and even the National Conservative party objected to the expatriation clauses. The measure, at the end of a long and animated discussion, was referred to a committee of twenty-eight members, and as altered in their hands and finally passed by the House and signed by the Emperor Friedrich, it is simply a continuance of the act as it stood before for two more years from the autumn of 1888.

Insurance of Workingmen.-The last installment of the scheme of insurance against the worst consequences of poverty, which was foreshadowed in the imperial message of Nov. 17, 1884, is the bill making provision for workpeople incapacitated by age or chronic ailments, which was elaborated by the Federal Council in the summer of 1888. The measure provides for compulsory insurance, the funds for which are raised in three parts, one of them being contributed by the Imperial Government by means of assessment, one part by employers, and the third part by the laborers themselves, the men paying in 21 pfennige, or about 5 cents weekly, and the women 14 pfennige. Every man who becomes invalided will receive a pension of 120 marks, and every woman 80 marks. The pension for superannuated working-people begins at the age of seventy-one, with an allowance of 180 marks. No contributions are exacted during the periods when men are required to perform military service.

The first part of Bismarck's scheme of state socialism was the sick-insurance law that was enacted in 1883, which compels the workman to insure himself against sickness by contributing to a fund insuring him medical care and medicines from the beginning of his sickness, and half-wages for thirteen weeks. At the end of this time he falls a charge on another fund, which is raised from employers under the law that was passed in 1884 for insuring against accidents. The first accident-insurance act was a tentative measure, and was made to apply only to those trades and occupations in which accidents are most frequent. It was extended in 1885 to a much larger class, and made to cover also workingmen employed by the Government in the railway, postal, telegraph, and naval and military administrations By a supplementary act that was passed in 1887, and went into operation on Jan. 1, 1888, accident insurance was extended further to all persons engaged in marine occupations, with the exception of fishermen and those employed on small craft, who are to be dealt with in a later act. The accident-insurance fund is raised by compulsory assessments on employers, who are grouped for the purpose into associations, according to employments and locality, and these are divided into sections. Exclusive of the one that was created for the execution of the marine-insurance act, there are sixty-two associations in Germany, which are, to a large extent, self-governing, drawing up their own statutes and regulations,

and managing their own finances. They were divided in 1886 into 366 sections. The association of marine employers is divided into six sections. The Government control is exercised through the Imperial Insurance Department, which initiates the organization of the associations, supervises their administration, approves their statutes, divides such of them as become unmanageable, and acts as a last court of appeal in disputes on the subject of the payment of insurance that arise between the employers and the employed. This supervising board, which is an organ of the state, consists, in part, of permanent members, who are appointed by the Emperor, and, in part, of delegates of the employers and the workingmen, who are elected for four years. The insurance indemnities to be paid out of the fund consist of the expenses of the cure in cases of disablement, where there is no legal obligation on others to bear them; of a fixed allowance during the disablement; and of an allowance to the family in case of death. The allowance in each case is calculated according to a scale based on the annual wages. The assessments are made by specially appointed committees or by the boards themselves. Each section has an arbitration committee, which is presided over by an official, while the assessors are elected representatives of the employers and the employed. The members of the association must provide the expenses of administration and accumulate a reserve fund. The share of each member of the association depends on the number of workmen that he employs, and is subject to increase if the employment is especially dangerous. The indemnities are paid by post-office orders. The associations are required to consult with the workmen in drawing up regulations for the avoidance of accidents, and to see that these are enforced, which, of course, is in the interest of members of the association, the amount of whose assessments depends on the frequency of accidents.

The boards of the sixty-two trade associations organized under the insurance law that was in force in 1886 contained 742 members, and the 366 sectional boards were composed of 2,356 members. There were 6,501 officers, 39 salaried inspecting agents, 404 arbitration courts, and 2,445 representatives of the workmen. The number of business establishments was 269,174; the number of work-people insured, 3,473,435; and the total amount of annual wages on which the indemnities were calculated was 2,276,250,000 marks, or $543,157,600. The total amount of indemnities paid out during 1886 was 1,736,500 marks; the cost of administration was 2,374,000 marks; and the cost of investigating accidents, fixing indemnities, arbitrating, and taking precautions against accidents was 282,000 marks. A reserve of 5,516,000 marks was formed, and, including this, the total expenditure was 10,521,500 marks, while the total receipts were 12,646,000 marks. Including employés of the

state, the total number of workmen insured was 3,725,313. There were 100,159 accidents during the year, of which 2,716 were fatal, requiring 5,935 indemnities to be paid to widows, orphans, and other relatives of the deceased. The total expenditure was about 72 cents per head of the persons insured, and $1.15 on every $250 of wages; but, deducting the costs of institution and the contributions to the reserve fund, the expenditure was 18 cents per capita and 48 cents on every $250 of wages paid. The cost of administration largely exceeded the amount of indemnities paid, but the expense will be less disproportionate after the system is established, and will be partly covered by the interest on the reserve tund. This part of the expenditure is large because the associations have to see to the prevention. of accidents and the investigation of their nature and causes, not merely to pay indemnities. The amount paid in indemnities will increase from year to year as new annual allowances are made to injured men and their families, while the cost of administration will remain stationary, or, perhaps, decrease, and therefore the report is considered to be, under all the circumstances, a favorable showing.

The Incorporation of Hamburg and Bremen.-The two chief seaports of Germany remained till 1888 outside the customs boundary of the Zollverein, which had, however, absorbed the territorial districts and some of the populous suburbs of the old Hanse towns. In October these cities gave up their ancient privileges as free ports and entered the Zollverein, thus rendering complete the policy of the commercial union of the German states, which was initiated by Prussia sixty years before political union was achieved. Their claim to remain free ports was conceded in 1868, and was ratified in the Imperial Constitution of 1871, although the privilege was in the case of Hamburg restricted to the city and port, and withdrawn from the rest of the state, which extends to the mouth of the Elbe, embracing 160 square miles. It was arranged that the two Hanse towns should remain outside the common customs boundary until they should themselves demand admittance. In 1880 the German Government brought pressure to bear to secure the inclusion of Hamburg in the customs league, which was desirable to Germany for political reasons, and still more for commercial reasons, because the 7,000 ships entering the port every year and taking cargoes to the most remote countries of the world, carried, besides German goods, large quantities of the manufactures of England and other countries, which the Chancellor desired to see displaced by German products. A project of union was negotiated on May 25, 1881, subject to the approval of the Hamburg Legislature. There was much opposition among the citizens, but the Senate agreed to the treaty, which it thought would be beneficial to the commerce of the port. The House of Burgesses could not accept that view,

The

but ratified the convention on being appealed to for the sacrifice of private and local advantage in the interest of national prosperity. The conditions of trade had so changed, however, as to make the isolation for which Hamburg had stood out less desirable to preserve than it was when the city entered the empire. Formerly Hamburg merchants had to depend on British products, for there were but few German manufactures, but in recent years many of the manufactured articles that are in most demand in neutral markets are produced in Germany more cheaply than in Great Britain. The growth in the trade of the port for the past ten years has been twice as great in German as it has in British manufactures. German Chancellor, under these circumstances, could exact the acquiescence of the most unwilling of the burghers by threatening so to build up and favor Altona and Glücksburg that the German trade would leave Hamburg, and pass through those ports. A small area on the north bank of the Elbe, with the small islands opposite, was still reserved, and the space was subsequently extended, yet it only affords room for mooring vessels to the wharves, and for the erection of warehouses that simply correspond to the bonded warehouses of every customs port. In order to carry into effect the resolution of the Hamburg Government, of June 15, 1881, to enter the German customs union, time was required to build warehouses and make quays in that part of the city that is still free froin customs, in order that the important transit and shipping trade might not be lost. It was therefore decided that the resolution should not go into effect till October, 1888. The seven years have been employed in making a great transformation, widening canals, building docks and quays, and erecting in the place of the poor buildings that formerly stood near the water blocks of warehouses that are as large and fine as can be found in any seaport. The cost of the improvements has been about 160,000,000 marks, one fourth of which was defrayed by the Imperial Government. The biil to incorporate Hamburg in the customs union was passed in 1882 by the Reichstag, notwithstanding the vehement opposition of the free-traders in that assembly. The city of Bremen was in like manner induced to join the Zollverein, and the German authorities began the collection of customs duties in both places on the same day, Oct. 17, 1888. A great number of officials visited the citizens and received their declarations as to the possession of dutiable goods. A reasonable amount was allowed to go free, but on all other goods liable to pay duty the back duties were levied, which were turned into the treasury of the Hamburg state, while all duties accruing subsequent to the formal incorporation into the Zollverein belong to the treasury of the empire, in consideration of which Hamburg is relieved from the annual military subsidy of 5,000,000 marks that she has paid heretofore. The part of the city on the left bank of the

Elbe, for which the free-port privileges are retained, was made into an island by digging a broad canal. Ships are permitted to pass from the sea into this free port without customs inspection, and the supervision between it and the customs-union territory is left to Hamburg officials. No bridges are allowed to be made between the free-port part of the town and other parts, nor will any one be permitted to reside within the district that remains open to free trade. The city of Hamburg has till now retained the system of taxation that was prevalent in the middle ages, but before the incorporation in the Zollverein all the old excise duties were abolished, and its fiscal conditions were assimilated to those of the rest of the empire.

The Prussian Elections. After it had passed the bill making the electoral period five years, the Prussian Diet was dissolved, and new elections were held in October. In the new quinquennial the Government majority, as made up of the "Cartel Brothers," or union of the Conservatives and National Liberals, was strengthened, and if on any question this alliance should be broken, the Government can obtain a strong working majority, as it has in former parliaments, by attracting the support of the Clericals. The United Conservatives elected 199 deputies, losing one seat, while the National Liberals increased their representation from 72 to 87. The Clericals elected 97 members, the same number as in 1885. The Poles kept their 15 and the Danes their 2 seats; but the Guelphs lost a seat, electing only a single member, and the Independents decreased from 5 to 3. The Feisinnige or Liberalist party lost 11 seats to the National Liberals, electing 29 members, against 40 in the last Diet.

Foreign Relations.-On Feb. 6, 1888, Prince Bismarck reviewed the political situation in a great speech that he made in the Reichstag in connection with the loan bill to provide the money for adding 700,000 men to the fighting force of the empire. France, he said, looked less explosive than it had a year before, for the election of a pacific President and the appointment of a ministry composed of men who subordinated their plans to the peace of Europe were favorable signs that the French Government did not wish to plunge its hand into Pandora's box. The apprehensions that had arisen, which had been encouraged in order to further the passage of the military bill, were caused by the massing of Russian troops near the German and Austrian frontiers. În demanding the money for armning and equipping the Landwehr the Government had made the most of this menacing movement of troops, and encouraged the warlike attitude of the German press. Now that the passage of the bill was certain, the Chancellor sought to calm the public mind, saying that he was convinced that the dislocation of troops proceeded from no intention to fall upon Germany unawares, because in his recent interview with the Czar he had been

assured that no such purpose was contemplated. In explaining the causes that led to the alliance with Austria, he ironically declared that at the Berlin Congress he had acted almost like a third plenipotentiary of Russia in his desire to serve that power, but that his intentions were misinterpreted by the Russian press, and a controversy regarding the course of German diplomacy arose, which led to "complete threats of war from the most competent quarter." Hence he negotiated at Gastein and Vienna the treaty of alliance. "We shall sue for love no longer," he said, "either in France or Russia. The Russian press and Russian public opinion have shown to the door an old, powerful, and trustworthy friend, and we shall not seek to push our way in again. We have tried to reestablish our old intimate relations, but we shall run after no one." He conceded, to the dismay of the Austrians and especially of the Hungarians, the right of domination that Russia claimed in Bulgaria, and said that it was no concern of Germany's if Russia should restore by force the supremacy that she exercised before 1885. In any case, he was convinced that "the tiny province between the Balkans and the Danube is not an object of sufficient importance to involve Europe in a war extending from Moscow to the Pyrenees and from the North Sea to Palermo, of which no mortal can foresee the results, and yet at its close the combatants would scarcely know why they had fought at all." He was not alarmed at exhibitions of Russian hatred, "for no wars are waged for mere hatred." He did not believe that Russia would attack Germany, even if she became involved in a war with France; but, if a war with Russia should break out, no French Government could be strong enough to restrain the French people from a war against Germany. The new military bill enables Germany to place an army of 1,000,000 men on each frontier. "When we undertake a war," said the Chancellor, "it must be a people's war, which all approve. If we are attacked, then the furor Teutonicus will flame out, and against that no one can make head." He concluded with the proud boast, "We Germans tear God, and nothing else in the world.”

The Austrian Government gave no indication of willingness to permit Russia to regain by an armed intervention the supremacy in Bulgaria that Russian arrogance and intrigue had lost, and Tisza, in the Hungarian Chamber, intimated the contrary. The German Kaiser, by visiting the Czar before going to the Austrian and Italian courts, showed a desire to conciliate Russia, which was partly due to his personal friendship for Alexander III. In August, Crispi, the Italian Premier, had an interview with Prince Bismarck at Friedrichsruhe, and stopped at Vienna to confer with Count Kálnoky, who also had his annual meeting with the German Chancellor.

Besides the passport regulations for AlsaceLorraine nothing occurred to cause ill-feeling

between France and Germany. An Alsatian Government clerk named Dietz was tried, with his wife, for selling information to the French authorities regarding the German railroads in Alsace- Lorraine, and was sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. In November a German ex-officer, who was settled in France as a teacher of languages, was arrested in the act of mailing a Lebel cartridge. These and other spy incidents caused less stir than the expulsion from Prussia, on November 17, of two French journalists, named Latapieh and D'Oriot, for publishing obnoxious statements concerning members of the royal family.

Colonial Possessions.-Germany had no dependencies beyond the seas before 1884. Since that date she has established protectorates over extensive regions in Africa and many islands in the Pacific Ocean. In 1884, Togoland, on the Slave Coast of West Africa, with Porto Seguro and Little Popo, in all about 400 square miles, with 40,000 inhabitants and a trade of $1,200,000 a year, was annexed, and in the same year the German flag was raised over the Cameroon region, extending for 300 miles along the coast, from Rio del Rey on the north to the River Campo on the south, and into the interior to 15° of east longitude, comprising 120,000 square miles. The exports of Cameroons, consisting mainly of oils, are valued at $3,750,000 per annum. Damaraland and Namaqualand, in South Africa, were taken under German protection between 1884 and 1886, embracing a territory of 230,000 square miles, with 200,000 native inhabitants (see CAPE COLONY).

In East Africa the territory acquired by the German East African Society in Usagora and the neighboring districts, comprising 20,700 square miles, was made a German protectorate in 1885 by the Schutzbrief, or protecting charter of the Emperor. In the same year Wituland, 5,200 square miles in extent, was added; and in 1886, by virtue of an agreement with Great Britain and Zanzibar, the German Government established a protectorate over 122,800 square miles of territory in East Africa. The German acquisitions extend from Kilimanjaro mountain on the north to the River Rovuma in the south. The total area in Africa that has been brought under German domination is about 740,000 square miles, not including 200,000 square miles in East Africa, over which German traders claim to have secured territorial rights, comprising the districts of Khutu, Usambara, Pare, Ugono, Arusha, Djagga, Usavamo, Ulena, Wamatshonde, Mahenge Magindo, Girijania, Sabaki, the Galla country, and Ukamba Gasi. The districts that were included in the protectorate before 1888 are Usagara, Ukami, Nguru, and Usegua. The entire region embraced in the German sphere of influence has a coast line stretching from Cape Delgado in 11° of south latitude to the harbor of Wanga in 4° 30", and extends inland to the great lakes. In accordance with a treaty made with the Sultan of Zanzibar on April

28, 1888, the German East African Company has acquired a fifty-years' lease of the entire strip of coast, with rights to all duties and tolls, whereas previously the possessions of the company were cut off from the sea, and it had only a concurrent right to use the two harbors of Dar-es-Salam and Pangani. The region south of Tana is inhabited by the peaceful Suaheli tribes, while north of that river, in the Galla country and on the Somali coast, dwell the warlike and predatory Galla and Somali tribes. The little sultanate of Witu, which lies immediately north of the Tana, is administered by a company connected with the German Colonial Association. The territory that came under German dominion by arrangement with Great Britain is bounded by a line passing from Witu to Fungasombo, and Mknumbi, and then running to the ocean, which it strikes at a point between the mouths of Mknumbi and Ösi rivers. The boundary on the other side ascends the Osi as far as Kau, and then the river Magogoni to its source, whence it follows a straight line to Witu. The soil is fruitful and well-watered, and on the coast are several good harbors. The Germans expect

to find a rich field of commerce in Somaliland. The country produces gum-arabic, frankincense, myrrh, and other aromatic resins and herbs, coffee of the finest quality, honey and wax, ostrich-feathers, ivory, dye-woods, pharmaceutical plants, cloves, cocoanuts, sesame, earth-nuts, palm-oil, and gum copal, and on the plateau that forms the interior the Bedouins and pastoral Somali tribes raise herds of camels that they count by thousands, as well as sheep and goats, cattle, and asses in vast numbers, and all ride Arab horses of purest race. There is now a large export of cattle, hides, and butter. In the Suaheli country the Germans have experimented in the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, sugar, which is already raised and manufactured by the Arabs, vanilla, pepper, nutmeg, and indigo. The result of the trials in tobacco-culture has encouraged them to undertake planting on a large scale. The specimens of cotton proved fair in quality, and much is expected from the cultivation of coffee in a country that is the natural habitat of the plant. The German East African Plantation Society has 62,000 acres planted, and has adopted a system of modified slavery, contracting with Indian traders, who furnish gangs of 150 negroes for terms of two years, the contractors feeding, housing, and overseeing the laborers.

The northern part of southeastern New Guinea, lying between Humboldt Bay and Huon Gulf, with an area of 70,300 square miles and an estimated population of 109,000 souls, was made a German possession during 1885 and 1886, and given the name of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land. New Britain and other islands lying between 141° and 154° of east longitude and between 8° of south latitude and the equator, having a land surface of 18,150 square miles and 188,000 inhabitants, were annexed

in 1885, and called Bismarck Archipelago. In 1886 were added the islands of Bougainville, Choiseul, Isabel, and others in the northern part of the Solomon group, with an area of 8,500 square miles and a population of 80,000 persons. The acquisitions of 1885 included Some of the Marshall Islands, having an area of 42 square miles and about 10,000 inhabitants. The Providence and Crow groups have also become German territory. In the summer of 1888 the natives for the first time attacked German officials in the Bismarck Archipelago. Kaiser Wilhelm's Land is the field of operations for a trading and colonization society called the New Guinea Company, which has stations on the coast at Finsch-Haven and Constantine and Hatzfeld harbors. There is much land that is considered suitable for settlement by Europeans and adapted for the cultivation of tobacco and food-plants, but no progress has yet been made in colonization. The islands of the Bismarck Archipelago produce copral, or dried cocoanut, of which 1,500 tons were exported in 1885, mother-of-pearl, and trepang. A plantation at Blanche Bay is producing cotton of the Sea Island variety. In New Guinea there have been several collisions with the natives, who have no rifles, but use the spear and the bow with dexterity. The first serious fight occurred in December, 1886, in Huon Gulf, where a boat from the "Samoa" gun-boat was attacked, which led to the burning of their village. The same punishment befell the assailants who killed some Malay laborers on a plantation at Hatzfeld harbor in July, 1887.

GILCHRIST, ROBERT, an American lawyer, born in Jersey City, N. J., Aug. 21, 1825; died there, July 6, 1888. He had a liberal education at private schools, studied jurisprudence, in 1847 was admitted to the bar of New Jersey, and practiced his profession till the time of his death. He was a counselor of the Supreme Court of the United States, and was a member of the Assembly of New Jersey in 1859. In 1861 he enlisted, in response to the first call by the State for troops, and went to the front as captain in the Second New Jersey Volunteers. Until the close of the war he adhered to the Republican party, but he left that party on the question of the reconstruction of the Southern States, and in 1866 was nominated for Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1869 he was appointed AttorneyGeneral for the unexpired part of the official term vacated by the resignation of Hon. George M. Robeson, and in 1873 was reappointed for a full term. In 1875 he was presented as a candidate for the office of United States Senator. In 1873 he was appointed one of the commissioners to revise the Constitution of the State of New Jersey, but resigned before that work was completed; and, likewise, his obligations to important professional engagements required him to decline an appointment as a justice of the Supreme Court, as also the office of Chief-Justice of New Jersey. Mr.

causes. As Attorney-General his services were acknowledged to be valuable. His interpretation of the fifteenth amendment peaceably secured the right of negro suffrage in New Jersey, and he was the author of the Riparian Rights act, and was the counsel for the State in the suit to test the constitutionality of that statute. From this source the fund for the maintenance of the public schools of New Jersey is chiefly derived. In his private practice his thoroughness and attention to minute detail made him exceptionally successful. His skill and courage secured to the United States the half-million dollars left by Joseph L. Lewis to be applied to the payment of the national debt, and he brilliantly won many other important suits. Mr. Gilchrist was not only an able counselor in many matters relating to the most difficult portions of law-practice, but was an effective orator before a jury. He continued to pursue his profession until the last year of his life.

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AT WASHINGTON. The administration of the United States Government is conducted by the President through nine departments, the heads of which are appointed by him, and, with two exceptions, constitute his Cabinet of advisers. These Departments are the State, Treasury, War, Navy, Interior, Post-Office, Justice, Agriculture, and Labor. The respective Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, Navy, and Interior, and the Postmaster and Attorney Generals, receive an annual salary of $8,000; the Commissioners of Agriculture and Labor, $5,000. Public business in these departments is transacted be