NOTE 1. By laws of Massachusetts, 32 gallons make 1 barrel. In some States 31 gallons, and in others from 28 to 32 gallons, make 1 barrel. 42 gallons make 1 tierce, and 2 tierces make 1 puncheon. NOTE 2. The term hogshead is often applied to any large cask that may contain from 50 to 120 gallons, or more. 8000 NOTE 3.- The Standard Unit of Liquid Measure adopted by the government of the United States is the Winchester Wine Gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches, and is of a capacity to hold 339 lb. Avoirdupois of distilled water, at its maximum density, weighed in air, the barometer being at 30 inches. It has the name Winchester, from its standard having been formerly kept at Winchester, England. The Imperial Gallon, now adopted in Great Britain, contains 277,274 cubic inches; so that 6 Winchester gallons make about 5 Imperial gallons. 1000 NOTE 4.1 gallon of alcohol weighs 71b.; of camphene, 73lb.; of proof spirits, 7lb.; of spirits of turpentine, 7lb.; of sperm oil, 74lb.; of olive oil, 74lb.; of linseed oil, 73lb.; and of molasses, 113lb. NOTE 5.- The fluid measure of apothecaries, used by them in measuring liquids of medical prescriptions, divides the gallon (marked Cong.) into 8 pints (O.); the pints into 16 fluid ounces (f3); the fluid ounces into 8 fluid drams (f3); and the fluid drams into 60 minims (m) or drops. The abbreviation Cong. stands for congiarium, the Latin for gallon, and the O. is the initial of octans, the Latin for an eighth, the pint being an eighth of a gallon. EXAMPLES. 1. In 57T. 3hhd. 50gal. 3qt. how many pints? 2. In 116830 pints how many tuns? 3. Reduce 96hhd. 47gal. 2qt. to gills. 4. How many hogsheads in 195056 gills? 5. What cost 40 hogsheads of wine at $0.37 per pint? 6. How much may be gained by buying 2 hogsheads of molasses, at 40 cents a gallon, and selling it at 12 cents a quart? Ans. $10.08. BEER MEASURE. 139. Beer Measure is used in measuring beer, ale, porter, and milk. NOTE 1. - The gallon of beer measure contains 282 cubic inches; and has been usually reckoned, 36 gallons equal 1 barrel; 2 hogsheads, or 108 gallons, 1 butt; 2 butts, or 216 gallons, 1 tun. NOTE 2. - Beer Measure is becoming obsolete. Milk and malt liquors, at the present time, are bought and sold, very generally, by wine or liquid measure. EXAMPLES. 1. How many pints in 46hhd. 49gal.? 4. In 158976 pints how many hogsheads? 5. At 29 cents per gallon, what cost 76 hogsheads of ale? Ans. $1190.16. 6. How much may be obtained by selling 47hhd. 36gal. of lager-beer at 5 cents a quart? DRY MEASURE. Ans. $514.80. 42 100 NOTE 1. The Standard Unit of Dry Measure adopted by the United States government is the Winchester bushel, which is in form a cylinder, 18 inches in diameter, and 8 inches deep, containing 2150 cubic inches. The Standard Imperial bushel of Great Britain contains 22181 cubic inches, so that 32 Imperial bushels equal about 33 Winchester bushels. The gallon in Dry Measure contains 268 cubic inches. NOTE 2. Of wheat a standard bushel is 60lb.; of shelled corn, 56lb.; of corn on the cob, 70lb.; of rye, 56lb.; of barley, 481b.; of buckwheat in Pa., 50lb.; in Kentucky, 52lb.; in Mass., 48lb.; of oats in Ohio, Ill., Mass., &c., 32lb.; of oats in Ky., 334lb.; of oats in Me., 30lb.; of oats in Pa., 30lb.; of clover-seed, 60lb.; of flax-seed, 56lb.; of Timothy-seed, 45lb.; of bran, 20lb.; of beans, 601b; of onions, in Pa., Ky., &c., 571b.; of onions in Mass., 52lb.; of salt in Ky., 56lb.; of salt in Ill., 50lb.; of dried apples in Pa., 22lb.; of dried apples in Ill., 24lb.; of dried peaches in Pa., 33lb.; of dried peaches in Ill., 321b.; of stove coal in Ill., 80lb.; of bituminous coal in the Western States, 761b.; and of hard-wood charcoal, 30lb. The weight by law, of a few of the articles named, to a bushel, is not uniform in all the States, and therefore may vary slightly from the above, in a few States not mentioned. NOTE 3. In some places it is customary, in measuring coal, potatoes, and like articles, to "heap" the bushel, as it is called, and in that case 5 even pecks are about equal to 1 "heaped bushel." The "coal bushel," as established by laws of Massachusetts, Ohio, and some other States, is of greater capacity than the Winchester bushel. In some parts of the United States a chaldron, a measure of coal, consists of 36 bushels; and in other parts of the country it consists of 32 bushels, or of 4 quarters, each consisting of bushels. The quarter, however, in England is 8 Imperial bushels, a measure of grain equal to 560lb., or one quarter of a ton of 2240lbs. EXAMPLES. 1. How many pints in 35bu. 3pk.? 3. In 676 chaldrons, of 36 bushels each, how many pecks? 4. How many chaldrons, of 36 bushels each, in 97344 pecks? 5. A grocer purchased 50 bushels of potatoes, by "heaped" measure, at 60 cents a bushel, and sold the same, by "even" measure, at 15 cents a peck; did he gain or lose by the operation? Ans. Gain $7.50. 6. If I purchase by measure 96 bushels of oats, weighing 2304 pounds, at 42 cents a bushel, and sell the same by weight in Ohio, at 45 cents a bushel, shall I gain or lose by so doing? Ans. Lose $7.92. DRY, LIQUID, AND BEER MEASURES COMPARED. 141. The relative value of the gallon and its subdivisions, of the several measures, in cubic inches, and in denominations of each other, are shown in the following NOTE 1. By the table, it is evident that each of the measures of capacity is a species of cubic measure; and to change cubic measure, expressed in cubic inches, to any denomination of either dry, liquid, or beer measure, divide by the number of cubic inches required to make a unit of the proposed denomination. Thus, to reduce 14ft. 294in. cubic measure to gallons of liquid measure: 14 cu. ft. 294 cu. in. 24486 cu. in.; 24486 cu. in.÷231 = 106 gallons, liquid measure. = NOTE 2. - To change a quantity from one measure of capacity to its equiv◄ alent in another, reduce the given quantity to cubic inches, and then find their value in denominations of the proposed measure. EXAMPLES. 1. Change 4hhd. 15 gal. beer measure to liquid measure? 2. Change 4hhd. 30 gal. liquid measure to beer measure? 3. If a milkman buy 2820 gallons of milk at 4 cents per quart, beer measure, and sell the same at 6 cents per quart, liquid measure, what will he gain? Ans. $375.0229. 4. If 2538 gallons of milk have been purchased by liquid measure, at 4 cents per quart, and the same has been sold by beer measure at 6 cents per quart, what has been the gain? Ans. $92.88. 5. A merchant bought 385 bushels of seed peas at $4.00 per bushel, dry measure. He sold the same at 20 cents What did he per quart, liquid measure. chase? gain by the purAns. $1327.20. 6. J. Day bought 1000 bushels of corn at $1.05 per bushel, dry measure, and sold the same at $1.12 per bushel, liquid measure. Did he gain or lose by the operation, and how much? 7. My hogshead contains 30 cubic feet. How many more gallons of dry measure will it contain, than of beer measure? 8. Bought of my neighbor, John Smith, 365 gallons of milk, at 5 cents per quart; but by mistake he measured it in his liquid measure. How much did I lose? MEASURE OF TIME. 142. This measure is applied to the various divisions and subdivisions into which time is divided. h. d. = 60 1440 = 24 = 1 W. 168 7 = y. = 525960 = 8766 365 1 NOTE 1. The true Solar or Tropical Year is the time measured from the sun's leaving either equinox or solstice to its return to the same again, and is 365d. 5h. 48m. 49 sec. The Julian Year, so called from the calendar instituted by Julius Cæsar, contains 365 days, as a medium; three years in succession containing 365 days, and the fourth year 366 days; which, as compared with the true solar year, produces an average yearly error of 11m. 10sec., or a difference that would amount to 1 whole day in about 129 years. The Gregorian Year, or that instituted by Pope Gregory XIII., in the year 1582, and which is now the Civil or Legal Year in use among most nations of the earth, contains, like the Julian year, 365 days for three years in succession, and 366 for the fourth, excepting centennial years whose number cannot be exactly divided by 400. The Gregorian year is so nearly correct as to err only 1 day in 3866 years, a difference so little as hardly to be worth taking into account. The manner of reckoning time according to the Julian Calendar is termed Old Style, and that according to the calendar of Gregory, New Style. England did not adopt the new style till 1752, when, according to an act of Parliament, the difference between the two styles, which then amounted to 11 days, was removed, by the day following the 2d of September of that year being accounted the 14th day. The difference now between old and new style is 12 days. A Common Year is one of 365 days, and a Leap or Bissextile Year is one of 366 days. Any year is Leap Year whose number can be divided by 4 without a remainder, except years whose number can be divided without a remainder by 100, but not by 400. A Sidereal Year is the time in which the earth revolves round the sun, and is 365d. 6h. 9m. 96 sec. The names of the 12 calendar months, composing the civil year, are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, and the number of days in each may be readily remembered by the following lines: "Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November; And all the rest have thirty-one, Save February, which alone Hath twenty-eight; and this, in fine, One year in four hath twenty-nine." |