performance of the same.

It is said that this claim is in all respects like the one sustained by this court in United States v. Otis, 120 U. S. 115, 30 L. ed. 609, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 449, where the contractor was allowed extra compensation for carrying the mails across the Hudson river, from the Pennsylvania Railway depot at the foot of Cortlandt street, New York, to the depot of the same line in Jersey City, N. J., when the contract required him to carry the mails only to and from the depots in New York. In the opinion in that case Mr. Justice Blatchford said: "The United States directed the performance of this service." Presumably this was done done by some one having the authority of the United States. In this case the court of claims has held, as we think rightly, that the postmaster, having no power or authority to contract in respect to the mail messenger service, was not the agent of the government for such service, and could not bind the government by his knowledge or acts in respect thereto. Roberts v. United States, 92 U. S. 41, 48, 23 L. ed. 646, 648; Hume v. United States, 132 U. S. 406, 33 L. ed. 393, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 134; Whitsell v. United States, 34 Ct. Cl. 5. As the additional service in this case was not required by the authorized agent of the government, we think the con

view a judgment dismissing a petition to recover for the alleged wrongful termination of a mail contract. Affirmed.

See same case below, 38 Ct. Cl. 590. The facts are stated in the opinion. Mr. A. A. Hoehling, Jr., for appellant. Mr. Joseph Stewart and Assistant Attorney General Pradt for appellee.

Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court:

This case was argued with Slavens v. United States (just decided), 196 U. S. 229, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 229, 49 L. ed. 457. It involves the same question as to the right of the Postmaster General to terminate a mail contract. The court of claims dismissed the petition. 38 Ct. Cl. 590. For the reasons stated in the opinion in the Slavens Case, the judgment of the Court of Claims is affirmed.

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addressed, since such a box can in no just sense be considered an original package.

The facts of the case were that the plaintiff, Charles P. Cook, carried on a retail 2. The equal protection of the laws is not de- cigar and tobacco store upon premises leased nied a retail tobacco dealer by the tax im- by him from his co-plaintiff. Cook ordered posed on cigarette selling by Iowa Code, 5007, because sales by jobbers and wholesal- his cigarettes of the American Tobacco Comers, in doing an interstate business with cus-pany, at St. Louis. They were delivered to tomers outside of the state, are excepted from its provisions.

[No. 98.]

an express company, and brought by such company from St. Louis, or other places outside of the state of Iowa, directly to the place of business of the plaintiff, in small

Argued December 9, 12, 1904. Decided Jan- pasteboard boxes, containing ten cigarettes

IN

uary 16, 1905.

N ERROR to the Supreme Court of the State of Iowa to review a judgment which affirmed a judgment of the District Court of Marshall County, in that State, sustaining a demurrer to, and dismissing, a

petition for the remission of a tax imposed

on cigarette selling. Affirmed.

See same case below, 119 Iowa, 384, 93 N.

W. 372.

Statement by Mr. Justice Brown:

This was a petition by the owner and tenant of a certain room in the city of Marshalltown, Iowa, addressed to the board of supervisors, for the remission of a tax of $300, imposed upon the business of selling cigarettes, which business was carried on by

Charles P. Cook, one of the plaintiffs in error. The petition being denied, an appeal was taken to the district court, where a demurrer was interposed, which was sustained by that court, and an appeal taken to the supreme court, where the judgment of the

district court was affirmed. 119 Iowa, 384, 93 N. W. 372.

Messrs. Junius Parker, W. W. Fuller, and Frank S. Dunshee for plaintiffs in er

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each, each package being sealed and stamped with the revenue stamp. These packages were shipped absolutely loose, and were not boxed, baled, wrapped, or covered, nor were they in any way attached together. Nothing appears in the record to indicate the means used in transporting these cigarettes from the factory of the manufacturer to the

place of business of the retail dealer, and we are left to infer that they were shoveled into and out of a car, and delivered to plaintiffs in that condition. The packages were not separately or otherwise addressed, but at the time they were delivered to the express company the driver gave a receipt showing the number of packages and the name of the person to whom they were to be sent, retaining a duplicate himself.

The constitutionality of the act as applied to the plaintiffs was attacked upon two

grounds:

with the power of Congress to regulate com(1) That it was an attempt to interfere merce between the states.

(2) That it denied to the plaintiffs the equal protection of the laws.

The argument of the plaintiffs is the same as that which was pressed upon our attention a few years ago in Austin v. Tennessee, 179 U. S. 343, 45 L. ed. 224, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 132, that the packages of ten cigarettes were each the original packages in which these cigarettes were imported from other states, and that, under the decisions of this court

Mr. Justice Brown delivered the opinion in Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 6 L. of the court:

This case involves the constitutionality of § 5007 of the Iowa Code, imposing a tax of $300 per annum upon every person, and also upon the real property and the owner thereof, whereon cigarettes are sold or kept for sale. The section is printed in full in the margin.†

ed. 678, Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 100, 34 L. ed. 128, 3 Inters. Com. Rep. 36, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 681, and Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U. S. 1, 43 L. ed. 49, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 757, they were entitled to the immunities attaching to original packages. We reviewed these and a large number of other cases in our opinion, and came to the con|lected, and distributed in the same manner as the mulct liquor tax, and shall be a perpetual lien upon all property, both personal and real, used in connection with the business; and the payment of such tax shall not be a bar to prosecution under any law prohibiting the manufacturing of cigarettes or cigarettes paper, or selling, bartering, or giving away the same. But the provisions of this section shall not apply to the sales by jobbers and wholesalers in doing an interstate business with customers outside of

†Sec. 5007. Tax on sale.-There shall be assessed a tax of $300 per annum against every person, partnership, or corporation, and upon the real property and the owner thereof, within or whereon any cigarettes, cigarettes wrapper, or any paper made or prepared for the use in making cigarettes, or for the purpose of being filled with tobacco for smoking, are sold or given way, or kept with the intent to be sold, bartered, or given away, under any pretext whatever. Such tax shall be in addition to all other taxes and penalties, shall be assessed, col- the state.

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that it was not legitimate to ship beer in kegs of this size. So, too, in Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania, oleomargarine transported and sold in packages of 10 pounds weight was recognized as bona fide, but it was expressly found by the jury in that case that the package was an original package, as required by the act of Congress, and was of such "form, size, and weight as is used by producers or shippers for the purpose of securing both convenience in handling and security in transportation of merchandise be

clusion that these boxes were in no just sense original packages within the spirit of the prior cases, and that their shipment in this form was not a bona fide transaction, but was merely a convenient subterfuge for evading the law forbidding the sale of cigarettes within the state. This case differs from that only in the fact that in the Austin Case the packages were thrown loosely into baskets, which were shipped on board the train, and carried to Austin's place of business. These baskets, it is argued, might have been considered as the original pack-tween dealers in the ordinary course of acages.

This difference, however, was not insisted upon as distinguishing the two cases in principle. Indeed, it was admitted to be one not of "great magnitude or seeming legal significance." The main argument of the plaintiffs was frankly addressed to a reconsideration of the principle involved in the Austin Case, and a reinsistence upon the position there taken, that the packages in which the cigarettes were actually shipped must govern, and that we cannot look to the motives which actuated such shipment, or to the fact that ordinary importations of cigarettes were made in boxes containing a large number of these so-called original packages. We have carefully reconsidered the principle of that case, and, without repeating the arguments then used in the opinions, we have seen no reason to reverse or change the views there expressed.

The term "original package" is not defined by any statute, and is simply a convenient form of expression adopted by Chief Justice Marshall in Brown v. Maryland, to indicate that a license tax could not be exacted of an importer of goods from a foreign country who disposes of such goods in the form in which they were imported. It is not denied that, in the changed and changing conditions of commerce between the states, packages in which shipments may be made from one state to another may be smaller than those "bales, hogsheads, barrels, or tierces," to which the term was originally applied by Chief Justice Marshall, but, whatever the form or size employed, there must be a recognition of the fact that the transaction is a bona fide one, and that the usual methods of interstate shipment have not been departed from for the purpose of evading the police laws of the states.

In Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 100, 34 L. ed. 128, 3 Inters. Com. Rep. 36, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 681, quarter barrels, and even oneeighth barrels and cases of beer, were recognized as original packages or kegs, though the size of such packages and the usual methods of transporting beer do not seem to have been made the subject of discussion. There is nothing in the opinion to indicate

tual commerce, and the said form, size, and weight were adopted in good faith, and not for the purpose of evading the laws of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, said package being one of a number of similar packages forming one consignment, shipped by the said company to the said defendant." While it may be impossible to define the size or shape of an original package, the principle upon which the doctrine is founded would not justify us in holding that any package which could not be commercially transported from one state to another as a separate importation could be considered as an original package.

But it is insisted with much earnestness that, in determining the lawfulness of sales in original packages, we are bound to consider that package as original in which the articles were actually shipped, particularly where Congress, for the purpose of taxation, has prescribed a certain size of package to be separately stamped, and that we have no right to look beyond the letter of the term, and inquire into the motives which dictated the size of the packages in each case. This argument was also made in the Austin Case, was considered at some length, and held to be unsound. In delivering the opinion we said (p. 359, L. ed. p. 232, Sup. Ct. Rep. p. 138): "The real question in this case is whether the size of the package in which the importation is actually made is to govern, or the size of the package in which bona fide transactions are carried on between the manufacturer and the wholesale dealer residing in different states. We hold to the latter view. The whole theory of the exemption of the original package from the operation of state laws is based upon the idea that the property is imported in the ordinary form in which, from time immemorial, foreign goods have been brought into the country."

While it is doubtless true that a perfectly lawful act may not be impugned by the fact that the person doing the act was impelled thereto by a bad motive, yet, where the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the act is made an issue, the intent of the actor may have a material bearing in characterizing the transac

and it is our duty to harmonize them. Undoubtedly a law may sometimes be successfully and legally avoided if not evaded; but it behooves one who stakes his case upon the letter of the Constitution not to be wholly oblivious of its spirit. In this case we cannot hold that plaintiffs are entitled to its immunities without striking a serious blow at the rights of the states to administer their own internal affairs.

tion. We have had frequent occasions to treat | commerce is undoubtedly a beneficent one. of this subject in passing upon the validity The police laws of the state are equally so, of legislative acts or municipal ordinances. So, where the lawfulness of the method used for transporting goods from one state to another is questioned, it may be shown that the intent of the party concerned was not to select the usual and ordinary method of transportation, but an unusual and more expensive one, for the express purpose of evading or defying the police laws of the state. If the natural result of such method be to render inoperative laws intended for the protection of the people, it is pertinent to inquire whether the act was not done for that purpose, and to hold that the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution is invoked as a cover for fraudulent dealing, and is no defense to a prosecution under the state law.

The power of Congress to regulate commerce among the states is perhaps the most benign gift of the Constitution. Indeed, it may be said that without it the Constitution would not have been adopted. One of the chief evils of the confederation was the power exercised by the commercial states of exacting duties upon the importation of goods destined for the interior of the country or for other states. The vast territory to the west of the Alleghanies had not yet been developed or subdivided into states, but the evil had already become so flagrant that it threatened an utter dissolution of the confederacy. The article was adopted that all of states of the Union might have the benefit of the duties collected at the maritime ports, and to relieve them from the embarrassing restrictions imposed upon the internal commerce of the country. But the same policy which authorizes the use of this power as a shield to protect commerce from the vexatious interference of the states forbids its employment as a sword to assail measures designed for the preservation of the public health, morals, and comfort. States may differ among themselves as to the necessity and scope of such measures, but so long as they are adopted in good faith, with an eye single to the public welfare, they are as much entitled to the recognition of the general government as if they were uniformly adopted by all the states.

While this court has been alert to protect the rights of nonresident citizens, and has felt it its duty, not always with the approbation of the state courts, to declare the invalidity of laws throwing obstacles in the way of free intercommunication between the states, it will not lend its sanction to those who deliberately plan to debauch the public conscience and set at naught the laws of a state. The power of Congress to regulate

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2. The argument that § 5007 of the Iowa Code denies to the plaintiffs the equal protection of the laws is based upon an alleged discrimination arising from the final sentence that "the provisions of this section shall not apply to the sales by jobbers and wholesalers in doing an interstate business with customers outside of the state."

We are referred in this connection to a series of well-known cases arising under the anti-trust laws of the several states, to the effect that laws against combinations in trade must be uniform in their application as applied to all persons within the same general class. The leading case upon this point is Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co. 184 U. S. 540, 46 L. ed. 679, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 431, where a law of Illinois against combinations to regulate prices and productions, and create restrictions, was held to be invalid by reason of the exemption of agricultural productions or live stock, while in the hands of the producer or raiser.

A similar case is that of Cotting v. Kansas City Stock Yards Co. 183 U. S. 79, 46 L. ed. 92, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 30, wherein a statute of Kansas regulating the prices to be paid for the use of public cattle stock yards was held invalid by reason of the fact that it was intended to apply only to the stock yards of Kansas City, and not to other companies or corporations engaged in like business in other portions of the state.

These cases, however, have but limited application to laws imposing taxes, where the right of classification is held to permit of discrimi. tion between different trades and callings when not obviously exercised in a spirit of prejudice or favoritism. Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U. S. 321, 29 L. ed. 414, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 57; Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Sav. Bank, 170 U. S. 283, 42 L. ed. 1037, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 594; American Sugar Ref. Co. v. Louisiana, 179 U. S. 89, 45 L. ed. 102, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 43; Bell's Gap R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 134 U. S. 232, 33 L. ed. 892, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 533.

This distinction was recognized by Mr. Justice Harlan in Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co. on page 562, (L. ed. p. 690, Sup. Ct. Rep. p. 440) wherein it is said: "A state may, in its wisdom, classify property

of the reasoning stated by me for concurring in the decree in the Austin Case. For the reasons given for my concurrence in that case I concur in the judgment rendered in this.

for purposes of taxation, and the exercise of its discretion is not to be questioned in a court of the United States, so long as the classification does not invade rights secured by the Constitution of the United States." It can scarcely be doubted that, if the Connolly Case had dealt with the subject of taxation, a discriminative tax upon producers of agricultural products, either greater or less than that imposed upon other manufacturers or producers, might have been held valid without denying to either party the equal ROBERT E. HODGE et al., Plffs. in Err.,

protection of the laws. The holding in that case was simply that, considering that the object of the statute was to prevent combinations of capital or skill for certain purposes, the exemption of farmers was based upon no sound distinction, and rendered the law invalid as to other classes included within it.

There is a clear distinction in principle between persons engaged in selling cigarettes generally or at retail, and those engaged in selling by wholesale to customers without the state. They are two entirely distinct occupations. One sells at retail, the other at wholesale; one to the public generally, and the other to a particular class; one within the state, the other without. From time out of mind it has been the custom of Congress to impose a special license tax upon wholesale dealers different from that imposed upon retail dealers. A like dis

tinction is observed between brewers and rectifiers, wholesale and retail dealers in leaf tobacco and liquors, manufacturers of tobacco and manufacturers of cigars, as well as peddlers of tobacco. It may be difficult to distinguish these several classes in principle, but the power of Congress to make this discrimination has not, we believe, been questioned.

Why the legislature should have made the distinction found in § 5007 is not entirely clear, but it probably arose from the belief that the imposition of a license tax upon wholesale exporters of cigarettes would be as much an interference with interstate commerce as the imposition of a similar tax upon importers from abroad was held to be in Brown v. Maryland. We are satisfied the section is not open to the objection of denying to the dealers in cigarettes the equal protection of the laws.

The judgment of the Supreme Court is, therefore, affirmed.

The CHIEF JUSTICE, Mr. Justice Brewer, and Mr. Justice Peckham dissented.

v.

(196 U. S. 276)

MUSCATINE COUNTY et al.

Federal courts when decisions of state courts will be followed-due process of law in tax on cigarette selling-error to state court-questions of local law.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The construction by the Iowa supreme court of the annual charge imposed by Iowa Code, § 5007, upon cigarette dealers and "upon the real property and the owner thereof" whereon cigarettes are sold, the payment of which is not to bar criminal proceedings, as being a tax upon the traffic, and not a penalty, is not so clearly erroneous as to justify the Federal Supreme Court in adopting a different construction on a writ of error to the state court, in which such statute is asserted to deny due process of law.

Due process of law does not require that, as to a person actually carrying on the business of selling cigarettes, notice be given of the assessment or levy of the tax imposed by Iowa Code, § 5007, upon the traffic, there being no discretion as to the amount of the tax.

An owner of real property is not denied due process of law by Iowa Code, § 5007, making the tax imposed thereby on the business of cigarette selling a lien upon the property where the business is carried on.

Sufficient provision for notice and hearing to constitute due process of law is afforded the owner of real property who is made personally liable, and his property impressed with a lien, under Iowa Code, § 5007, for the tax imposed thereby on cigarette selling on the premises, by §§ 2441, 2442, which permit him to make application to the board of supervisors to remit the tax, and, in case of a denial of the petition, to appeal to the district court for a judicial determination of his liability.

Whether the Iowa Constitution is violated by Iowa Code, § 5007, imposing a tax on cig. arette selling, because the statute does not distinctly state the tax and the object to which it is applied, is a purely local question, which cannot be considered by the Federal Supreme Court on writ of error to a state court.

[No. 150.]

Mr. Justice White, concurring: The only difference between this and the Austin Case is that in this no basket was Argued December 9, 12, 1904. Decided Janused to hold the many small packages shipped at one and the same time to the same

uary 16, 1905.

person. In my opinion, such fact is not IN ERROR to the Supreme Court of the sufficient to take the case out of the reach State of Iowa, to review a judgment

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