154 PACIFIC REPORTER PAROL EVIDENCE 7. EVIDENCE 419 A mortgage to defendant to secure the payment of $4,000, with interest, according to the terms and conditions of three promissory notes of specified dates and amounts and times of payment, covering the mortgagor's described realty and providing against foreclosure within two years, under seal, signed by the mortgagors, executed on the same day with an agreement between plaintiff, a creditor, and the mortgagor, and defendant, the mortgagee, and with a chattel mortgage on timber executed to plaintiff, in the absence of fraud or mistake, could not be varied or enlarged by showing that defendant, to obtain his additional security, promised the mortgagors to pay $1,000 on their indebtedness to plaintiff, in view of the fact that the purpose of the mortgage was not to convey with a defeasance, but to evidence a contract of security, as the contract itself might be resorted to as the source of authority for receiving parol evidence, and since it showed a formal and deliberately complete agreement, parol evidence to enlarge its scope was inadmissible. [Ed. Note. For other cases, Cent. Dig. §§ 1912-1928; Dec. Dig. 419.] see Evidence, 8. MORTGAGES 37 PAROL EVIDENCE DEED AS MORTGAGE. - It is competent to prove by parol evidence that a deed absolute on its face was intended as a mortgage, that being an exception to the general rule against excluding parol evidence. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Mortgages, Cent. Dig. §§ 97-107; Dec. Dig. 37.] 9. EVIDENCE 433, 434-PAROL EVIDENCEWRITTEN CONTRACT-FRAUD OR MISTAKE. It is competent to show fraud or mistake by parol evidence opening the door to the fullest investigation as to the real intention of the parties to a written contract, and so defeat or reform it; that being an exception to the general rule excluding parol evidence. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Evidence, Cent. Dig. 88 1990-2020; Dec. Dig. 433, 434.] 10. EVIDENCE 419 MORTGAGE-ADVANCES. When a mortgage is given to secure a sum of money, the receipt of which is acknowledged generally, parol evidence is admissible to show that it was given to secure future advances and the actual amount of such advances, or to otherwise explain the nature of the debt to be secured. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, Cent. Dig. §§ 1912-1928; Dec. Dig. 419.] see Evidence, 11. EVIDENCE 419-PAROL EVIDENCE CONSIDERATION OF MORTGAGE NOTE. Where a mortgage is given to secure a specific note described therein, parol evidence is admissible to prove the true consideration of the note and what debts the note is intended to evidence. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Evidence, Cent. Dig. §§ 1912-1928; Dec. Dig. 419.] Department 1. Appeal from Superior Court, King County; King Dykeman, Judge. Action by the Union Machinery & Supply Company against James K. Darnell. Judg ment for plaintiff, and defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded, with direction to dismiss. Brightman, Halverstadt & Tennant, of Seattle, for appellant. Walter S. Fulton, of Seattle, for respondent. (Wash. ELLIS, J. Action upon an alleged promise of the defendant to pay to the plaintiff $1,000 on an indebtedness owing from John and George England, loggers, doing business as England Bros., to the plaintiff. The material facts are as follows: In the year 1912, the England Bros., were engaged in logging certain lands in Pierce county. To finance these operations they borrowed from the defendant Darnell $4,000, evidenced by three promissory notes-one for $1,500, dated June 14, 1912, due one year after date, with interest at 7 per cent., payable semi-annually; before one year after date, with interest at one for $1,000, dated July 1, 1912, due on or 7 per cent. per annum, payable at maturity; and the third for $1,500, dated October 2, 1912, due six months after date, with interest at 8 per cent. per annum, payable at maturity. The first two notes were executed by both of the Englands and their respec tive wives, the third by George England and wife. At the time of the giving of the first of sale of the timber to the defendant, by of these notes the England Bros. gave a bill the terms of which they were permitted to tinued under this agreement and a supplecut and remove the timber. Operations conmaterial, until the middle of June, 1913, but mental agreement of May 26, 1913, not now nothing was realized over and above the expense of operation to apply on the indebtedness. indebted to the plaintiff Union Machinery & In the meantime the Englands had become Supply Company for logging equipment in a sum approximating $3,000. The plaintiff was urging payment. Shortly prior to June 16, 1913, the defendant's notes being wholly unthe first and last notes being due, and much of paid, except six months interest on the first, the timber having been removed, the defendant went to John England's home and had a conference with England and his wife, which resulted in their giving to the defendant a mortgage on their home to secure the three notes. This mortgage was executed on June 16, 1913, and, omitting caption and acknowledgment, reads as follows: England, his wife, mortgage to Jas. K. Darnell "The mortgagors, John England and Mary E. to secure the payment of $4,000 lawful money of the United States, together with interest thereof three certain promissory notes, dated June on at the rate of 7 and 8 per cent. per annum until paid, according to the terms and conditions 14, 1912, July 1, 1912, and October 2, 1912, rerespectively payable on or before one year after spectively for $1,500.00, $1,000.00 and $1,500.00 date on or before one year after date and on or before six months after date, respectively, with order of Jas. K. Darnell the following described interest at 7%, 7%, and 8% respectively to the real estate lot thirteen, block eleven in Seaview Park situated in the county of King, state of Washington. two years from this date. For other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes On the same day and admittedly for the purpose of enabling England Bros. to continue their logging operations the England Bros. and the defendant entered into an agreement in writing with the plaintiff, signed by all of them, which, after reciting the indebtedness of England Bros. to the plaintiff, and that the plaintiff had declined to extend further credit without security, provided as follows: rent labor bills. "That the boom of logs now in the water adjacent to said camp may be sold by them and the proceeds employed in the liquidation of cur"That the next three booms of logs shall be handled by the Union Machinery & Supply Company, sold by them, and out of the proceeds they shall retain $1,000 in cash on each of said three booms, and that after paying the expenses of transportation and sale the balance shall be paid by the Union Machinery & Supply Company to the order of said England Bros. and J. K. Dar nell. "Said $3,000 shall apply on the indebtedness of England Bros. to the Union Machinery & Supply Company." ment was inadmissible in that it tended to change, vary, and enlarge the terms of a written contract complete and unambiguous on its face. [1, 2] 1.. The law is well settled in this state that a promise for a valuable consideration made by one person to another to pay such other's debt to a third person is an original undertaking of the promisor, and is not such a promise to pay the debt of another as to come under the ban of the statute of frauds, though resting in parol. Nordby v. Winsor, 24 Wash. 535, 64 Pac. 726; Dimmick v. Collins, 24 Wash. 78, 63 Pac. 1101. It is also well settled that in such a case the third person may sue the first directly upon the promise as one made for his benefit. Nordby v. Winsor, supra; Johnson v. Shuey, 40 Wash. 22, 29, 30, 82 Pac. 123. The first point raised is without merit. [3] 2. But it does not follow that every such promise may be proved by parol evidence. If the promise is asserted to have On the same day the England Bros. and been made as a part of a transaction which Darnell gave to the plaintiff a chattel mort- is evidenced by a formal written contract gage on the timber in question. Apparently complete and unambiguous upon its face, it is Darnell signed this agreement and chattel | elementary that, as between the parties to mortgage to give them precedence over his prior chattel mortgage on the timber. Thereafter the Englands sold one boom of logs, the plaintiff a second boom, and the third was disposed of by the Seattle Merchants' & Credit Men's Association by common consent of the creditors of England Bros., including the plaintiff. On July 17, 1914, plaintiff brought this action, alleging that on June 16, | 1913, when John England and wife gave the above-mentioned mortgage to the defendant as additional security for the three notes, the defendant, for the purpose of securing such additional security and keeping the logging camp running, promised England and wife to pay to the plaintiff the sum of $1,000 to apply on their indebtedness to the plaintiff. This alleged promise is the basis of the action. At the trial the plaintiff was permitted, over objection, to introduce the testimony of John England and wife and their daughter to the effect that as a consideration for the execution of the mortgage the defendant promised to pay $1,000 of the indebtedness of the England Bros. to the plaintiff. The defendant denied that any such promise was made, and testified in substance that the mortgage embodied the whole agreement between him and the Englands, and that the contract and chattel mortgage above referred "It is to be observed, however, that the right to embodied the whole agreement between of a stranger to vary a written contract by him and the plaintiff. The trial resulted in parol is limited to rights which are independent of the instrument. So that where one, although a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff.not a party to the instrument, bases his claim The defendant appeals. The record and the assigned errors sufficiently present two contentions: (1) That the alleged contemporaneous agreement contravened the statute of frauds in that it was an undertaking to answer for the debt of another and was not in writing; (2) that the the writing, parol evidence would be inadmissible to prove any additional promise which would tend to contradict, vary, or enlarge the terms, scope, or purpose of the written contract. Ross v. Portland Coffee & Spice Co., 30 Wash. 647, 652, 71 Pac. 184; Allen v. Farmers' & Merchants' Bank, 76 Wash. 51, 58, 135 Pac. 621. The same rule excluding parol testimony which applies as between the parties to a written contract applies with like force to a third person whenever he claims as a beneficiary under a contract, bases his claim upon it or seeks to assert rights which originate in the contractual relation created by it. All rights primarily arising from the negotiations on which the written instrument rests, by whomsoever asserted, are merged in the writing. The fountain cannot rise higher than its source. In such a case the third person who claims that the promise was made for his benefit is affected by the same principles of estoppel to vary the contract as evidenced by the writing as affect the party who claims to have paid the consideration for the promise. Jones, after indicating that the general rule excluding parol testimony to vary a written contract does not apply as against strangers to the instrument, says: upon it, and seeks to render it effective in his favor as against the other party to the action, by enforcing a right originating in the relation established by it, or which is founded upon it, the parol evidence rule applies." 3 Jones, Commentaries on Evidence, § 449, p. 220. The following authorities amply sustain and exemplify the exception as stated: Sayre 3 separate receipt for the money; hence it is open to explanation by parol evidence. Jones, Commentaries on Evidence, § 469. Minneapolis, etc., Ry. Co. v. Home Ins. Co., ↑ eration clause is of no greater force than a 55 Minn. 236, 56 N. W. 815, 22 L. R. A. 390; Current v. Muir, 99 Minn. 1, 108 N. W. 870; Schneider v. Kirkpatrick, 80 Mo. App. 145; Selchow v. Stymus, 26 Hun (N. Y.) 145; Hankinson v. Riker, 10 Misc. Rep. 185, 30 N. Y. Supp. 1040; Schultz v. Plankington Bank, 141 Ill. 116, 30 N. E. 346, 33 Am. St. Rep. 290; Wodock v. Robinson, 148 Pa. 503, 24 Atl. 73. For an antithetical case stating this exception and illustrating its limits, see our own decision in the case of Ransom v. Wickstrom & Co., 84 Wash. 419, 146 Pac. 1041. [4] As to the foregoing propositions there can hardly be a divergence of opinion. But the respondent contends that the real consideration for a written contract can always be shown, that evidence of the parol contemporaneous promise of the mortgagee in this case to pay $1,000 of the mortgagor's debt to it as an additional consideration for the mortgage, was therefore admissible, or as respondent, in substance, puts it: The execution of security for appellant's notes was the consideration for the promise, which comes to the same thing. Though an additional consideration not inconsistent with that expressed in the written contract may usually be proved by parol evidence, it is not competent as between the parties to a writing, under the guise of proving an additional consideration, to ingraft upon a written agreement, complete and unambiguous on its face, new terms, conditions, and covenants by parol. Smith Sand & Gravel Co. v. Corbin, 81 Wash. 494, 500, 142 Pac. 1163; Morris v. Healy Lumber Co., 46 Wash. 686, 691, 91 Pac. 186; Gordon v. Parke & Lacy Machinery Co., 10 Wash. 18, 38 Pac. 755; Kingsland v. Haines, 62 App. Div. 146, 70 N. Y. Supp. 873; Adams v. Watkins, 103 Mich. 431, 61 N. W. 774; Jackson v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 54 Mo. App. 636; Walter v. Dearing (Tex. Civ. App.) 65 S. W. 380; Kahn v. Kahn, 94 Tex. 114, 58 S. W. 825; 17 Cyc. p. 659. [5] This is because the prime purpose of a deed is to convey title, and any explanation or variation of the consideration expressed, short of proving that the deed was without consideration, does not tend to defeat that purpose. Ordway v. Downey, supra; Windsor v. St. Paul, etc., Ry. Co., supra. The same rule and reason applies in case of a bill of sale of personalty. Don Yook v. Washington Mill Co., supra; Van Lehn v. Morse, 16 Wash. 219, 47 Pac. 435; Gilmore v. Skookum Box Factory, 20 Wash. 703, 56 Pac. 934. It is a matter of common knowledge that in conveyancing, the acknowledged consideration in the deed is often, and it may be said, usually not the real consideration paid or agreed to be paid. McCrea v. Purmort, 16 Wend. (N. Y.) 460, 30 Am. Dec. 103. [6, 7] But where, as in this state, a mortgage is not a conveyance with a defeasance as it was at common law, but is the mere written evidence of a contract of security, its prime purpose being to secure a debt, it seems to us that when the parties have specifically described the debt by stating the amount, as evidenced by specific notes, rate of interest, time of payment, and all the terms essential to a complete and unambiguous agreement, the recital of the amount and character of the debt should be held as invulnerable to parol attack as any other of the terms of the instrument, so long as the integrity of the instrument is not assailed for fraud nor a reformation sought for mistake. Such recitals as those found here are not mere "inattentive recitals common in conveyancing." They evidence, by their very particularity of description of the notes secured, a contractual intention as binding as any other contract. "It is a universal rule that the written contract itself must be resorted to as the source of where, as here, the contract shows a deliberate authority for receiving parol evidence, and agreement complete in itself and formally executed, parol evidence to enlarge its scope or vary ers' & Merchants' Bank, 76 Wash. 51, 58, 135 its terms is never admissible." Allen v. FarmPac. 621, 624; Gordon v. Parke & Lacy Machinery Co., supra; Farley v. Letterman, 152 Pac. 515. As sustaining the admissibility of evidence of a contemporaneous parol agreement as an added consideration of a written contract, respondent cites four of our own decisions: Don Yook v. Washington Mill Co., 16 Wash. 459, 47 Pac. 964; Johnston v. McCart, 24 Wash. 19, 63 Pac. 1121; Ordway v. Downey, 18 Wash. 412, 51 Pac. 1047, 52 Pac. 228, 63 To this rule neither a deed nor a mortgage Am. St. Rep. 892; Windsor v. St. Paul, etc., is any exception. 6 Am. & Eng. Encyc. Law Ry. Co., 37 Wash. 156, 79 Pac. 613, 3 Ann. | (2d Ed.) p. 775. Even in case of a deed when Cas. 62. An examination of these cases dis- the statement of the consideration passes closes the fact that the first two involve beyond the mere recitative acknowledgment bills of sale of personalty, and the last two of payment of money, common in conveyancdeeds conveying real estate. The tendency ing, and enters into specific details and conof modern authority is towards the doctrine ditions stipulating special terms evidencing that the effect of the acknowledgment of not merely an intent to convey land, but payment of a given consideration in a deed to contract with reference to the considerais only to estop the grantor from asserting tion, such recitals bind the parties, and if a total lack of consideration, and thus de- complete on their face, can no more be alterfeating the deed, and that the usual consid-ed, varied, enlarged, or controlled by parol evidence of a contemporaneous oral agree- | were, given, there was an agreement entered inment than other contracts. Jackson v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., supra. In the case last cited Judge Ellison, speaking for the court, says: "All written contracts, complete and definite, speak for themselves, and they cannot be altered, added to, or subtracted from, by oral testimony. This is an absolute rule of evidence adopted from motives of policy and founded upon the experience of mankind in dealing with the 'slippery memory' of men. So that it must follow that if parties express their contracts, as to the consideration, in terms which show that it is a contract, then, if complete upon its face, it can no more be altered or varied than any other contract. Whenever the statement of the consideration leaves the field of mere recital and enters into that of contract, as shown by the intention of the parties to be gathered from the instrument, it is no longer open to contradiction. This may be illustrated: Suppose the consideration in a deed should be: In consideration of the sum of $1,000 to be paid to me in beef cattle, weighing not less than 1,200 pounds each, at five cents per pound.' Would it be contended that a consideration thus expressed contractually could be orally shown to be other than as expressed? * But money may also be contracted for as the consideration in a written contract. And when the intention to so contract is disclosed by the written instrument, no other or additional consideration can be shown. Thus, suppose that the consideration was stated in the written contract to be $1,000 to be paid as follows: Two hundred dollars in 6 months from date without interest, $400 in 12 months from date with 3 per cent. interest, and $400 in 18 months from date with 10 per cent. interest from maturity, all to be secured by a mortgage' on certain described property. Could it be shown in contradiction to this that the consideration agreed upon was 50 head of cattle or an additional sum of money? Clearly not. The reason is that it has been contracted otherwise by the parties, and that contract has been reduced to writing.' Where a deed recited the consideration as the payment of a certain sum of money and the assumption by the grantee of certain specifically described debts of the grantor, it was held that the statement of the consideration was contractual, and that parol evidence was not admissible to show the assumption of other debts as an additional consideration. Walter v. Dearing, supra. See, also, Kahn v. Kahn, supra; Baum v. Lynn, 72 Miss. 932, 18 South. 428, 30 L. R. A. 441; Hubbard v. Marshall, 50 Wis. 322, 6 N. W. 497. The better considered authorities hold, and it seems to us a fortiori, that the same rule applies to mortgages. While we have found no case an exact parallel to the one before us on the facts, there are many which announce the governing principle. In Dyar v. Walton, Whann & Co., 79 Ga. 466, 7 S. E. 220, it was claimed by the mortgagor that a settlement closed up by absolute notes and mortgages was, by a contemporaneous oral agreement of the parties, to be revised by crediting all errors. Evidence to that effect was held inadmissible. The court said: "The defense, when analyzed, resolves itself into an effort to vary a written contract by parol, and to shun the consequences of gross neg to, that they should be varied by the result of have been embodied in the written contract, or in subsequent examination, that agreement ought to some other writing whereby to establish it. The omission to do either is decisive of this branch of the defense. There is no allegation in the plea, and no indication in the evidence, that this agreement was intended to be embraced in any writing, or that it was left out by fraud or mistake." In Kenney v. Aitken, 9 Daly (N. Y.) 500, the deed of trust involved was given to secure the payment of four specifically described notes. The maker of the trust deed brought an action upon an alleged contemporaneous parol agreement with the cestui que trust that the latter should repay to him the $400 represented by the last note, as the value of certain property covered by the trust deed which was exempt from execution. Van Brunt, J., said: 107, it was held that the recital in the bond of a "In the case of Cocks v. Barker, 49 N. Y. the consideration for the execution of the bond, fact, although the existence of that fact formed was a substantive part of the agreement, and not like the consideration clause of a conveyance limits be explained and varied by parol. The or other instrument which might within certain plaintiff in this action seeks to add to the deed of trust another and different agreement from that which is contained in the recitals." That case on principle cannot be distinguished from the one before us. See, also, Union National Bank v. International Bank, 22 Ill. App. 652; Falke v. Fassett, 4 Colo. App. 171, 34 Pac. 1005; Moffitt v. Maness, 102 N. C. 457, 9 S. E. 399; Bowery Bank of New York v. Hart, 77 App. Div. 121, 79 N. Y. Supp. 46; Knight v. Warren, 56 Hun, 642, 9 N. Y. Supp. 380; Cocks v. Barker, 49 N. Y. 107. [8, 9] While it is competent to prove by parol evidence that a deed absolute on its face was intended as a mortgage, or by an allegation of fraud or mistake to open the door to the fullest investigation as to the real intention of the parties to a written contract and thus defeat or reform it, the facts must be pleaded and the proof must be clear and convincing. These are well-recognized exceptions to the general rule excluding parol testimony. The first of these is sui generis, the second is not peculiar to mortgages, but applies to every kind of written contract. Neither is authority for the claim that an instrument purporting to be a mortgage complete upon its face and unambiguous as to the amount and character of the debt secured is any more subject to variation, extension, or contradiction by parol evidence than are other less formal contracts. To hold otherwise would render what commonly has been considered the surest security for a debt, the most precarious. [10, 11] When a mortgage is given to secure a sum of money, the receipt of which is acknowledged generally as in the usual consideration clause of a deed, parol evidence is 154 PACIFIC REPORTER (Wash and that he then elected to exercise the option to pay and carry these items, did not tend to change, add to, or vary either the mortgage or the consideration upon which it was based. oral evidence of the alleged contemporaneous In the case before us we are clear that the promise sued upon was improperly admitted. The judgment is reversed and the cause is cure future advances, and the actual amount of such advances, or to otherwise explain of paying the taxes, assessments, and insurThe mortgage gave the mortgagee the option the nature of the debt intended to be secured. Babcock v. Lisk, 57 Ill. 327. So, also, where ance premiums, and carrying the same under a mortgage is given to secure a specific note that at the time the mortgage was given, cerThe mortgage at his election. described therein, parol evidence is admis-tain assessments and premiums were due, Parol proof sible to prove the true consideration of the note and what debts the note is intended to evidence. Wilkerson v. Tillman, 66 Ala. 532. But the case here is neither of these. We have been cited to no authority and know of none holding that where a mortgage is given to secure a certain indebtedness specifically described therein, the character and components of which are known and admitted, it is competent, without any allegation of fraud | remanded, with direction to dismiss. or mistake, to prove that by a contemporaneous parol agreement it was intended to secure a debt of a wholly different origin and character or an additional sum to be advanced by the mortgagee as an additional consideration for the mortgage. Much less is it competent to prove that by such an oral | RUSSELL & GALLAGHER v. YESLER ESagreement an additional sum was to be paid as an additional consideration without any intention that it should be secured by the mortgage. Such proof in either case would not be proving the consideration merely, but varying and enlarging the contract by adding new terms and conditions and creating new burdens. We said in Morris v. Healy Lumber Co., supra: MOUNT, and FULLERTON, JJ., concur. (Supreme Court of Washington. Jan. 11, 1916.) to build certain foundations for a building and Where plaintiffs agreed with the defendants agreed further that they should be paid an changes ordered by the architect and from which amount to which was added all extras for "Lastly it is contended that the court erred in that the decision of the architect should be conwas subtracted all amounts by which the changexcluding evidence as to the consideration that es decreased the cost of the building, agreeing actuated the appellants in entering into the clusive, but providing that in case of dispute as lease. But such evidence was immaterial to to the true value of any work added or omitted any issue made by the pleadings. permissible for certain purposes to show by pa- ings, and further agreeing that in case any difWhile it is by the contractor the same should be arbitrated rol what the actual consideration was upon ference of opinion should arise in relation to the by appealing to the city superintendent of buildwhich a deed is founded, it is never permitted contract, the work to be performed under it or where the purpose of the evidence is to annex a condition to the instrument not expressed in it." the plans, drawings, and specifications, the deThere is no reason either in law or logic ing, and stipulating for liquidated damages for cision of the architect should be final and bindwhy the same rule should not apply to a delay in performance, there was no agreement mortgage complete in every particular on its of extra work or as to demurrage, in the abface. It will not do to say that the alleged sence of which agreement the plaintiffs were enfor arbitration by the architect as to the value agreement was a separate and independent titled to resort to the courts. contract. Clearly the promise here sought to be enforced, if independent of the mort-Dig. $$ SG1-877, 879-883; Dec. Dig. 198.1 gage, was without consideration, since the 2. CONTRACTS 198-SUBMISSION-MATTERS respondent on the same day agreed in writing not only with the Englands, but also with the appellant, on another consideration, to extend credit and permit the logging operations to continue. The alleged promise to pay the $1,000 could not have entered into that agreement in any view of the case, since the respondent does not claim to have known of it until long afterwards. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Contracts, Cent. SUBJECT TO ARBITRATION. disputes by arbitration, it will compel parties Although the law favors the settlement of to resort thereto only when the terms of their contract are clear and certain in showing that they had such intention. Dig. §§ 861-877, 879-883; Dec. Dig. 198.] [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Contracts, Cent. Department 2. Appeal from Superior Court, King County; John E. Humphries, Judge. Action by Russell & Gallagher, copartners, against the Yesler Estate, From a judgment for plaintiffs, defendant Incorporated. appeals. Affirmed. We have gone into the matter thus fully for the reason that we are now satisfied that in the case of Harbican v. Skinner, 83 Wash. 596, 145 Pac. 582, we permitted ourselves to indulge a breadth of expression beyond the true rule and beyond the necessities of that case. That case was decided correctly, but should have been based alone upon the last ground stated in the opinion. spondents. R. J. Venables, all of Seattle, for appellant. For other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes |