effective. As the weight of this gun (1,000 Dounds) is very great compared to that of the charge, there is little or no recoil, and when once pointed it requires hardly any adjustment. It is an admirable arm against night attacks, as well as to sweep flanks of fortifications, bridges, etc.. and is in general use in the United States for the defense of military posts on the Indian frontier. The first Gatling gun was made in 1862, and twelve were made in 1863, which were used by the Federal army in Virginia, but the gun was not adopted into the United States service until 1866. This gun has also been adopted by Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Turkey, and Egypt. REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS. NI A65* DALLAS, Oregon. How many Representatives are sent to Congress from each State and Territory of the Union? W. A. GINN. FAYETTE, Iowa. Give the Beuresentatives from each State prior to 1880 and since then, so as to show the changes made. H.F.KLING. Answer. The apportionments of Representatives in 1872 and 1882 have been as follows, the first giving one to every 131,425 of population the second one to every 154,325: 1872 1882 6 13 14 1 ment, was revised and put into its present form by Ezra, after the return of the Jews from captivity. The book of Joshua is held by Hebrew tradition to have been written by Joshua hizzself; it was probably founded on records made by that great captain, revised and amplified after his death. The authorship of Judges is not known, and scholars believe it to be the work of more than one writer. Nor is there any record concerning the authorship of the book of Ruth, though a very improbable tradition ascribes it to Samuel The first twenty-four chapters of I Samuel are believed to have been written by this leader of the prophets; the remainder Hebrew tradition declares to have been the work of Nathan. It is plain, by certain passages in the book, that it was revised much later than this, after the secession of the ten tribes.' That the two books of Kings were written by Jeremiah we have double evidence in the Talmudic tradition, and the likeness of its style to the other work of that prophet. The two books of Chronicles were written by several unknown persons at different times, and afterward compiled by Ezra, who also wrote part of the book which bears his name, the remainder being written by Daniel and others. Nehemiah wrote the most important part of his book, but apparently extracted the latter chapters from various chroniclers. There is not even a tradition to point out who wrote the book of Esther or that of Job. The latter is one of the every oldest of the Scripture writings, and is supposed to be founded on› an ancient poem. The Psalms were written by David, Solomon, Asaph, and others. A number of them, are no doubt much older than David's time, and were by him or his musicians first put into form suitable for use in the temple. The Proverbs were undoubtedly uttered or collected by Solomon, except the two last chapters, which claim a different authorship. Ecclesiastes was also written the Canticles by the wise king, and are probably correctly ascribed to him alse. Isaiah wrote the book of his prophecies; Jeremiah the two works ascribed to him; Ezekiel and Daniel each the part of Scriptures bearing his name. Nor is there any doubt that the twelve books of the minor prophets are correctly named from their authors. Also the books of the four-evangelists, though modern critical scholarship hasɔ endeavored to throw doubt on the authorship of the work assigned to John. The Acts of the Apostles was written by Luke: the Romans and thirteen following epistles by Paul; the remainder of the epistles by those whose names they bear-James, Peter, John, and Jude; while the Revelation or Apocalypse was the undoubted work of John, the beloved apostle. 2 33 34 10 2 10 Massachusetts AUTHORSHIP OF THE BIBLE'S BOOKS. < the Answer.-Our knowledge [concerning authorship of the earlier books of the Bible is very vague and founded upon tradition only: for others their origin is distinctly asserted in the sacred volume itself. To begin with the first five books or Pentateuch, commonly ascribed to Moses, it is now believed that the great Hebrew daw-giver wrote part of these books only. The history in Genesis is founded on documents previons to the time of Moses, and it seems that the matter of these documents was incorporated just -as it stood. It is probable that they were put in the form of a connected history by Moses himself or one of his elders. The books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers were no doubt partly written by Moses and partly diotated especially the legal sections to scribes whose duty it was to keep the historical records of the nation. Deuteronomy, except the concluding chapters, was probably written by Moses, it professes to be. The entire Pentateuch, with other històrical volumes of the Old Testa J THE TWELFTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. SEVEN PINES, Give a brief history of the Twelfth Regiment Di nois Volunteer Infantry. W.M. JONES, Answer.-The Twelfth Illinois was one of the first six regiments organized under the call for 75.000 troops immediately after the attack upon Fort Sumter. It was mustered into the threemonths service May 2, 1861, and sequently was mustered in for three years. May 10, 1861. it went to Cairo, and was thence sent to Cape Girardeau. It took part in the battles at Forts Henry and Donelson and was then sent on to Nashville, being among the Arst of the Union troops to enter that city. At Shiloh it lost 116 men in killed, wounded, and missing. It suffered severely also at the battle of Corinth. It was kept on guard duty at Corinth until June 6, 1868. It was soon after this transferred to the Twenty-fifth corps, but saw no more arduons duty than that of guarding bridges during the remainder of the year. Jan. 14 1864, 811 men and twenty-four officers of the regiment re-enlisted, and returned to their homes on veteran furlough. In March, it reJoined the army in Tennessee. It took part in the engagements of Ley's Ferry, Rome CrossRoads, Kenesaw Mountain, Nicojack Creek, Decatur, and Ezra Church. At the siege of Atlanta it lost forty men in killed and wounded, and at the terrible struggle at Allatoona Pass it lost onethird of its men. It marched with Sherman to the sea, went to Washington to take part in the grand review, and was mustered out July 10, 1866, at Springfield, Ill. & to Hurlbut's division, and at Shiloh was in the first line of battle formed, and stood its ground till badly cut up. The regiment lost 252 men in killed and wounded in this battle. The Fifteenth took part in General Grant's Mississippi campaign, was at the siege of Vicksburg, and with Sherman in the pursuit of Johnston, and later with the same General in his Meridian raid. The men re-enlisted in the spring of 1864, and joined the army before Atlanta. They took part in the battle at Allatoona Pass, where they were badly cut up. The regiment accompanied Sherman in his march to the sea, and after the surrender of Johnston's army went to Washington, where it took part in the grand review. Thence it went to Louisville, Ky., and from there to Fort Leavenworth, Kan., where it was mustered out Sept 16, 1865. GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN. AMONTGOMERY, Mich. Give a list of the Governors of Michigan from the time of its State organization, GEORGE M. NULL. Answer. The Governors of Michigan, from its admission as a State, in 1835, have been as follows: ETHAN ALLEN. CROMWELL, Iowa. What became of Colonel Ethan Allen after he was Sent to England for trial? O. L. STAHLNEOKER. Answer.-Colonel Ethan Allen was captured in an attack upon Montreal, Sept. 25, 1775.He was sent as prisoner to Great Britain, ostensibly for trial, but in a few months was sent back to America, and confined in prison ships and jails at Halifax and New York till May 3, 1778, when he was exchanged. During most of his captivity he was treated as a felon and kept heavily ironed, but during 1777 was allowed restricted liberty on parole. After his exchange he again offered his services to the patriot army, but t because of trouble in Vermont was put in command of the militis in that State. The British authorities were at that time making especial efforts to secure the allegiance of the Vermonters, and it was owing to Allen's skillful negotia tions that the question was kept open until the theater of war was changed, thus keeping the colony on the American side, but avoiding the attacks from the British that would certainly have followed an open avowal of their political preferences. Allen died at Burlington, Vt., Feb. 13, 1789. 775 1.7 10 IN THE FIFTEENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. Answer. The Fifteenth Illinois Regiment was organized at Freeport, Ill., in April, 1861, and mustered in May 24. It was the first regiment mustered into the three-years service. It was in camp at Alton, Ill., till Aug. 1, when it was transferred to Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Thence it went to Rolla, where it arrived just in time to cover General Sigel's retreat Oct. 1 it joined General Fremont's army at Tipton. It was in winter quarters at Otterville from Dec. 26 to Feb, 1. It was next sent to Fort Donelson, arriving there the morning of the surrender. It was assigned THE STORY OF REGULUS. BOT ROCHESTER, Minn. Give a brief account of Regulus and the circum stances of his famous speech. F.J. PRIESTLEY. Answer. Marcus Abilius Regulus was a Roman general during the first Punic War. In the 256 B. C. he, with Manlius, was put in command of an enormous fleet of 330 vessels with 140,000sailors and soldiers on board, sent by the Romans to capture Carthage. This fleet was encountered off the southern coast of Sicily by an even larger naval armament of the Carthaginians, which it utterly defeated, and pursued to the African coast. There the Roman troops landed and rayaged the country, defeating the enemy in every encounter. Over-confident at the continually reported success the authorities at Rome 'recalled Manlius with a large part of the army. Even with the diminished force left him Regulus suoceeded in capturing the city of Tanis and defeating the enemy with great slaughter. But the Carthaginians were now commanded by a very able Greek general, Xanthippus, who succeeded in massing an army large enough to quite over power the Romans, and Regulus himself was taken prisoner. After he had been five years in captivity the Carthaginians, being anxious to arrange terms of peace, sent an embassy to Bome to negotiate. With it they sent Regulus, baring bound him by captivity if their oath to return to offers were rejected. inclined to no The Roman Senators were cept the terms, but Regulus interposed, and in a speech showed so clearly that it would be to the injury of Rome and the advantage of Carthage should they do so that they broke off further negotiations. Regulus refused even to see his wife and children, but went résolutely back into cap❤ tivity. It is said that the Carthagenians, indignant at his course of action, caused him to be put to death with horrible tortures, but this part of the story is generally doubted by historians, GENERAL WARREN AT SPOTTSYLVANIA. DIXON, II. General Sanborn, in his address before the Army of the Tennessee, stated that an entire army corps disobeyed orders at Spottsylvania. "made no attack, and did not fire a shot," thus delaying the capture of Lee for an entire year. State the corps commander's name, his reasons, etc. C. F. HUBBARD. Answer. It is a matter of regret to discredit sò eminent an authority as General Sanborn, but no such instance as he mentions is 'given in any reliable account of the Spottsylvania engagements now at hand. By reference to his speech wé find that he places the "00 currence on the "day of the crisis at Spottsylvania"-which was May 12-and by other allusions in the context it is plain that his reference is to Warren's delay in bringing forward his corps on that morning; but the fact is that Warren, though undoubtedly over-cautious and slow on that occasion, did make more than one attack though they proved unsuccessful. Let us take the testimony of two historians on the subject. First, that of Badeau, who undoubtedly states the full extent of Warren's failure, singe on more than one occasion he criticises that officer's conduct as a corps commander with some severity. Of his action at Spottsylvania, Badeau saya: "Warren had been ordered to attack before 8 o'clock, in order to relieve the troops so hard pressed at the center, but his dispositions seemed slow, and the instructions were repeated again and again in the most peremptory manner. Both Grant and Meade were greatly chagrined at this delay, for it was losing all the advantages that Hancock's brilliant achievement had obtained; and finally at 10:30 am. Grant directed Meade in writing: 'If Warren fails to attack promptly, send Humphreys to command his corps and relieve him.' At last, on the right of the line, Warren was spurred to an attack by which, however, he accomplished nothing. After this first failure he made three other feeble attempts to assault, but, predicting unsuccess, was unsuccessful, on one occasion retiring before artillery alone. Finally, as there seemed no chance of acquiring any advantage in this quarter of the field, Grant now determined to break up the Fifth Corps for the day. * The General-in-chief was confirmed in his belief that there had been no important force in front of Warren, and that a vigorous assault on the rebel left would have been successful earlier in the day. Warren's after movements were made under verbal orders from Humphreys, the Chief of Staff of the Army of the Potomac." Now, let 4 ent to on the right of our army at that memorable occasion, and Humphreys,-who was there, and who transmitted all the orders of the Commander-in-chief to Warren, was overlooking his movements, and gave orders for the cessation of his assaults when it became plain that they could not succeedgives a quite different impression. He says: "Early in the morning of the 12th, General Warren opened with all his artillery, and pressed forward his skirmish line. The intrenchments of the enemy gave no sign of having been stripped of any of their troops to meet Hancock's and Wright's attacks on the salient, but the manner in which the contest there was carried on and the reinforcements the enemy received, together with the fact that Burnside was attacking on the east face of the salient, led to the conclusion that the enemy could not be very strong in Warren's front, and at 9:15 a m., he was ordered attack at once at all hazards with his whole force if necessary. He accordingly prepared to do so, and assaulted, but was repulsed, for Longstreet's corps was holding its intrenchments in force, the only change made in his line being the extension of his right. Immediately upon the failure of Warren's attack he was directed to send General Cutler's division to General Wright, and he prepared to follow with his whole corps." This was the breaking up of the Fifth Corps alluded to by Badeau. The entire corps was, a few hours later, massed under General Warren for another assault upon the fortifications, but as there was reason to believe that the assault would not be successful, it was not made, and the troops were withdrawn. In conclusion, the testimony of the enemy concerning General Warren's attacks, may be quoted; In the official diary of Longstreet's corps the attack in force—the order for which Badeau places after 10:40 a m., but Humphreys, on the ground, says was ordered at 9:15 a m.—is described as "two violent assaults between 9 and 10 o'clock." Part of Warren's troops had to march over a stretch of open ground in full view of the enemy's batteries to make their attack. General Bratton, a Confederate officer, says that "they advanced beautifully in two lines of battle to within fifty yards of the intrenchments, when the musketry and artillery fire was opened that broke them." GEORGE ELIOT. ANN ARBOR, Mich. * A sketch of the life of George Eliot is requested. A. E. GEBHART. Answer.-George Eliot was the nom-de-plume of the English novelist, Marian Evans. She was born about the year 1820 in Warwickshire, Her father was a land agent and surveyor, Little is known of her early life. She began her literary work as a contributor to the Westminster Review about 1842, becoming associated, through her connection with that magazine, with many of the most gifted writers of the day. She wAS much employed in translation also, and her first published volumes were translations. The name George Elfot was first assumed in her contribu→ tions to Blackwood's Magazine. To that maga zine she sent her first story, "The Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton" in 1859. Her other works with dates of publication, were as follows: "The Mill on the Fluss," 1860: "Silas Marner, "1861: "Romola," 1863: "Felix Holt," 1866; "The Spanish Gypsy," a poem, 1868; "Middle march," 1871; "The Legend of Jubal," a poem, 1874; "Daniel Deronda," 1876; The Opinions. of Theophrastus Such,” 1879. Since her death a volume of her essays has also been published. Miss Evans was united in marriage-though without the formality of a ceremony with George Henry Lewes, the philosopher and author. Mr. Lewes had been previously married, but had obtained a divorce from his wife because of her improper conduct. Her friends had subsequently induced him to forgive her on being assured of her full repentance, and the two were remarried. But after this Mrs. Lewes' conduct was so rep. rehensible, that her husband felt obliged, through regard for their children if not for himself, to separate from her again. Under the English law he could not get a second divorce, and his union with Miss Evans, therefore, could not be sanctioned by either church or state. A number of their personal friends, however, among whom were Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill, who were consulted on the matter beforehand, gave their full approval to the union, which proved in all respects a happy one, as the two authors were much attached to each other. Mr. Lewes died in 1878. May 6, 1880, Mrs. Lewes was married to Mr. John Walter Cross, & banker of London, who had long been an intimate friend of her family. She died Dec. 23, 1880. The scholarship of George Eliot was something wonderful. She was acquainted with the classical languages, and also with the Spanish, Italian, French, German, Russian, and Swiss tongues, with their various dialects. She also knew all the physical sciences, all arts and philosophies, and was thoroughly versed in history, both of events and thought. In her literary work she was very diligent, and, though writing with great rapidity, corrected and revised her own work with the utmost care. In the department of novel-writing she stands in the very first rank, having never been surpassed by any author of any age, man or woman. BATAVIA, ILL. A sketch of the Hon. S. P. Chase would oblige a constant reader. JAMES H. SOOVILL. Answer.-Salmon Portland Chase was born at Cornish, N. H.. Jan. 13, 1808. His father died when he was but 9 years old, and he spent some years with his uncle, Philander Chase, then Episcopal Bishop of Ohio, 'who aided him in obtaining an education. He studied for college at Worthington, Ohio, entered Cincinnati College, of which his uncle was President, in advance of his glass, and subsequently went to Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, where he graduated in 1836. He taught school at Washington, D. C., carrying on his law studies meanwhile, and was admitted to the bar in that city in 1830. He settled at Cincinnati, Ohio, and again began the practice of his profession, in which he rapidly› gained prominence. He prepared an edition of the statutes of Ohio, which became an accepted authority. He supported Harrison for the Presi¬« dehoy in 1840, and afterward took an active part in organizing the Liberty party in the State, and become a prominent advocate of the abolition of slavery. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1849, and was an uncompromising opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Hə was Governor of Ohio from 1855 to 1859. In 1861 he became Secretary of the Treasury under President Lincoln. His services in that capacity were of the greatest value to the country. In spite of the impaired condition of the public finances and the great expenses of the war, he succeeded in maintaining the National credit and providing all the money needed for the prosecution of the war. This was accomplished by the issue of legal tender notes, or greenbacks, treasury notes, and government bonds. Mr. Chase resigned his office June 30, 1864, and in the following October was made Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1868 he presided over the court of impeachment for the trial of President Johnson, He died at New York May 7, 1873. GENERALS AND LIEUTENANT GENERALS. KINGSLEY, Mich. When were the offices of General and Lieutenant General created? Who have held them and when were they commissioned? W. L. WILSON. 2 Answer. The office of Lieutenant General was created for Gen. Washington in Mar, 1798, and March 3, 1799, the office was abolished. General Scott was made brevet Lieutenant General March 29, 1847, for eminent service in the Mexican war. An act of Congress, approved Feb. 29, 1864, revived the grade of Lieutenant General, and March 1, 1864, President Lincoln nominated Grant to this position, which nomination was promptly confirmed by the Senate. An act of Congress, approved July 25, 1866, revived the grade of General of the army, a rank which, like the other, had never been held by anyone but Washington-and by him only from March 4, 1799, to his death, Dec. 14, 1799-to which grade President Lincoln immediately appointed General Grant, with the approval of the Senate. An act of Congress, approved July 28, 1866, provided for one General of the army and one Lieutenant General, the former officer to receive $13,500 per year, and the latter $11.000. When Grant received his commission in July, 1866, as General, the senior Major General in the army, General Sherman became Lieutenant General. When Grant resigned his commission as General in 1868, Sherman succeeded to this grade, and Sheridan, the next officer in rank, became Lieutenant General An aot of Congress, however, passed in July, 1870, provided that the offices of General and Lieu tenant General should continue until a vacancy: occurs, and no longer; so that when General Sherman was passed to the retired list, In November, 1883, the office of General of the army passed out of existence. Sheridan, therefore, though the highest officer in the army, holds the rank of Lieutenant General, and when his death or retirement shall occasion another va cancy, this grade, too, will expire, and the senior Major General will be the ranking officer of the army, unless Congress shall again make provision for the reviving of the higher grades. Balon adt to 914 71odlum di ba Will Our Curiosity Shop tell how is potato starch made? Answer-In the preparation of potato starch, the potatoes, after being washed and peeled, are grated to a fine pulp by a revolving grater. The pulp is then placed upon fine sieves, and water passed through a theme until all the starch is washed through, and nothing left except the cellularbo tissue. Successive por tions of the pulp are thus treated until the vessel over which the sieves are placed is Alled. The washings are then allowed to stand until all the starch has settled to the bottom. The water is then drawn off, fresh water is added, and the starch stirred again thoroughly, and then left to settle a second time. The process is repeated several times, using fresh water each time, until the starch is quite clear. A final washing is then given it, and it is put to drain in perforated boxes. When quite drained it is cut up into square lumps, 18 placed upon perforated bricks to absorb the moisture, then dried in heated ovens, and finally broken by pressure into small pieces and packed in boxes for sale.com ww badoar CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF GRANT. WAUKEGAN, Ill. Can Our Curiosity Shop give briefly and chronologically the history or public services of General Grant? If this can be briefly stated in chronological order it would be very interesting both as a matter of history for the general reader, and as a matter of reference for facts and dates. Now that this great American soldier has passed away, incidents in his personal history are becoming of increased interest. E. M. HAINES. Answer.-The following gives in a condensed form the leading events in the life of General Grant: Born at Point Pleasant, Ohio.............April 27, 1822 Entered West Point March 17, 1862 *........April 6-7, 1862 Headquarters moved to Memphis.... June 12, 1862 Put in command of the Department of West Tennessee.... Headquarters to Jackson, Tenn. Movement toward the river begun...... |