crust, through which tae finest seeds vegetate, and without which the entire surface would be blown away. The cowdung is taken fresh from the cow-house. (Gardener's Magazine, and Loudon's Encyclopædia of Horticulture.) That with many bulbous plants the gardeners of this country have little or no success is obviously owing to one of the following causes. They do not expose the plants when growing to a sufficient quantity of light, keeping them In badly lighted greenhouses or frames, or in the windows of dwelling-houses; or if they do expose them freely to light, they do not protect them with sufficient care from the effects of nightly frosts, by which the leaves become injured and unhealthy. Thus Guernsey lilies (Nerine sarniensis) seldom flower in our gardens the second year, although they may have blossomed finely the first year of their importation. The reason is, that the first flowers exhaust the bulbs, and the leaves appear so late in the season, that between the short and gloomy days of autumn and the ill-lighted greenhouses in which such plants are kept, they are unable to prepare a supply of food sufficient to replace that which the first year's flowers consumed; and consequently flowers in the second year are either not formed at all, or if formed, cannot be developed. Mr. Knight put these principles to the test by stimulating Guernsey lilies into vegetation sufficiently early for their leaves to enjoy the full influence of the summer's sun; and he found that bulbs so treated flourished as well the second as the first year. Another cause is our not attending enough to the nature of the soil in which bulbs are grown. It should be always remembered that their scales are not only succulent, but very absorbent; and that if the soil is retentive of moisture, they will not only become gorged with fluid, and consequently unhealthy, but the nutritive matter which they contain will be so much thinned as to be less fit for the food of the young leaves. This is doubtless the reason why the Dutch are so careful to select the lightest soil they can find, and, for the fluid necessary to support the growing plants, they trust to the watery stratum which is found some distance, from 9 inches to 2 feet, below the station of the bulbs themselves.

As bulbs are very much cultivated in this country in glasses of water for the ornament of sitting-rooms, the manuer in which they can be most successfully treated under such circumstances deserves a brief notice. It has been already stated that if bulbs are placed in contact with water they are liable to rot; it is consequently desirable that the water into which they are to root should be at least an inch below their base. To enable them to bear their leaves and flowers with vigour they should be abundantly furnished with roots, and this should have been secured for some short time before the stems and leaves are allowed to grow. But as the leaves are easily excited by light and warmth it will frequently happen, when bulbs are placed in water-glasses in sitting-rooms, that their leaves are formed before the roots, and that the flowering is consequently weak and imperfect. To prevent this, it is desirable always to commence the forcing of bulbs by placing them in a damp closet or cellar where there is just warmth enough to excite them into growth; in such a situation the roots will strike out freely, but the leaves will remain at rest. After the roots are sufficiently formed, the glasses may be gradually removed into the light, and the leaves and flowering stem will then be developed with great vigour. After this there is nothing to guard against except too much heat and too great an absence of light; the former will cause the leaves to grow too rapidly, and to become what is technically called drawn, unless a much larger quantity of direct solar light is permitted to act upon them than we can have the opportunity of procuring in the months when bulbs are forced. They should therefore be kept in a south window in a cool room, and never removed to the interior of the apartment until their flowers are ready to unfold.

We have only to add a word or two upon the propagation of bulbs. They generally multiply by forming cloves in the axils of their scales; such cloves or young bulbs are in reality buds, and one such must exist in a rudimentary state at the base of every scale [BUDS]. But it is only in a few species that more than two or three develop; in the common garlic a larger number than usual is constantly produced. When the number naturally developed is small, the multiplication of a new variety would be very slow if left to the unassisted efforts of the parent plant; a little simple application of the principles of vegetable physiology

|

shows however the manner of increasing the number o cloves. The principal reason why bulbs such as hyacinths, for instance, produce only two or three cloves is, that the powers of development inherent in the axillary buds cannot be called into action because of the exhaustion produced by the formation of a fine flowering stem; if this be prevented, that sap which would otherwise be consumed ov the flowers is directed into the axillary buds, which then become cloves or young bulbs in much larger numbers than otherwise. Consequently the destruction of the flowering stem when quite young is the most effectua mode of forcing the bulb to produce young ones. BULGARIA, a province of European Turkey, now in cluded in the Ejalet of Rum-Ili. [RUM-ILI.]

BULIMIA (Bovλuía), canine appetite, insatiable desire for food. The statement of the quantities of food consumed by some persons labouring under this disease is scarcely credible, yet it rests on testimony the veracity of which there is no reason to question. In the third volume of the Medical and Physical Journal' an account is given, by Dr. Cochrane of Liverpool, of a man, placed under his own per sonal inspection, who, in one day, consumed, of raw cow's adder, 4 pounds, raw beef 10 pounds, candles 2 pounds, in all 16 pounds, besides 5 bottles of porter. M. Percy, a sur geon-in-chief to the French army, made a report to the National Institute of the case of a soldier who was in the constant habit of devouring enormous quantities of broken victuals, basketsful of fruits, and even living animals; the details given of the quality as well as of the quantity of articles consumed by this man, without ever satisfying his rave nous appetite, are too disgusting to be related. Dr. Copland gives an account of two cases of this disease, which occurred in his own practice in children, one seven years of age and the other nine. In both these, but in the younger especially, the quantity of food devoured was astonishing. Everything that could be laid hold of, even in its raw state, was seized upon most greedily. Besides other articles an uncooked rabbit; half a pound of candles, and some butter, were taken at one time. The mother stated that this little girl, who was apparently in good health otherwise, took more food, if she could possibly obtain it, than the rest of her family, consisting of six besides herself. In both this and the other case the digestion seemed to be good. A nauseous smell emanated from the bodies. These children, who were both very intelligent, complained of no other uneasiness than a constant gnawing or craving at the pit of the stomach, which was never altogether allayed, but which, shortly after a meal, impelled them irresistibly to devour everything that came in their way, however disgusting.

6

The real nature of the morbid condition of the stomach and of the system in this disease is very imperfectly known. In several cases the health in other respects has appeared good, but in most cases there has been evident disease in various organs, and death has usually taken place at an early age. On the examination of the body after death the stomach has commonly been found enormously distended and sometimes misplaced; the duodenum and the rest of the intestines are usually in the same state of disten sion; the coats of all these organs are commonly thickened, and the valvula conniventes (the folds of the inner or mucous membrane of the intestines) as large as in carnivorous animals. Various organic changes have at the same time been found in the mesentery and its glands, as well as in the liver, the pancreas and the spleen.

There can be no question that most cases of this disease might be greatly mitigated, if not wholly removed, by the firm and constant restriction of the food to that quantity only which the wants of the system really require. Unless the individual have strength of mind to submit to the neces sary privation, or unless, in the case of children, a steady and undeviating restraint be imposed, every attempt to re medy the evil will be vain. If a rigid regulation of the diet be enforced, the cure will be materially assisted by a course of nauseating purgatives, as oil of turpentine rendered more active by castor oil. Several cases of great intensity have been completely cured by a steady treatment conducted on these principles.

When inordinate appetite is merely the result of some other unusual or morbid condition of the system, that is, when it is what is called symptomatic; when, as is often the case, it is the consequence of great fatigue, or of inani tion, from long-continued acute disease, or of some malady attended with an extraordinary degree of secretion and ex

cretion, and therefore with the removal from the system of a proportionate quantity of its nutrient matter, the disease can be cured only by the restoration of the system to its ordinary and sound state.

BULI'MULUS, Leach's name for a genus of terrestrial molluscs, which he thus defines :-Shell univalve, free, conically acuminated; spire elevated, regular; the last whorl very large; mouth entire, long; pillar smooth, simple; external lip thin; internal lip inflected towards the middle, with a hollow beneath. To this generic character the Rev. Lansdown Guilding observes that there should be the following addition Tentacula 4, the two upper ones long with terminal eyes: no operculum. The last-named author observes that it differs from Bulimus in the delicacy of its outer lip. It is indeed a Butimus of Lamarck. [BULIMUS.] Leach observes that Bulimulus trifasciatus (Bulimus Guadalupensis, Brug.), a very common existing West Indian species, occurs imbedded in the same limestone which incloses the fossil human skeleton from the Grande Terre of Guadaloupe, now in the British Museum. Several skele tons of men, says Lyell (in the 3rd vol. of his Principles of Geology, p. 190, last edit.) more or less mutilated, have been found in the West Indies, on the north-west coast of the main land of Guadaloupe, in a kind of rock which is known to be forming daily, and which consists of minute fragments of shells and corals, incrusted with a calcareous cement resembling travertin, by which also the different grains are bound together. The lens shows that some of the fragments of coral composing this stone still retain the same red colour which is seen in the reefs of living coral which surround the island. The shells belong to the neighbouring sea, intermixed with some terrestrial kinds, which now live on the island, and among them is Bulimus Guadalupensis.' There is another human skeleton from the same rock in the Museum at Paris. Mr. König has published an interesting paper on the skeleton in the British Museum in the Philosophical Transactions.'

AD

(Bulimulus trifasciatus®.]

BULI'NUS or BULI'MUS, the name of a very extensive genus of terrestrial pulmoniferous molluscs. Lamarck arranges it under his Colimacés, a family of phytophagous or plant-eating trachelipods, respiring air by means of lungs, and protected by a spiral shell which is more or less elongated, oval, oblong, or turriculated, with an entire aperture longer than it is wide, and with a very unequal border, which is reflected in the adult. The columella is smooth, without any notch or truncation at the base, but with an inflexion in the middle at its point of junction with that part of the peristome which it contributes to form. De Blainville places it under the Limacinea, his third family of Pulmobranchiata, whose organs of respiration are retiform, and line the cavity situated obliquely from left to right upon the origin of the back of the animal, communicating with the ambient air by means of a small rounded orifice in the right side of the border of the mantle. Some of the species were placed by Linnæus under his genera Bulla and Helix. Scopoli and Bruguières began the reform, and Lamarck carried it still further. But before we proceed, it may be necessary to say a word as to the origin of the term used to designate the genus. We constantly hear,' says Broderip, in the 4th volume of the Zoological Journal, among conchologists the question, what is the meaning of Bulimus?' The author of the article entitled Lamarck's Genera of Shells, in the 15th volume of the Journal of Science, thus derives the word Bouλipos, insatiable hunger-what title this genus has to so strange a name we know not.' It may not then be unacceptable to give a plain statement of the origin of the word. Swainson observes (Zool. Illust., vol. i, Bulimus Melastomus) that the genus Bulimus was long ago formed by Scopoli, out of the heterogeneous mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnæan genus Helix. Let us now turn to Scopoli's account of the source whence he derived the name. 'Proprium,' says Scopoli, itaque ex his constituo et duce celeberrimo Adansonio Bulimos voco,

• The shell varies much in colour

ut eo facilius adgnoscantur. Solam testam nec animal inhabitans vidi, quod diversum esse à Limace affirmat Adon sonius.' (Delicia, &c., p. 67.) Now Adanson has no such genus as Bulimus, but he has such a genus as Bulinus. At plate 1, fig. G 2, in his Natural History of Senegal, will be found 'Le Bulin, Bulinus, but the letters 'n' and 'u' are so confusedly engraven, that, at first sight, the word looks like Bulimus. In the text (p. 5), the word is printed Bulinus very plainly; but neither Scopoli nor any of his successors appear to have noticed it. Till the time of Lamarck, who confined the genus (still calling it Bulimus, after Scopoli and Bruguières) to the land-shells with a reflected lip, which now range under it, many land and freshwater shells which have not a reflected lip, such as Achatinæ, Physæ, Limnææ, and Succine, were also congregated under the name of Bulimus. The Bulinus of Adanson was a fresh-water shell, apparently a Physa or Limnæa.' The shell is never orbicular, as in the Helices, but of the shape noticed at the commencement of the article; the last whorl is always larger than the penultimate, and, indeed, as a general rule, may be stated to be larger than all the others put together. The mouth or opening is an oval oblong, and the border is disunited. The adult reflected lip or border on the right side is generally very thick, but this reflection is sometimes absent. The animal is very like that of Helix; De Blainville says entirely so (tout-à-fait semblable). The head is furnished with four tentacula or horns, the two largest of which are terminated by the socalled eyes. There is no true operculum. The geographical distribution of the genus is very general, and there is scarcely a part of the world where the form does not occur. The great development of it takes place in the warmer climates, where some of the species are very large.

The reproduction is by means of eggs, which are white and have a firm shell like those of birds: some of these eggs are of considerable size. The Bulini are androgynous, true hermaphrodites (Paracephalophora monoica of De Blainville), both the sexual organs being distinct, but existing in the same individual, and requiring the union of two for the continuation of the species. Three eggs were laid by one of the species, Bulinus ovalis, from Rio in a hot-house in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick. It was brought over in October, 1828, by Mr. William M‘Culloch, then gardener to the Right Hon. Robert Gordon, and presented by him to the Society. At first it appeared rather sickly, but after it had been kept in the hot-house for some time, it recovered and began to move about. Mr. Booth, who was on the spot, says, 'It cannot now be correctly ascertained when it produced the first egg, but it was very shortly after its arrival; I should think about the beginning of November. This egg was sent, by the desire of Mr. Sabine, to the Zoological Society. About the same time this year (1829), it produced a second egg, and, three weeks afterwards, a third; the latter was unfortunately broken by the animal itself, but the former is still in preservation. It fed upon lettuces and the tender leaves of cabbages; the former seemed to be its favourite food. Sometimes it would devour two large lettuces, and then remain for days afterwards without touching food or moving from its place, except when cold water was sprinkled upon it. During the day it was usually in a dormant state in the shade; but towards the evening, when the house was moist and warm, it would spread itself out, and move from one part to another. It seemed to like moisture, and I have no doubt that it might have been preserved for years, if it had not been accidentally killed. On Saturday last it was at the end of the house where the fire comes in, and ventured too far upon the hot bricks after they had been watered. In the morning it was found fixed to them and quite dead. * Bulinus ovalis, though it a good deal resembles Bulinus hæmastoma, which is here figured, is considerably larger.

The species are multitudinous. Mr. Cuming lately brought home numbers of new ones from South America, and we are indebted to that gentleman, who has just departed on another voyage which has for its object the collection of subjects of natural history, for the following account of the habits of Bulinus rosaceus. In the dry season he always found the animals adhering to the under side of stones, generally among bushes, and close at the edge of the sea-shore, within reach of the spray at times. On the hills, about 1000 feet above the sea, they were observed ad"Zoological Journal, vol, v. p. 102,

nering between the lower leaves of an aloe-like plant, on the honey of whose flowers the giant humming-bird (Trochilus Gigas) feeds. The natives burn down clumps of these plants for the sake of the rings at the bottom of the footstalks of the leaves, which they use for buoys for their fishing nets and for baking the coarse earthenware which they make on the hills, because this part of the plant, when ignited, throws out a great heat. Between these leaves the Bulini lie, in the dry season, in a torpid state. In the spring (the months of September and October), they burrow in the shady places at the roots of this plant, and among the bushes on the sea-shore. At this period (the spring), they lay their eggs in the earth, about two inches below the surface. Mr. Cuming never saw them crawling

about. In the dry season they were evidently hybernating, for their parchment-like secretion, which operates in place of an operculum to seal up the animal, was strongly formed and they stuck to the stones so tenaciously that Mr. Cuming broke many of them in endeavouring to pull them off. Chili and the neighbouring coasts of South America generally were the localities where the species was taken. Captain Phillip Parker King, R.N., who described the species in the Zoological Journal, has the following notice of the power of the animal to exist in a dormant state:- Soon after the return of the expedition (his Majesty's ships Ad. venture and Beagle,-Survey, 1826-30), my friend Mr. Broderip, to whose inspection Lieutenant Graves had submitted his collection, observing symptoms of life in some of

the shells of this species, took means for reviving the inhabitants from their dormant state, and succeeded. After they had protruded their bodies, they were placed upon some green leaves (cabbage), which they fastened upon and ate greedily. These animals had been in this state for seventeen or eighteen months; and five months subsequently another was found alive in my collection, so that the last has been nearly two years dormant. These shells were sent to Mr. Loddiges's nursery, where they lived for eight months in the palm-house, when they unfortunately died within a few days of each other. Soon after the shells were first deposited at Mr. Loddiges's, one got away and escaped detection for several months, until it was at last discovered in a state of hybernation : it was removed to the place where the others were kept, when it died also. The upper surface of the animal, when in health, is variegated with ruddy spots and streaks on an ash-coloured ground. The only process used for revivifying these animals was placing them on a plate near a moderate fire, and sprinkling them with tepid water. Upon their restoration, they ate a considerable part of the parchment-like seal or operculum. They lived some time with Mr. Broderip before they were sent to Messrs. Loddiges. These animals had been packed up in a box and enveloped in cotton from the time of their capture to the period mentioned, when they were unpacked by Mr. Broderip. Lyell notices this circumstance when treating on the geographical distribution of testacea, in the third volume of his Principles of Geology.*

[Bulinus lubricus.]

BULL. [Ox.]

BULL, GEORGE, was born in the city of Wells, on the 25th of March, 1634: he received the first part of his education at the grammar-school of Wells, from which he was removed to the free school of Tiverton, in Devonshire, then superintended by Mr. Samuel Butler, who is reported to have had an excellent method of teaching. At fourteen he was admitted a commoner of Exeter College, Oxford; but, in the following year, on refusal to swear to the engagement, That he would be true and faithful to the Commonwealth of England, as it was then established without a King, or House of Lords,' he retired, with his tutor, Mr. Ackland and several others, to North Cadbury, in Somersetshire, where he prosecuted his studies until his nineteenth year. By persuasion of his friends he now went to reside with Mr. William Thomas, a Presbyterian divine, from whom he derived little or no assistance in the study of divinity. This residence however brought him into intimate acquaintance with Mr. Thomas's son, who directed his reading, and supplied him with the writings of Hooker, Hammond, Taylor, &c. Mr. Bull was irregularly ordained, at the age of 21, by Dr. Skinner, ejected bishop of Oxford, at a time when it was criminal for a Bishop to confer holy orders. His professional duties commenced in the parish of St. George, near Bristol. In 1658 he obtained the living of Suddington St. Mary near Bristol, where he became privy to an unsuccessful scheme of a general insurrection in favour of the exiled family, his house being one of the points of meeting. After the Restoration he was presented by Lord Chancellor Clarendon to the vicarage of Suddington St. Peter. These preferments he retained until 1685, having distinguished himself by his zeal, judgment, and charity, on all occasions. In 1669 he published, in Latin, his Harmonia Apostolica.' In the words of his biographer, Nelson, There having been, during the unhappy times of the great rebellion, a vast multitude of books written upon the subject of Justification, by the hot men of the several parties, some of whom in treating of it leaned too much to Popery or Ju

FOSSIL BULINI.

Deshayes, in his tables (see Lyell's Principles of Geology, vol. iii. Appendix I. pp. 18 and 19; N. B. these tables are not printed in the last edition), enumerates three fossil species of Bulini in the tertiary formation, one of which is known to him from the sub-Apennine beds, and another from Paris, but he does not give the locality of the third, nor does he identify any of the fossils with recent species. De la Beche, in his geological manual, under the head of Fossil Shells, contained in the supracretaceous rocks of Bordeaux and Dax, enumerated by M. de Basterot, has the following notice: Bulimus? terebellatus, Lam., analogous to the existing species, Grignon, Placentine, Dax. Lamarck (Animaux sans Vertèbres, vol. vii. p. 534) describes the shell of Bulimus terebellatus, a Grignon fossi, as two centimeters in length, and observes on the singularity of its mouth or opening, out he makes no allusion to its resemblance to any existing species. In the Annales du Muséum, he places it among the Bulimi with doubt, observing that it may, from its conformation, be probably marine, but keeping that generic name for it, because it approaches nearer to the Bulimi than to any other known genus. In the seventh volume of his Animaux suns Vertèbres, published eighteen years afterwards, he still arranges it among the Bulimi, and not under the head of doubtful species.' The fifteen species described by Lamarck in this volume are all stated to be fossil, and only the five last are separated as Espèces douteuses. Of the not doubtful species, Bulimus sextonus, found fossil at Villiers and Grignon, bears a great resemblance, according to the author, to Bulinus lubricus; but he observes that the opening or mouth of the fossil shell is much shorter than that of the recent, and that the summit of its spire is less obtuse. It may be doubted whether even the ten first fossil species enumerated by Lamarck are all true Bulini. De Blainville quotes Defrance for thirty-seven fossil species. [HELIX.]

to Pelagianism and Socinianism, and others, lastly, to Manichæism and Fatalism, all very dangerous errors; and abundance of learned sophistry having been used in perplexing the plain and natural sense of the divinely inspired writers; and several hypotheses moreover invented purely to serve a turn, which did but the more still obscure what they pretended to clear up, and set at a wider distance those whom they laboured to reconcile by their strained and metaphysical subtleties; they not only disagreeing about what was meant by justification, but even by faith and by works, and indeed about every term that is made use of either by St. Paul or by St. James when they speak to this point and so feigning one apostle to write concerning a first, and the other concerning a second justification, or else one concerning a justification before men only, and the other concerning the same before God; one concerning a true, the other concerning a false faith, with a multitude of other groundless inventions, utterly foreign to the minds of both the said apostles; and many foolish contests having been started about words, that could have no other end but to raise a dust, there could nothing come forth more seasonably, if well done, than a treatise of this nature. The object of this book, which consists of two parts, or dissertations, was to explain and defend, first, the doctrine of St. James, and, in the second, to demonstrate the agreement with him of St. Paul; it being more particularly his aim, in the first dis sertation, to show, That good works, which proceed from faith, and are conjoined with faith, are a necessary condition required from us by God, to the end that by the New Evangelical Covenant, obtained by and sealed in the blood of Christ, the mediator of it, we may be justified according to his free and unmerited grace. In the second, having in the first place established this one point for his foundation-That St. Paul is to be interpreted by St. James, and not St. James by St. Paul, in consent with many of the antients, (and particularly of St. Augustine himself,) who are of the opinion that the General Epistle of St. James, the first of St. John, and the second of St. Peter, with that of St. Jude, were written against those who, by misinterpreting St. Paul's Epistles, had imbibed a fond notion, as if faith with out works were sufficient to save them; he sheweth whence this obscurity and ambiguity in the terms of St. Paul might probably arise, which was the occasion that persons not well grounded came to mistake or pervert the same.'

VOL. VI.-C

Bull