What gives the PECULIAR flavour to DISTILLED SPIRITS?
How is ALCOHOL obtained?

What is the composition of alcohol?

ETHER.

How is ETHER procured?

How do the various ethers differ from each other; and on what does this difference depend?

How is SULPHURIC ETHER obtained?

What are the QUALITIES of sulphuric ether?

What is the composition of sulphuric ether?
How is NITRIC ETHER prepared?

What are some of the qualities of nitric ether?
ON ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.

When will two electrified PITH BALLS repel, and when will they ATTRACT each other?

What is the difference between CONDUCTORS and NON-CONDUCTORS of electricity?

What is the difference between ELECTRICS and NON-ELECTRICS?

What substances are conductors and what are non-conductors. of electricity?

When two ELECTRICS are rubbed together, what is the DIFFERENCE in their ELECTRICAL STATES?

In what do the positive and negative electrical states consist? When is a conductor said to be insulated?

GALVANIC ELECTICITY. What are the substances capable of exhibiting GALVANIC PHENOMENA ?

What DIFFERENCE is there between the CONDITIONS necessary to excite cOMMON ELECTRICITY and those necessary to excite GALVANISM?

In the experiment with the two metals and the tongue, what galvanic principles are involved?

Describe a galvanic PILE and explain the PRINCIPLES of its action?

In what respects must two METALS DIFFER, as a necessary CONDITION to the extrication of galvanic power?

How may the same metal be made the positive or negative side respectively?

What serves as a CONDUCTOR of the galvanic power from plate to plate in the VOLTAIC PILE ?

Describe the construction of the galvanic trough, and explain its principles of action.

How may a galvanic battery be constructed by means of glasses and plates of metal?

Acetates. Compounds formed by the combinations of a base with acetic acid. Acids. Compounds formed by the combination of oxygen with certain elementary bodies, forming in general a class of substances which are sour to the taste, and which unite with alkalies, and metallic oxides to form salts.

Aeriform fluids. Elastic fluids. Atmospheric air, and the gases are of this kind. Their aeriform state is owing to the caloric with which their bases are combined.

Affinity, chemical. A term used to express that peculiar propensity which substances of different kinds have to unite with each other, as acids, and alkalies, &c.

of aggregation. That force is so called by which substances of the same kind tend to unite, without changing their qualities.

of composition. The force by which substances of different kinds combine, and form a third, which differs from either of the two first, before the combination. Thus muriatic acid and soda form common salt.

Albumen. Coagulable lymph. It is contained in animal substances, as the serum of the blood. The white of eggs is albumen.

Alcohol. Rectified spirit of wine. It is always the same, from whatever kind of spirit it is distilled.

Alkalies. Peculiar substances which have a caustic burning taste, and a strong tendency to combination, particularly with acids, and with

water.

Alloys. A combination of any two metals, except mercury. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

Amalgam. A mixture of mercury with any other metal. Analysis. Separation of the constituent parts of compounds, for the purpose of detecting their composition. This is done by re-agents Annealing. Rendering substances tough, which before were brittle. The metals are annealed by heating them red hot, and then cooling them gradually.

Arseniates. Salts formed by the combination of a base with the arsenic acid.

Azote. This name is given by the French chemists to nitrogen, which see

B.

Balsams. Certain aromatic resinous substances, which are obtained from some trees by incisions. Of this kind are the Canada balsam, the balsam of Copavia, the balsam of Tolu, &c.

Barometer. An instrument which shows the variation of the pressure of the atmosphere, by the rise or fall of a column of mercury in a glass tube attached to a graduated plate.

Base. A chemical term, usually applied to denote the

earth, the alkali, or the metal which is combined with an acid to form a salt. Baths. Vessels for distillation or digestion, contrived to transmit heat gradually or regularly.

sand. Vessels filled in part with dry sand, in which those retorts are placed which require a greater beat than can be given by boiling water. In large works, iron plates are used instead of vessels of capacity. They are often called sand heals.

water. Vessels of boiling water, in which other vessels containing the matters to be distilled or digested are placed, in order that the same heat may be kept up throughout the whole of any particular process.

Benzoates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with the benzonic acid.

Blow-pipe. An instrument to increase and direct the flame of a lamp for the analysis of minerals, and for other chemical purposes. Borates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with the acid of borax.

C.

Calcareous. A chemical term formerly applied to describe chalk, marble, and all other combinations of lime with carbonic acid. Caloric. The chemical term for the matter of beat.

-free. Is caloric in a separate state, or, if attached to other substances, not chemically united with them.

latent. Is the term made use of to express that portion of caloric which is chemically united to any substance, so as to become a part of the said substance.

Camphorates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with the camphoric acid.

Capillary. A term usually applied to the rise of the sap in vegetables, or the rise of any fluid in very small tubes; owing to a peculiar kind of attraction, called capillary attraction.

Carbon. The basis of charcoal.

Carbonates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with carbonic acid.

Carburets. Compound substances, of which carbon forms one of its constituent parts. Thus plumbago, which is composed of carbon and iron, is called carburet of iron.

Charcoal. Wood burnt in close vessels: it is an oxide of carbon, and generally contains a small portion of salts and earth. Its carbonaceous matter may be converted by combustion into carbonic acid gas.

Chlorine. A name lately given to the substance usually called oxymuri- • atic acid.

Chlorates. Salts formed by the union of the chloric acid with the salifiable bases.

Chromates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with the chromic acid.

Citrales. Salts formed by the combination of any base with citric acid. Coal. A term applied to the residum of any dry distillation of animal or vegetable matters.

Cohesion. A force inherent in all the particles of all the substances, excepting light and caloric, which prevents bodies from falling in pieces. Columbates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with the columbic acid.

Combination. A term expressive of a true chemical union of two or more substances; in opposition to mere mechanical mixture.

Combustibles. Certain substances which are capable of combining more

or less rapidly with oxygen. They are divided by chemists into simple and compound combustibles.

Combustion. The act of absorption of oxygen by combustible bodies from atmospheric or vital air.

Crystallization. An operation of nature, in which various earths, salts, and metallic substances, pass from a fluid to a solid state, assuming certain determinate geometrical figures.

water of. That portion which is combined with salts in the act of crystallizing, and becomes a component part of the said saline substances.

D.

Decomposition. The separation of the constituent principles of compound bodies by chemical means. Deflagration. The vivid combustion that is produced whenever nitre, mixed with an inflammable substance, is exposed to a red heat. It may be attributed to the extrication of oxygen from the nitre, and its being transferred to the inflammable body; as any of the nitrates or oxygenized muriates will produce the same effect. Deliquescence of solid saline bodies, signifies their becoming moist, or liquid, by means of water which they absorb from the atmosphere in consequence of their great attraction for that fluid.

Deoxidize. To deprive a body of oxygen.

Detonation. An explosion with noise. It is most commonly applied to the explosion of nitre when thrown upon heated charcoal. Digestion. The effect produced by the continued soaking of a solid substance in a liquid, with the application of heat.

Distillation. A process for separating the volatile parts of a substance from the more fixed, and preserving them both in a state of separation.

Ductility. A quality of certain bodies, in consequence of which they may be drawn out to a certain length without fracture.

E.

Edulcoration. Expressive of the purification of a substance by washing with water.

Effervescence. An intestine motion which takes place in certain bodies, occasioned by the escape of a gaseous substance.

Efflorescence. A term commonly applied to those saline crystals which become pulverulent on exposure to the air, in consequence of the loss of a part of the water of crystallization.

Elasticity. A force in bodies, by which they endeavour to restore themselves to the posture from whence they were displaced by an external force. Elastic fluids. A name sometimes given to vapours and gases. Vapour is called an elastic fluid; gas, a permanently elastic fluid.

Elements. The simple, constituent parts of bodies which are incapable of decomposition; they are frequently called principles. See Simple Substanees.

Empyreuma. A peculiar and indiscribable disagreeable smell, arising from the burning of animal and vegetable matter in close vessels. Ethers. Volatile liquids formed by the distillation of some of the acids with alcohol.

Evaporation. The conversion of fluids into vapour by heat. This appears to be nothing more than a gradual solution of the aqueous particles in atmospheric air, owing to the chemical attraction of the latter for water.

Eudiometer. An instrument invented by Dr. Priestley for determining the purity of any given portion of atmospheric air. The science of investigating the different kinds of gases is called eudiometry.

F.

Fermentation. A peculiar spontaneous motion, which takes place in all vegetable matter when exposed for a certain time to a proper degree of temperature.

Fibrine. That white fibrous substance which is left after freely washing the coagulum of the blood, and which chiefly composes the muscular fibre.

Flowers. In chemical language, are solid dry substances reduced to a powder by sublimation. Thus we have flowers of arsenic, of sal ammoniac, of sulphur, &c. which are arsenic, sal ammoniac, and sulphur unaltered except in appearance.

Fluates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with fluoric acid. Fluidity. A term applied to all liquid substances. Solids are converted to fluids by combining with a certain portion of caloric.

Flux. A substance which is mixed with metallic ores, or other bodies to promote their fusion; as an alkali is mixed with silex, in order to form glass. Fulmination. Thundering or explosion with noise. We have folminating silver, fulminating gold, and other fulminating powders, which explode with a loud report, by friction, or when slightly heated. The state of a body which was solid in the temperature of the atmosphere, and is now rendered fluid by the artificial application of heat.

Fusion.

G.

Gallates. Salts formed by the combination of any base with gallic acid. Galvanism. A new science which offers a variety of phenomena, resulting from different conductors of electricity, placed in different circumstances of contact.

Gas. All solid substances, when converted into permanently elastic fluids by caloric, are called gases.

Gaseous. Having the nature and properties of gas.

Gasometer. A name given to a variety of utensils and apparatus contrived to measure, collect, preserve, or mix the different gases. An