than enough to secure a reform in the licensing system.

The new Parliament was convened June 21, 1894. The Government introduced a bill to exclude undesirable immigration, to double the poll tax on Chinese and impose a similar tax on other colored aliens, and to exclude all contract laborers. Shipowners bringing paupers or demented persons are subjected to penalties. The loose management of companies was made the subject of restrictive legislation. On June 30 a bill was passed as a measure of urgency guaranteeing £2,000,000 of additional shares to be issued by the Bank of New Zealand. They have preference over other shares, and must be canceled in ten years, during which a 4-per-cent. dividend is guaranteed by the Consolidated fund. The president of the board of directors is appointed by the Government, as are also auditors in New Zealand and London. This succor averted a financial panic. A special bill forbade the transfer of shares without the approval of the colonial Treasurer, and another extends till September, 1895, the authority to issue bank notes conferred in 1893. In the financial statement, delivered in the House of Representatives on July 24, Mr. Ward unfolded a scheme for borrowing £1,500,000 in London at 3 per cent. for the purpose of loaning money to settlers on freehold security at 5 per cent. He also proposed to create colonial consols to the amount of £1,000,000, one half to be issued in 1894 and the rest in the following year, which should be inscribed at the post offices and pay not above 4 per cent. interest. It was proposed to merge all private savings banks in the post office savings bank. Foreign insurance companies are to be required to make large deposits with the public trustee. The Government offers a bounty for the production of the sugar beet, and one of 28. per ton on the export of coal. The granting of a bonus for whaling, especially for the establishment of a station on the Kermadec Islands, northwest of New Zealand, is under consideration. Railroad fare to cities was made uniform for all distances. The Land act of 1892 enables any man over seventeen years of age, or any single woman, to become a selector of Crown lands on a lease of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, subject to conditions of residence and improvements and the payment of a rent of 4 per cent. on the capital value of the land. The minimum valuation placed on the land subject to selection is £1 an acre for first-class or agricultural land, and 58. for second-class land suitable for pastoral purposes. Some village settlements have been in operation for six years in which the rent is 5 per cent. on the capital value of the land, which starts at £1 an acre. In these the number of settlers is about 900. No allotment is allowed to exceed 50 acres, and the average is about 25 acres. To these settlers the state has advanced an average of £1 1s. 2d an acre, and the settlers have made improvements valued at two and a half times the amount they borrowed. The loans proposed by the Government, amounting to £3,250,000, including a colonial loan of £750,000 for surveying, purchasing, and building roads and bridges in native lands, are to be applied chiefly in facilitating settlement under the new land act. The natives in the Waikato river district were seriously opposed to the surveys

that were made for the settlement of the lands, and in the neighborhood of Lake Taupo the police had to protect the officials of the land department and arrest many natives. In the King and Urewera districts the Maoris were also disaffected. The Premier made a journey through the King country, which was long forbidden ground to the whites, and the principal chief of Urewera gave up to him his scepter, saying that they looked to the Government for protection and would give no more trouble. Tawhiao, the Maori king, sent similar assurances. The Government has lately discouraged private purchases of Maori lands.

Fiji. The natives of the Fijian Islands are governed by 12 superior and 160 lesser chiefs, supervised by three European commissioners. The dependency of Rotumah has also a European commissioner. The Governor of Fiji, who is also High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, is Sir John Bates Thurston.

The estimated population at the end of 1892 was 125,442, composed as follows: Native Fijians, 107,745; Rotumans, 2,207; Europeans, 2,281; half castes, 1,102; Polynesians, 2,452; Indians, 9,103; others, 552.

The revenue for 1893 was estimated at £72,406, and expenditure at £70,447. The public debt amounts to £243,235, including £114,235 advanced by the imperial Exchequer. The principal commercial products are sugar, copra and desiccated cocoanut, tea, bananas, peanuts, and cotton. The value of the imports in 1892 was £253,586; exports, £434,791.

The native taxes are paid in produce, which they prepare and which is sold by the Government in their behalf by annual contract. The revenue obtained from this source in 1892 was £18,256. This method of taxation causes much disaffection among the natives, because the officials often seize produce that they require for their own sustenance. In the summer of 1894 an outbreak occurred on this account, which was suppressed by the Governor with a loss of 7 lives.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in central Europe, composed of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, two inseparable monarchies, hereditary in the dynasty of Hapsburg-Lorraine to the male posterity in order of primogeniture. Legislative powers in regard to affairs common to the two halves of the empire-namely, foreign affairs, the army, common finances, and the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina-are exercised by the Delegations, which are committees of the Legislatures of the two monarchies, each composed of 40 members of the Lower House and 20 of the Second Chamber, elected anew for each session. The Delegations are convoked annually alternately in the two capitals, and sit separately, but hold a joint session when there is a disagreement.

The Emperor is Franz Josef, born Aug. 18, 1830. The heir presumptive is the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of the Emperor, born Dec. 18, 1863. The common ministers, responsible to the Delegations, are the following: President of the Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of the Imperial Household, Count G. Kalnoky, appointed on the retirement of Count Andrassy; Minister of Finance, Benjamin de Kallay; Min

ister of War, Gen. Edmund von Krieghammer, appointed Sept. 25, 1893.

The Common Budget.-Certain customs receipts are applied to the common expenditure. Of the amount required in excess of the common revenue, Hungary, under the decennial financial arrangement, pays 2 per cent. and 30 per cent. of the remainder, and Austria the remaining 70 per cent. The expenditure for 1894 was fixed at 147,926,992 florins (1 Austrian florin = 41 cents). The revenue from customs was estimated at 44,370,000 florins; receipts from the ministries, 2,677,492 Hungary's 2 per cent. of the remainder, 2.017,566 florins; Austria's contribution, 69,202.528 florins; Hungary's contribution, 29,658,226 florins. The expenditures were estimated at 130,738,027 florins for ordinary and 17,187,965 florins for extraordinary purposes. Of the ordinary expenditure, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is debited with 3,690,900 florins, the Ministry of War spends 114,882,703 florins for the army and 10,012,680 for the navy, and the Ministry of Finance and Board of Control require 2,151,744 florins. Of the extraordinary expenditure, 14,576,565 florins go for military, 2,565,000 for naval, and 46,400 for diplomatic purposes. The revenue of Bosnia and Herzegovina is estimated at 10,187,450 florins, and the expense of administration 10,136,149 florins, not counting 3,610,000 florins of extraordinary expenditure, representing the expense of the military occupation.

The general debt of the monarchy on July 1, 1893, was 2,823,792,000 florins, not including the floating liabilities, amounting to 411,994,377 florins. The debt charge in 1893 amounted to 128,133,415 florins, of which Austria paid 97,821,879 and Hungary 30,311,536 florins. A new gold loan of 40,000,000 florins, which was taken by the Rothschild group in 1893, the equivalent being paid to the Government in gold, was successfully placed on the market in March, 1894.

Area and Population. The area of the Austro-Hungarian Empire is 240,942 square miles, exclusive of the occupied Turkish provinces. The population at the census of Dec. 31, 1890, according to the latest corrected figures, was 41,231,342. Austria proper, 115.903 square miles in extent, had 23,895,413 inhabitants, of whom 11,689,129 were males and 12,206,284 females. The population of Hungary, including Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and the town of Fiume, was 8,667,971 males and 8,795,502 females; total, 17,463.473 for an area of 125,039 square miles, being 139 to the square mile, against 206 in Austria.

The number of marriages recorded in Austria in 1891 was 186,418: of births, 947,017; of deaths, 700,829; excess of births, 246,188. In Hungary the number of marriages was 150,720; of births, 756,204; of deaths, 580,222; excess of births, 175,982. Vienna, the Austrian capital, had 1,364,548 inhabitants on Dec. 31, 1890. The other cities having over 50,000 inhabitants are Prague, the capital of Bohemia, with 310,483, including suburbs; Trieste, the Adriatic seaport, with 158.344 Lemberg, chief town of Austrian Poland, with 127,943: Grätz, 112,069; Brünn, 94,462; Cracow, 74,593; Czernowitz, 54,171; Pilsen, 50,221. Buda-Pesth, capital of Hungary, has 506,384; Szegedin, 85,569; Theresienstadt, 72,737; Debreczin, 56,940; Hod Mezö Vasarhely, 55,475; Presburg, 52,411. Fiume, the seaport of Hungary, has 29,

000 inhabitants. In 1894 the National Legislature voted to expend 25,000,000 crownors 12,500,000 florins in building a new quay and improving the docks and the railroad and warehouse facilities, and the Government proposes to devote as much more to deepening the harbor. The annual increase of the population of Austria for the ten years between 1880 and 1890 was 0.76 per cent., while in the lands of the Hungarian Crown it averaged 1:09 per cent. The number of emigrants who left Austria-Hungary in 1891 was 78,524 against, 74,002 in 1890 and 55,667 in 1889. The number whose destination was the Argentine Republic fell off from 4,225 in 1889 to 1,918 in 1890 and 216 in 1891, while the number departing for North America increased from 42,170 in 1889 to 63,119 in 1890, and in 1891 to 70,711, of whom 43,163 were Austrians and 27,548 Hungarians.

In Austria, 79-2 per cent. of the population are Roman Catholic in religion, 11.8 per cent. Greek Catholic, 24 per cent. Greek Oriental, 18 per cent. Evangelical, and 48 per cent. Jewish. In Hungary, where the Roman Catholic, the Evangelical of both the Augsburg and the Helvetian confessions, the Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic, the Gregorian, and the Jewish creeds have an official status, the Roman Catholics constitute 50-84 per cent. of the population, the Evangelicals 19-77 per cent., Oriental Greeks 15 17 per cent., Greek Catholics 9.61 per cent., Unitarians 0.36 per cent., Jews 4.18 per cent., and others 0·07 per cent.

Education. In Austria, the number of the totally illiterate diminished between 1880 and 1890 from 9,858,364 to 9,605,337, and in Hungary the number increased from 9,341,355 to 9,465,172; the percentage diminished from 59 to 54 in Hungary, and that in Austria from 44 to 40 per cent., almost exactly the same rate of progress. The school districts are obliged to provide schools, and elementary education is compulsory in both countries from the age of six or seven up to the completion of the twelfth, thirteenth, or fourteenth year, the period varying in different provinces. Gymnasia and Realschulen are maintained by the state or by provinces, towns, or religious corporations, with subventions from the state, and there are 8 universities in Austria, with 1,150 professors and 13,383 students, and 3 in Hungary, with 296 professors and 4,498 students, all maintained by the Government, besides 7 technical schools, with 428 professors and 2,502 students.

The Army. In both halves of the empire military service is obligatory. Those who are conscripted serve three years in the line, seven in the reserve, and two in the Landwehr. Those who escape are attached for ten years to the depot reserve or for twelve to the Landwehr in Austria, and in Hungary serve two years in the Honvedseg or national militia, receiving eight weeks' instruction and being called out to drill for several weeks every two years. Young men of education who will pay for their own board and equipment need serve only a year in the active army, but if at its end they are not qualified to serve as officers of the reserves they are kept another year. All citizens who do not belong to the army or navy from their nineteenth to their forty-second year are inscribed in the Landsturm, which can only be called out in time

companies but were worked by the Government, and 1,876 kilometres were worked by companies. Posts and Telegraphs.—The number of letters carried by the Austrian post office in 1892 was 532,911,070; of newspapers, 72,606,840; of circulars and samples, 75,097,170. In Hungary were carried 141,089,240 letters, and 22,140,880 circulars and samples. The telegraphs in Austria had 17,609 miles of line and 50,154 miles of wire; in Hungary, 12,473 miles of line, with 35,320 miles of wire; in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,780 miles of line, with 3,870 miles of wire. The number of messages transmitted in 1892 was 10,835,302 in Austria, 5,671,579 in Hungary, and 425.696 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The receipts from posts and telegraphs in 1892 were 32,993,560 florins in Austria and 13,723.856 florins in Hungary; the expenses, 31,993,560 florins in Austria and 9,561,836 in Hungary.

Currency Reform.-In pursuance of Dr. Wekerle's project of monetary reform, designed to place the currency on a gold basis, the Government proposed to withdraw 200,000.000 florins of state notes from circulation during 1894 and 1895, and replace them with 160,000,000 florins of gold, which it will deposit in the Austro-Hungarian bank, taking silver or notes in return. All the 1-florin notes are to be destroyed, and 80,000,000 1-crown silver pieces put into circulation, with 20,000,000 or 30,000,000 silver florins besides. The crown, equal to half a florin or gulden, is the new standard of value, but it is coined in silver, not gold. There are 20-crown and 10-crown gold pieces, and the gold ducat, worth 9 crowns 60 heller (= $2). The subsidiary coins are the silver half crown, the nickel 20-heller and 10-heller pieces, and the bronze 2-heller piece, equivalent to the old kreutzer, and single heller or half kreutzer.

Russian Commercial Treaty.-Negotiations for a new commercial treaty with Russia were not begun until the conclusion of the RussoGerman treaty, and were prolonged through the resistance of the Hungarian Government to the Russian demand for a reduction of the tariff on rye. The Russian Government finally agreed to the continuance of the existing tariff of 1 florin per quintal. The treaty was formally ratified on July 6.

Austria.-The Reichsrath or Parliament consists of a House of Lords, the Herrenhaus, and a House of Deputies, the Abgeordnetenhaus. The Upper House is composed of the 19 adult archdukes, 68 feudal proprietors, who are hereditary members, the 9 archbishops and 8 prince bishops, and 131 life members. The Abgeordnetenhaus has 353 members, elected for six years, of whom 85 are chosen by landowners paying 50 florins or more in taxes, 21 by chambers of trade and commerce, 118 by the towns, and 129 by the indirect suffrage of the peasantry. For the two latter classes the electorate is restricted to male citizens twenty-four years of age, who pay 5 florins in direct taxes or are qualified by their occupation or education.

The Austrian Cabinet, constituted Nov. 11, 1893, is composed as follows: President of the Council, Prince A. Windischgrätz; Minister of the Interior, Marquis de Bacquehem; Minister of Finance, Dr. von Plener; Minister of Worship and Education, Ritter von Madeyski; Minister VOL. XXXIV.-5 A

of Agriculture, Count Julius Falkenhayn; Minister of National Defense, Count Zeno von Welsersheimb; Minister of Commerce, Count G. von Wurmbrand-Stuppach; Minister of Justice, Count Friedrich von Schönborn; without portfolio, Ritter von Savorski.

There are 16 provincial diets, which deal with local taxation, education, worship, charities, agricultural regulations, and public works. The bishops of the Roman and Greek Churches and rectors of universities have seats ex officio, and the landed proprietors, the chambers of commerce and trade guilds, and the municipalities and rural communes are represented as in the Reichsrath.

Finance. The revenue for 1891 was 600,708,000 florins, and the expenditure 587,091,000 florins. The estimates for 1894-95 make the revenue 619,105,779 florins, including 16,497,746 florins of extraordinary receipts. The direct taxes produce 110,045,000 florins, of which 35,890,000 came from the land tax, 30,713,000 from the house tax, 28,698,000 from the income tax, 11,659,000 from the tax on industries, and 3,085,000 from other taxes. The customs revenue is 43,404,777 florins. Indirect taxation gives 293,599.632 florins, of which 108,865,080 come from excise taxes, 21,007,602 from salt, 86,616,450 from the tobacco monopoly, 20,442,000 from stamps, 37,419,000 from legal fees, 16,678,000 from a state lottery, and 2,571,500 from other sources. The receipts from railroads are 123,857,130 florins; from posts and telegraphs, 36,825,000 florins; from state property, 5,178,830 florins; from forests and domains, 5,001,960 florins; from mines, 7,910,921 florins; from universities, etc., 6,157,204 florins.

The expenditure for 1894-'95 is estimated at 582,759,548 florins for ordinary and 35,934,689 florins for extraordinary purposes; total, 618.694,237 florins. Of the ordinary expenditure, the chief items are 158,328,038 florins for the debt service, 107,875,608 florins contribution to common expenditure, 101,268,120 florins for railroads, posts, and telegraphs, 88,190,825 florins for financial administration, 21,307,820 florins for justice, 18,694,750 florins for pensions and grants, 18,458,896 florins for the Ministry of the Interior, 17,989,840 florins for the Ministry of National Defense, 14,196,609 florins for education, 14,108,253 florins for agriculture, 7,148,050 florins for public worship, 6,065,135 florins for subventions, and 4,650,000 florins for the imperial household. The special debt of Austria amounted in 1893 to 1,219.184,000 florins.

Electoral Reform.-The agitation for universal suffrage, which appeared to subside after the accession of the Windischgrätz ministry, was renewed in 1894, and meetings were held on nearly every Sunday and holiday everywhere throughout the country. The Social Democrats discussed the advisability of a general strike, such as had been successful in Belgium. When the proposition was brought forward in the Social-Democratic congress at Vienna, Dr. Adler, one of their foremost leaders, deprecated it as unnecessary, and warned his followers against violence or illegalities, reminding them that the troops, with quick-firing guns and small-caliber rifles, would inake short work of a popular ris

ing. The Socialists, by way of a demonstration, held 21 crowded mass meetings in Vienna in favor of general, equal, and direct suffrage, where resolutions were offered declaring that a condition of things in which two thirds of the population had no political rights could not be maintained permanently, and that the workers would no longer submit to political servitude under those who exploited them economically. The project of electoral reform put forward by Count Taafe would have extended the franchise to every citizen who was able to read and write and had fulfilled his military obligations. As this would have damaged the position of the German-Liberal party, its leader. Dr. von Plener, joined with Count Hohenwart, the Conservative leader, and, with the aid of the Poles and the Old Czechs, overturned the ministry. The coalition ministry that succeeded, when obliged to face the question, sought a solution that would not disturb the existing balance among the nationalities. This Prince Windischgrätz thinks he has found in the creation of a fifth body of electors, which shall embrace all the workingmen of the towns and all the peasants who cultivate a plot of ground, however small. The proposed qualifications are membership in any of the mutual-benefit societies that all artisans and factory operatives are obliged by law to belong to, or the payment for two years of any direct tax whatever, which would practically admit the whole rural population.

Socialism. The Social Democrats have been gaining rapidly in numerical strength under the impetus of the suffrage agitation, and have lately endeavored to indoctrinate and organize the rural workers who are dissatisfied with agrarian conditions. In Vienna even the maidservants have formed a trade union, and throughout the country the female workers are organized generally. The Socialists of Vienna are well disciplined, and, as a rule, thorough constitutionalists and upholders of order. Anarchists made few converts except among the Bohemian proletariat, till in 1894 a section of the extreme Socialists declared for anarchy. There was a trial in Vienna, in February, of 3 anarchists who made bombs and distributed incendiary literature, and in August the editors of a paper devoted to theoretical anarchism were arrested. The peasantry in their meetings demanded, in addition to the right of suffrage, the extension of the laws for the protection of workmen to agricultural laborers, and sometimes the expropriation of the estates of the nobility and the Church; and abolition of all taxes, except a progressive income tax. A series of large strikes occurred in Vienna in the spring. Cabinetmakers and joiners employed on the many new buildings in course of erection went out, and were followed by the masons and carpenters until 50,000 men were made idle. The carpenters demanded a minimum daily wage of 2 florins; others, the shortening of working hours and the abolition of piecework. The conductors and drivers on the street railroads struck in the middle of March, and also the work people in several factories. In May many thousands of coal miners in Silesia went on strike, demanding the eight-hour day and a mitigation of the charges of the official mutual-aid societies. At

the annual assembly of the Social-Democratic party a general strike for the franchise was voted down. May day was celebrated as a labor holiday. In Grätz there was a fight between paraders and the police, which was stopped by the military. The Socialists put forward the following demands: Eight hours as the maximum day's labor in all trades, together with thirty-six hours Sunday rest; the security of the right of combination, and the abolition of restrictions on the right of public meeting and association, together with the punishment of officials for any illegal hindrances in struggles for wages; and the abolition of all restrictions on the free expression of opinion in writing or speech. The Minister of Commerce promised to bring in a bill to amend the trade laws, in which the protection of the weak would be the first consideration, and care would be taken to insure adequate Sunday rest; also a bill to establish labor tribunals with the object of preventing breaches of contract and labor conflicts. Bills have been presented to establish labor bureaus and to create workmen's committees and associations of masters and men.

The Czech Movement.-In 1894 the state of siege was maintained over Bohemia. A formidable revolutionary secret society was broken up just before the beginning of the year, and during the judicial examination a treacherous member, named Rudolf Mrva, was murdered by two of his fellows. The society, which pursued Nationalist and anti-dynastic ends, had its origin in a congress of Radical Slav students held in 1890, at Vienna, when an understanding was reached between the students and a large body of workingmen to work together for the federation of the empire and equal rights for all classes. When they organized into a society in 1892 the Stadtholder of Bohemia refused to sanction their rules as submitted to him, and consequently they became an illegal secret society, known as the Omladina, having for its aim the solution of social problems on Nationalist lines. It was organized in groups of 5 members, the head of each group being distinguished as the thumb, while the others were fingers. The chief knew who belonged to the society everywhere, but the subordinate members knew only the few with whom they came into contact. The society had two newspaper organs, and counted among its members numerous journalists as well as students and artisans. They held Republican principles: many were Socialists, some anarchists. They made demonstrations in favor of an alliance with France and Russia. Some of the young Czech members of the Diet and the Reichsrath were suspected of giving aid and encouragement. The people of Prague and other towns were generally restive under the arbitrary rule of the Stadtholder, and flaunted their anti-German feeling. When spoken to in German they would answer in French or Russian or Latin. The town council had the German street signs removed and Latin or Greek names put in their places. The council removed the German clerks from the municipal administration and the post office, and would entertain no petition written in German. They resolved to change the names of streets and squares, but were forbidden by the Stadtholder.