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PROPOSITION III. THEOREM

72. Two triangles are equal if two sides and the included angle of the one are equal respectively to two sides and the included angle of the other (s.a.s.s.a. s.).

A

Α'

B

Hyp. In ▲ ABC and A'B'C',

To prove

AB= A'B', BC= B'C', and B=LB',

▲ ABC= ▲ A'B'C'.

Proof. Apply ▲ ABC to ▲ A'B'C' so that BC shall coincide with B'C'.

BA will take the direction of B'A',

(LB = LB' by hyp.).

The point A will fall upon the point A',
(AB = A'B' by hyp.).

.. AC will coincide with A'C'.

.. AABC and A'B'C' coincide.

: AABC=AA'B'C'.

Q.E.D.

Ex. 35. If two lines bisect each other, and their extremities are joined, four triangles are formed, of which those opposite each other are equal.

73. REMARK. - The equality of lines and angles is usually proved by means of equal triangles.

Ex. 36. If any point in the perpendicular bisector of a line is joined to the extremities of that line, the lines joining the point to the extremities are equal.

Ex. 37. The bisector of the vertical angle of an isosceles triangle bisects the base.

Ex. 38. If, upon the sides of an angle, equal distances be laid off from the vertex, and the ends be joined to any point in the bisector of the angle, these lines are equal.

Ex. 39. If in the triangle ABC, 2 A = 2 B, and the points D and E be taken in AC and BC so as to make ▲ ABD = 2 EAB, then BD = AC.

Ex. 40. If two angles of a triangle are equal, the bisectors of these angles are equal.

Ex. 41. If, from the ends of the base of an isosceles triangle, equal distances be laid off on the same arms, and from their ends lines be drawn to the opposite vertices, these lines are equal.

74. REMARK. If the lines and angles whose equality is to be proved are not parts of triangles, try to construct such triangles.

Ex. 42. If in triangle ABC, AB = BC, then 2 A = 2 C.

PROPOSITION IV. THEOREM

75. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either remote interior angle.

Hyp.

To prove

а

BCD is an ext. Z of ▲ ABC.

4 BCD><A or ▲ B.

Proof. Let E be the midpoint of BC. Draw AE and produce it its own length to F. Draw FC.

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By joining the midpoint of AC to B, it follows in the same anner that

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Ex. 43. If four points, A, B, C, and D, in a straight line be joined to

a point, E, without, then

(1) ZABE>LACE,

(2) LABE>▲ CED, (3) LABE><ADE.

(See diagram on next page.)

Ex. 44. If in quadrilateral ABCD the diagonals AC and BD meet in E, find four angles smaller than angle BEA.

Ex. 45. If from any point D in ▲ ABC DA and DB are drawn,

then DLC.

HINT. - Draw DC.

A

B

A

E

a\b

c\d

76. DEF. When two straight lines, AB and CD, are cut by a third straight line, EF, called a transversal, then the angles a, b, g, and h are called exterior angles, the angles c, d, e, and f are called interior angles, the angles a and e, b and f, c and g, and d and h are called corresponding angles, the angles c and f, and d and e are called alternate interior angles, and the angles b and g, a and h, are called alternate exterior angles.

e

h

F

PARALLEL LINES

77. DEF. Parallel lines are lines which lie in the same plane and do not meet if produced indefinitely. parallel.

78. AXIOM 11. Two intersect

ing lines cannot be both parallel

to a third straight line.

AB and CD are

-B

79. THEOREM. Two straight lines which are parallel to a third straight line are parallel to each other.

For if the two lines should meet, we would have two intersecting straight lines parallel to a third straight line, which contradicts Axiom 11.

C

PROPOSITION V. THEOREM

80. Two lines are parallel if a transversal to these lines makes the alternate interior angles equal.

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Hyp. AC and DF are intersected by BE so that

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To prove

AC DF.

Proof. AC and DF either meet or are parallel.

Suppose they meet in G.

Then BEG is a triangle whose exterior ABE is equal to a remote interior / BEG, which is impossible. Hence AC and DF are parallel.

Q.E.D.

81. SCHOLIUM. That the lines AC and DF cannot meet on the side of A and D can be proved by the same method.

82. REMARK. In order to demonstrate that two lines are parallel, prove the equality of a pair of alternate interior angles.

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Ex. 48. In the same diagram, if 2 AHC=2EIH, CD is parallel to EF.

Ex. 49. Lines are parallel if a transversal makes the alternate exterior angles equal.

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