are rectangular copper bars, 32 by 8 millimetres. Each of the 187 holes of the armature contains 2 of these bars, surrounded with mica. The upper and under sides of the armature are connected by means of V-shaped copper bars, rivet ed to the ends of the bars that project behind the ends of the armature. The connections are made so as to give 2 independent circuits. A pair of cables connects each circuit with the switchboard.

The magnet winding also is composed of bent copper bars, air insulated, inclosed in brass boxes, 2 of which are fastened to each pole piece. A continuous current for exciting the field magnets is obtained from a rotary transformer. The current is conducted to the field coils by means of a pair of brushes and 2 copper rings fixed to the top of the shaft of the generator. At a speed of 250 revolutions a minute the machine produces 2 alternating currents, differing in phase of 90 degrees from each other, each of 775 ampères and 2,250 volts pres

sure. The alternations are 50 a second. The height from the base of the bedplate to the top of the machine is nearly 124 feet.

So far has the work progressed that there now remain but the installation of the electric machinery, the electric cables, the roofing and interior work of the transformer building, and the placing of the transformers, which receive the high-voltage current from the dynamos and reduce it to the proper voltage for its various uses by manufacturers, and the first wheels and the first dynamo can begin to revolve. In the carrying out of this great plan of electric-power development the expert engineers who have made it their study for years have been frequently obliged to change their plans completely as new discoveries were made. The power, as applied directly to machinery, is already in use in the adjacent mills of the Niagara Falls Paper Company, which are said to be the largest in the world. The tremendous head demanded a wheel of unusual strength, and Geyelin's improved inverted Jonval bronze wheel was chosen as the one most likely to meet the requirements. Three of these wheels are now in operation, of 1,100 horse power each. The water is admitted to them through 66-inch gates from the huge penstock, 134 feet in diameter, and passes through them from beneath instead of from above, as is usual with all other turbines, and relieves them of the enormous weight of water contained in the penstock, which is 134 feet in length. Thus was overcome one of the most important points—namely, to relieve the "step" of pressure and prevent it from burning out. The power is transmitted to the surface by 10-inch forged-iron shafts, 144 feet long and securely supported by 7 sets of iron girders, which are imbedded in the solid masonry that forms the wheel pit. The shafting connections at the top are made by steel beveled pinions and core gears. Each set of these gears weighs 16.000 pounds, and it has a speed of 4.000 feet a minute. The revolutions of the water wheels are

260 to the minute, but this speed is geared down to 200 on the main shafting in the mill. The gears are transmitting the most power and running at the highest speed of any ever designed or put into operation, and, until the operation VOL. XXXIV.-35 A

of the 5,000-horse-power turbines in the power house of the Niagara Falls Power Company begins, the turbines of the paper company are furnishing, under a head of 144 feet, the most power of any water wheels in the world. The turbines are connected to perpendicular shafts and are incased in great iron coverings. The penstock is of 3-inch iron, and is proportioned to attain the highest efficiency of the power of the water. The wheel pit is 28 by 43 feet and 172 feet deep, and the water has a head of 145 feet on the turbines. As to the transmission of electrical power, an eminent English authority has recently made this statement:

The limiting commercial distance depends upon two associated interdependent factors-viz., cost and electric pressure. 1. Cost, including the purchase and maintenance of the necessary machinery and wires, together with the annual interest chargeable upon such expenditure. 2. Electric pressure, the pressure or voltage at which the line transmitting life, and assurance of permanence of supply, and perthe power can be operated with continued security to manent protection to the lines of conductor from lightning, weather, and all disturbances. Up to the present time the commercial distance at which water power has been distributed is only about 25 miles, and the distance to which it might be distributed commercially under the ordinary conditions has been generally regarded as a radius of 50 miles. We shall first assume that a steady transmission of power is to be provided for from Niagara Falls to various cities along the banks of the Erie Canal. It can be shown that where the voltage on the line is so high that a certain value-say 50,000 volts at the receiving end-has to be assigned as a safe limit to the maximum pressure between any two conductors, the triphase system is the most economical of the three. We shall therefore assume this pressure limit and triphase at a frequency of 40 periods. This maximum pressure of 50,000 volts represents for sinusoidal waves an electro-motive force of 33,350 volts between wires, or an equivalent pressure of 20,410 volts effective from each wire to the neutral point. This is a pressure but slightly in excess of that successfully used in part of the Lauffen-Frankfort experiments (30,000 volts between conductors), and may therefore be reasonably the engineering difficulties can be overcome by bare, assumed as practicable. We shall now assume that overhead, triphase wires, at 35,350 volts receiving pressure with step-up and step-down transformers at each end of the lines. As to the question of cost, the conclusions arrived at are as follow: By Emery's tawith coal at $3 a ton is for three hundred and eight bles, the cost of generating steam power per annum days of ten hours $25.27 per horse power, and for three hundred and sixty-five days of twenty hours, $44.48 per horse power. This is with large triple-expansion, compound engines. The calculations of electrical results indicate that, on the basis of prices and voltage assumed and detailed, the power of Niagara Falls can be transmitted to a radius of 200 miles cheaper than it can be produced at any point within that range by steam engines of the most economical type, with coal at $3 a ton; that Niagara power can maintain at Albany a large day-and-night output cheaper than steam engines at Albany can develop it: but that for power taken at Albany for ten hours a day the best steam engines have somewhat the advantage over Niagara, unless exceptionally favorable conditions of load could be secured for Niagara power. These conclusions are, of course, entirely dependent upon the reliability of the prices, voltages, and estimates.

William B. Rankine, secretary of the company, says:

Niagara Falls Power Company is selling undeveloped water power at Niagara Falls for $5 a year for

each horse power. This price gives only the right to discharge into the company's tunnel. The company buying the power at this rate puts in its own canal, wheel-pit wheels, and discharge tunnel to the main tunnel. It can not be accurately estimated what the actual cost of each horse power delivered in any part of Buffalo will be. We can figure out what it would cost to deliver the power to the city line, but that is a different thing from selling it to customers in all parts of the city. If a firm wanted to take 1,000 horse power, it is evident that so much power could be furnished cheaper than power to a customer who only desired a few horse power. As a rough guess, I would say about $25 a year for 1,000 horse power. It would cost more to furnish 10 horse power, and at a rough guess I might say $45 a horse power. Taking even these guesses, electric power would be cheaper to the customer than steam power.

The draining of water from Niagara river for power purposes has increased so much of late on both sides that an appeal was made to the New York State Constitutional Committee of 1894 to restrict its use to the companies that have already been incorporated for such purposes. But the appeal failed, mainly because the delegates to the convention thought that such a restriction would give a monopoly to those companies. The matter, however, is still being agitated by the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara, who fear that if new companies enter the field so much water will be taken from the river as to diminish seriously the flow of water over the falls.

NICARAGUA, a republic in Central America. The Senate consists of 18 and the House of Representatives of 21 members, elected by the suffrage of the people for six and four years respectively. The presidential term is four years. Dr. Roberto Sacaza, who was elected in 1892, resigned in consequence of civil war in April, 1893, and Gen. Santos Zelaya was proclaimed President in September, 1893, for the term ending in 1896. The ministers in 1894 were: Foreign Affairs and Public Instruction, first, J. Madris, afterward J. Bravo; War and the Interior, F. Alorzano; Administration and Justice, E. Rizo; Communications and Public Works, J. D. Rodriguez; Finance, M. Lacays.

The area of the republic is 49,500 square miles, with a population in 1889 of 312,845. Managua, the capital, has 16,700 inhabitants. The people are of Indian, negro, or mixed blood, with a small proportion of Europeans.

Finances. The receipts for 1889 were $4,406,320, and the expenditures $4,723.892. The revenue is derived from monopolies of tobacco, spirits, and powder, and from a tax on every head of cattle slaughtered. There is a foreign debt. raised in London in 1886, of £285,000, paying 6 per cent. interest, and secured on the railroads. The internal debt is $1,592,000.

Commerce. The chief exports are coffee, hides, cattle, bananas, woods, and precious metals. The imports come from Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany. The total value of imports for the year ending June 30, 1892, was $6,006,806. About 33 per cent. of the exports go to the United States, nearly 25 per cent, to Germany, somewhat less to France, and 12 per cent. to Great Britain. The gold and silver mines are worked by American companies. Railroads and Telegraphs.-There are 91 miles of railroad, built at a cost of $2,700,000 by

Internal Politics.-The elements opposed to President Zelaya and his policy revived and developed considerable strength during the year. A plan was originated in Grenada to oust the President and put Gen. Anastacio Ortiz in his place. In Leon and among the Church party a plot was concocted to overthrow Zelaya, in which Joaquin Zavala and his friends were believed to have a part. When the intentions of the revolutionists were discovered, the Assembly granted extraordinary powers to the executive chief. Ex-President Zavala and some of his followers left the country. A number of priests of the Jesuit society and nuns of the order of the Sacred Heart were exiled because they were supposed to be concerned in the political conspiracy. A new Constitution was adopted by the Congress, containing an alien law to which the foreigners in the country took exception. The minister of Spain made earnest representations, and secured an amendment. The Constitution was too liberal in its restraints on the executive power to suit Zelaya and his ministers, and it was amended in this respect. There were other liberal provisions that displeased several municipalities, and these were modified. One forbidding the pursuit and capture of runaway laborers was altered to please the coffee growers.

The Bluefields Difficulty.-The Mosquito Reserve is a strip of country in southern Nicaragua, extending for 120 miles along the coast of the Caribbean Sea and 40 to 50 miles inland, embracing about 5,500 square miles of fertile and well-timbered land. Besides mahogany and dyewoods, the country produces cotton, coffee, rice, sugar, and tobacco, and the coast is famous for its large tortoises and the fine quality of their shells, which the natives are skillful in obtaining. Its value has been increased by the development of the banana plantations, with regular communication by steamers with New Orleans and New York. In former times England exercised a protectorate over the Mosquito tribe of Indians, who became miscegenated with negroes. When the confederation of Central America broke up, in 1853, into 5 States, a separate government was established for the Mosquito Indians at Bluefields, the chief town and only seaport. The hereditary chief of the Mosquitos was Frederick Albert Hendy, who had a mixture of English, negro, and Indian blood, and had been educated in Jamaica. He was crowned king under British auspices, and he acknowledged the sovereignty of Great Britain. The Central American republics protested against this, and the United States made strong representations and took a firm stand on the Monroe doctrine, that European nations should not be allowed to acquire American territory, or interfere in American affairs. After long negotiations a treaty arranged at Greytown in 1850 was finally signed by John M. Clayton, Secretary of State, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British minister to the United States in 1859. and was duly ratified. The successive chiefs were worthless characters, and the administration was bad; yet the idea of incorporation with Nicaragua was not regarded with

favor by the natives nor by the American banana planters or other capitalists, who had secured concessions, grants, and allotments of land. Diversity of race, language, customs, and, above all, religion, for the Mosquitos are strong Protestants and Sabbatarians, separated them from the Spaniards or Nicaraguans, as well as their independent political organization, over which Nicaragua, according to the treaty of Managua, concluded between Great Britain and Nicaragua on Jan. 28, 1860, had no control, though recognized as the sovereign power. The ClaytonBulwer treaty, while preventing the country from becoming a British colony, like Belize, secured to her a joint protectorate over the projected Nicaragua canal, providing that neither Great Britain nor the United States should "erect any fortifications or occupy or fortify or colonize or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito coast or any part of Central America, or make use of any protection which either affords or may afford or any alliance which either has or may have to, or with any State or people for any of the above purposes." The treaty of Managua provided that the Mosquito Indians should have their country as a permanent reserve and the right of self-government, but should be required to acknowledge allegiance to the Republic of Nicaragua. They were permitted to have a flag of their own, which must bear some emblem denoting their submission to Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan Government was required to pay a pension of $5,000 a year in gold to the hereditary chief. Nicaragua was forbidden to interfere in any way with the commerce of the Mosquito Indians, or to impose taxes on imports or exports. By this treaty Great Britain renounced all claims to a protectorate over the Mosquito Indians and their country.

When Nicaragua, at the time when the commerce of Bluefields assumed considerable dimensions, established a customhouse there the chief objected, and the dispute was referred to the decision of the Emperor of Austria, who, on July 2, 1881, decided that the treaty of 1860 had been violated, and that Nicaragua had no right to collect duties or to interfere with the lands of the reserve, as they belonged wholly and exclusively to the Indians, but had sovereign rights and authority, and could, through commissioners or other officers, exercise such authority, and had the right to preserve the peace.

The granting of patents for extensive and valuable lands by the Mosquito Government to American citizens excited the jealousy and apprehension of the Nicaraguan authorities, who threatened to interfere and prevent the misgovernment of the Indians and the squandering of their resources by Jamaica negroes. An American company that had a patent for the mahogany forest on the upper Escondido or Bluefields river first called forth active measures. The Nicaraguan Government, claiming that a large part of the lands that were being worked lay outside the Mosquito boundary, sent a governor who took possession of Rama, the town built up by the Americans, collected duties on the logs extracted, and annulled some of the leases, granting the lands to Nicaraguan citiAnother governor was appointed for the

zens.

district of the upper Rio Grande. The next step was to seize the islands of the coast, planted with cocoanut trees, and the fisheries of the bays. So far the Nicaraguans had acted only within what they claimed to be their territorial limits. They scouted the claims made by Americans for compensation for improvements at Rama and for the canceled leases. During the war between Nicaragua and Honduras (see HONDURAS) they took a step that alarmed the native officials and their supporters. After it had been reported that the Honduranian forces had taken possession of Cape Gracias-á-Dios, a point at the northeastern extremity of Nicaragua, above the northern limit of the Mosquito Reserve, Gen. Carlos A. Lacayo, who had been appointed commissioner to the reserve from Nicaragua, arrived at Bluefields with a staff of officers on Nov. 2. 1893, and built barracks and offices on a strip of sand at the mouth of the river and a wharf running out into the lagoon. Duties were collected on bananas coming down the river, most of which were said to be the produce of the reservation. Troops were forwarded to Cape Graciasá-Dios by way of this new station, and after they had sailed another force was sent for by the commissioner and apparently quartered permanently at Bluefields. The Nicaraguan authorities represented that it was to guard Bluefields from a threatened attack of the enemy. They had information that the Americans and creoles in Bluefields were prepared to assist the Honduranians in an invasion of Nicaragua through the Mosquito territory. The Mosquito officials feared that the intention was to occupy their territory and incorporate it with Nicaragua. A party of the Mosquito Indians, disgusted with the corruption and oppression of the negroes, had requested the intervention of the sovereign power. Chief Clarence questioned the commissioner as to whether he respected the treaty of Managua and the award of the Emperor of Austria and protested against the presence of Nicaraguan soldiers in the streets carrying arms in violation of the municipal law. The diplomatic quarrel seemed likely to lead to a physical struggle, and on the plea of guarding against insurrection Gen. Lacayo and Gen. Rigoberto Cabezas, the Nicaraguan governor, on Feb. 12, 1894, took possession of Bluefields, proclaimed martial law, and hoisted the flag of Nicaragua. They appointed new officials, mostly foreigners. while Robert Henry Clarence, the hereditary chief, a young man of twenty-one years, and some of the native officials fled to the woods. The customhouse collector, a British subject, was evicted from his office by force, and the members of the council and judges were removed from office. The Americans, 160 in number, disputed the authority of the Nicaraguans, and refused to vacate their lands or to pay duties. The local authorities appealed to Great Britain, and the "Cleopatra arrived, with_H. F. Bingham, British consul, on board, on Feb. 26. The British representatives arranged with Gen. Lacayo that the Mosquito flag should be hoisted alongside the flag of Nicaragua, and martial law be discontinued within a specified time, and demanded a written guarantee that Chief Clarence and his officials should not be molested, but did not insist that

they should be restored to office. A force of 50 marines with 2 Gatling guns was landed and posted on the bluff to prevent disturbances, and the "Cleopatra" sailed away to cable for instructions from London.

The United States Government ordered the Kearsarge" to the spot, and when that vessel was wrecked on the voyage another was dispatched. Meanwhile the United States ambassador in London asked for information from the British Government regarding the landing of a British force, and learned that it had been done without special instructions, with the result of restoring tranquillity pending an understanding as to the questions involved. Lord Kimberley reaffirmed Lord Salisbury's note of March 7, 1889, to the effect that "no protectorate over the Mosquito Indians, in substance or in form, nor anything in the nature of a protectorate, is desired or intended by the British Government."

A collision occurred between the natives and the Nicaraguan soldiers in Bluefields, who numbered about 400, in the night of March 5. In attempting to make arrests 2 of the soldiers were killed. The British troops were brought into the town in the morning. A conference was held between the British, the Nicaraguans, and the Mosquitos, the result of which was that 120 of the Nicaraguan troops embarked on the British war ship "Cleopatra," for Greytown.

3

The British force was increased to 200, and other conferences took place, the outcome of which was that a provisional government was constituted, consisting of a council of 5 men, of whom were selected by Gen. Lacayo and 2 by the United States consul. The latter appointed Samuel Weil and Samuel Lampkin. Gen. Lacayo appointed Nicaraguans, who could reach no agreement with their American colleagues. The council, therefore, disbanded, while the English, who had arrested Nicaraguan troops that remained and seized their arms, patrolled the city. The Americans refused to recognize the authority of the Nicaraguan commissioner, and the British commander, Capt. Assheton G. Curzon Howe, assumed control of the government, as far as any government existed. The President of Nicaragua, who had directed Gen. Lacayo to place 50 men in the streets to serve as police, offered to send 1,000 men, but Gen. Lacayo, warned by the British commander, declined to receive them. The British force was finally withdrawn, and the "Cleopatra" steamed away on March 18, Gen. Lacayo being left in charge of affairs. Chief Clarence and his attorneygeneral, a British creole, were conveyed away on a British steamer. When Gen. Lacayo brought soldiers down from Rama, the Americans and creoles, to the number of 1,000, armed themselves and threatened to exterminate the Nicaraguans. The American consul, S. C. Braida, induced Gen. Lacayo to disarm the soldiers and keep them in his house, the Americans promising to confine themselves to passive resistance pending the action of their Government. They sent Vice-Consul B. B. Seat, Samuel Weil, and another to Washington to present their case.

On March 22 an American, William Wilson, in an altercation, was shot and killed by the Nicaraguan governor at Rama, Aguello. The governor general at Bluefields appointed a new

governor with orders to arrest Aguello, who nevertheless was allowed to escape. He was afterward arrested, but was not tried, and soon escaped from prison. The new governor was removed to give satisfaction to the United States after the fugitive had got away into Colombia. The Nicaraguan Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived at Bluefields as special commissioner, and, in consultation with the British vice-consul, E. D. Hatch, endeavored to reconcile the people and the planters and traders to incorporation, guaranteeing existing property rights, religious liberty, and exemption from military service, extending the reciprocity treaty with the United States to the reserve, and restoring the taxes to what they were before. He proposed to install a provisional government, offering 2 places in the council of 7 members to Americans, but reserved the right to appoint the customs officers and to veto any act of the provisional government deemed to conflict with the Constitution and laws of Nicaragua. Although the increase of 333 per cent. in the duty on bananas was remitted, still the Americans were not willing to accept his proposals. Gen. Lacayo, whose measures vexed the American residents, was recalled by the Nicaraguan Government, and Gen. Cabezas appointed commissioner. Suddenly an insurrection broke out in the town on July 5. Some Jamaicans who were employed as policemen demanded their pay from the commissioner, and attacked him when he offered them scrip instead of money. The whole police force was joined by the other Jamaicans of the town in an attack upon the Nicaraguan soldiers, who had been summoned from the bluff by Gen. Cabezas, and fighting continued through the night. There were only 14 soldiers left at the bluff. A party of 60 men armed with rifles landed from a steam launch in the middle of the night and attacked the unsuspecting Nicaraguans as they were lounging around the camp. Another body of Jamaicans fired from an ambush as they fled, and the survivors threw down their arms and ran into the forest. The attacking party gathered up the stores and arms, including a Krupp gun, and went down into the town. A meeting of residents was called, and Clarence was declared to be reinstated chief of the reserve. Capt. O'Neill, of the United States ship "Marblehead," landed 60 sailors and marines to protect United States citizens and their property. He refused to interfere when requested to do so by Gen. Cabezas, but arranged a compromise whereby the latter remained as commissioner after sending away the troops. A few days later, yielding to threats, he and the rest of the Nicaraguans took refuge in Rama. The arms captured by the insurgents were delivered over to the United States naval authorities for safe keeping. The Nicaraguans supposed the whole affair to have been planned by the Americans residing in Bluefields, and that the arms placed in the hands of the Mosquitos and Jamaicans were imported by them for the purpose. The leaders of the attacking party were said to be Americans. Chief Clarence issued a proclamation declaring that he had assumed his rightful authority, and calling upon all law-abiding residents to obey his authority and that of his office as Chief of Mosquito. A force of 150

Nicaraguan soldiers was stationed on the bluffs where the British troops had been, and a few days later 180 more arrived and were quartered in the town. The American consul, who was invited to participate in the institution of a provisional government, but refused, had his exequatur withdrawn by the Nicaraguan Government for interference in politics, as was that of the British consul, H. F. Bingham, which, however, was restored at the demand of the British minister, after which Consul S. C. Braida was again accepted. The Government was organized under the direction of Gen. Lacayo. Chief Clarence was brought back from the Mosquito settlement at Pearl lagoon by a British war vessel on May 21, and placed under the protection of the Spanish commissioner. The Nicaraguan soldiers were withdrawn, as the excitement and apprehension seemed to subside, until only 50 were left as a garrison. In the conflict 30 persons were killed and 100 wounded.

A fight took place on Corn island, where the Nicaraguan governor and his guards were beaten by Jamaicans, who hoisted the British flag. Procuring re-enforcements, the troops returned and evicted the Jamaicans from the government house and reinstated the governor.

Toward the end of July, Gen. Ortiz, the VicePresident of Nicaragua, advanced upon Bluefields, and on Aug. 5 he drove the Indians from the bluffs and occupied the place. Gen. Cabezas marched down simultaneously from Rama. The combined force was 1,100 men. American and British marines had landed to protect foreign interests. The cruiser "Columbia," the "Marblehead," and the British cruiser " Mohawk" were in the harbor. On Aug. 8 the Nicaraguans entered Bluefields. The Mosquito flag was hauled down and the town reoccupied in the name of the Nicaraguan Government. The British war vessel and a passenger steamer gave refuge to 600 Jamaicans and others who were stricken with panic. The Americans who had a hand in the political intrigues made their escape. Martial law was proclaimed throughout the reservation. Several Americans and British subjects, among them Vice-Consul Hatch, were placed under arrest by Señor Madriz, special commissioner, and ordered to be sent to Managua for trial. Eventually they were banished. Chief Clarence and 54 of his adherents were conveyed on a British vessel to Jamaica. The country was organized under the laws of Nicaragua to the satisfaction of most of the inhabitants after martial law was abolished in September. Municipalities were formed in Bluefields, Pearl lagoon, and Corn island, and elections were held on Sept. 18, the right to vote being restricted to men owning property or possessing $500. Andrew Hendy, a full-blooded Mosquito Indian, was elected hereditary chief in the place of Clarence in November. The actual authority continued to be exercised by Gen. Cabezas, the Nicaraguan commissioner. Elections for chief justice and other officers were held on Dec. 15. Modesto Barrios went to England in August as special envoy to endeavor to get a modification of the treaty of Managua. Pourparlers also took place between the British and the United States governments, which led to the final acceptance of the fait accompli, since the Mosquito tribe for whose sole use and benefit

the territory was reserved, to be governed according to their ancient customs, had dwindled to a small remnant and had fallen under the domination of negroes who oppressed them. The rights of the American planters and of the Moravian missionaries were protected, except that the Nicaraguans refused to ratify sales of land or leases for longer periods than eight years, on the ground that they were contrary to the law under which the reserve was constituted.

NICHOLAS II, Emperor of Russia, born May 6 (old style), 1868. He is the eldest son of Alexander III (see page 6) and his wife, who was the Princess Dagmar of Denmark, sister of the Princess of Wales. Under the title of Grand

Duke Nicholas he spent his boyhood largely in travel, visiting India, China, Japan, and various parts of Europe. Much of the time he was accompanied by his cousin Prince George of Greece. While they were going from Otson to Kioto, in Japan, in jinrikishas, a Japanese policeman of the escort, unable to restrain his hatred of foreigners, drew his sword and attacked Nicholas, who would have been killed had not Prince George (who is a powerful man) pushed aside the blade and knocked down the assassin. With the assistance of a Japanese soldier the miscreant was secured, and Nicholas escaped with a slight wound in the head. Further journeying in that country was then given up, and the princes reembarked on the Russian man-of-war that had brought them. They ascended the Amoor river, went through a portion of Liberia in a carriage. and then by rail to St. Petersburg. Every pains was taken to educate him for the high place to which he was heir. Gen. Danilovitch was his instructor in the sciences, and other tutors perfected him in several modern languages, while he was required also to study mathematics and geography very thoroughly. He entered the army at the age of eighteen, and went through