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men named Matthews were first tried and convicted, receiving the death sentence on March 28. The Knobber chief was tried early in April, and was sentenced to death on April 12, at which time three other leaders, having confessed their guilt, were sentenced to prison, one for twelve years and two for twenty-one years each. The execution of the four condemned men was set for May 18; but, an appeal being taken to the State Supreme Court, the date was postponed to December 28. In October the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the lower court. Seeing that no hope was left, the Bald-Knobber friends of the condemned leaders determined to have vengeance, and on the night of November 14 visited the homes of five of the witnesses against the prisoners, seized them, and hanged them together. A large number of men were engaged in this raid, none of whom were discovered. Emboldened by this, on December 28 (a second postponement of the execution having been had) they attempted a rescue of their friends from the county jail. The two Matthews and other prisoners escaped; the Walkers refused to accept the opportunity. Two days later one of the Matthews was capt

ured.

Bevier Troubles.-The Governor says in his message: "There has been for several years a bad state of affairs existing at Bevier, in Macon County, where are located some of the best coal-mines in the State. Labor strikes have been frequent, riots have occurred, and deaths and murders have been the result. The civic authorities have been unsuccessful in bringing the offenders to justice, although strenuous efforts have been made in that direction. The last strike at Bevier occurred the last of September. The mine-owners brought in new men to take the place of strikers. One of the operators, Thomas Wardell, was killed, it is to be supposed, by the miners on the night of December 7. The strikers and the employés of Messrs. Loomis & Snively's mine engaged in a fusillade of firearms, in which several hundred shots were fired, endangering the lives of the citizens of Bevier. One of Loomis & Snively's men was wounded, from the effects of which he died. On December 9 I visited Bevier and found a deplorable state of affairs. The people were alarmed, fearing that at any time the town would be the scene of riot and bloodshed. I therefore ordered some forty members of the National Guard at Kansas City to Bevier. I believed that all parties feared that they would be injured in their person or property by the other side, and that if they were afforded protection for a short time they would adjust their difficulties; but I am not prepared to say that my hopes have been realized or that the feeling is much better between the contending elements than before the troops were ordered there." Before the end of the year, by order of the Governor, the troops were withdrawn.

Political. The Republican Convention was held at Sedalia on May 15, and the following State ticket was nominated without a contest: For Governor, E. E. Kimball; LieutenantGovernor, George H. Wallace; Secretary of State F. W. Mott; State Treasurer, A. P. Frowein; State Auditor, George W. Martin; Attorney-General, L. L. Bridges: Register of Lands, John H. Chase; Railroad Commissioner, B. W. Vedder; Supreme Judge, J. S. Botsford. Delegates to the National Republican Convention and State electors at large were chosen at the same time. The following is from the platform adopted:

Monopolies and trusts oppressing the people, or unfairly discriminating against local interests, are wrong in principle, and should be restrained by law.

We demand a free vote and an honest count of every legal ballot; that one vote in the South should count as much as one vote in the North, East, or West, and no more; that one vote in the North, East, or West should count as much as one vote in the the frauds in the ballot-box in the Southern States as South, and no more. And we do especially denounce publicly admitted by the leaders of the Democratic party.

While we at all times favor a proper revision and adjustment of the tariff so as to give legitimate en

couragement to commerce, we demand that such revision shall be made on the basis of protecting American industries and labor and of preserving the home market to the home producer, and we are unalterably opposed to the doctrine proclaimed by President Cleveland in his annual message and to the fruit thereof, known as the Mills Tariff Bill.

The placing of wool, lead, zinc, and iron on the free list is a direct blow at the material interests and prosperity of the State of Missouri. the nation. It was their heroic services that made The Union soldiers are entitled to the gratitude of freedom national and preserved the Government. Relief for disabled veterans should be extended, not as alms to paupers, but as a partial compensation for services rendered, and we condemn the action of Presi dent Cleveland in indiscriminately vetoing the pension bills passed by Congress.

We approve of equitable taxation, reaching corporations as well as individuals, as a correct system which should be perfected and enforced throughout the State.

its refusal to adopt means whereby litigants in the We arraign the Democratic party of Missouri for Supreme Court may have a speedy determination of their case. Delays for years are suffered by them, which work great hardships upon the people, and in many instances amount to a denial of justice."

A Democratic convention for the nomination of a candidate for Supreme Judge and for district judges met at Springfield on August 15. Judge Shepard Barclay was nominated for the former office after eighteen ballots. One week later a second convention met at Jefferson City, and nominated the following Democratie candidates for executive offices: For Governor, David R. Francis; Lieutenant-Governor, Stephen H. Claycomb; Secretary of State, Alexander A. Lesueur; Auditor, James M. Seibert; Treasurer, Edward T. Noland; Attorney-General, John M. Wood; Register of Lands, Robert McCulloch; Railroad Commissioner, James Hennessy. The platform contains the following:

Confident of the integrity and wisdom of the Deniocratic party in conducting the affairs of this State, we invite the closest scrutiny, and we congratulate the people upon the prospect of an overwhelming approval of the State and National administrations as conducted by the servants of the people and the representatives of the Democratic party.

We approve the action of the Democratic House of Representatives of the present Congress in passing the Mills Bill, and declare it to be in obedience to the terms of the Constitution, limiting taxation to the purpose of raising the revenue for the payment of the necessary expenses and obligations of the GovernThe Democratic party, as the special champion of the people, condemns all trusts and rings, and favors such wise legislation as will secure to both producers and consumers prices based on the laws of supply and

ment.

demand.

The Union Labor Party placed in the field the following candidates: for Governor, Manning; Lieutenant-Governor, J. C. Seabourn; Secretary of State, Boswell Fox; Auditor, William H. Noerr; Treasurer, Warren Vertrees; Attorney-General, L. L. Bridges (the Republican candidate); Register of Lands, G. B. De Bernardi; Railroad Commissioner, William H. Bell; Judge of the Supreme Court, Corbin D. Jones. The nominees of the Prohibition party were: for Governor, Frank M. Lowe; Lieutenant-Governor, William C. Wilson; Secretary of State, Herman P. Farris; Auditor, James S. Cobban; Treasurer, William H. Craig; Attorney-General, George T. Bowling; Register of Lands, John F. McMurray; Railroad Commissioner, D. H. Lancy; Judge of the Supreme Court, Loren G. Rowell. At the election in November, the Democratic State and national tickets were successful, after a spirited canvass. For Governor, Francis received 255,764 votes; Kimball, 242,531; Manning, 15,438; and Lowe, 4,389. But Francis ran about 5,000 behind his ticket. On the basis of the vote for Auditor, the party strength was as follows: Seibert, 261,775 votes; Martin, 236,696; Noerr, 19,069; Cobban, 4,385. The Legislature of 1889, elected at the same time, will stand: In the Senate, Democrats, 24; Republicans, 9; Labor, 1; in the House, Democrats, 78; Republicans, 51; Labor, 11. Democratic Congressmen were elected in the first seven and in the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Districts. A Republican was elected in the Thirteenth District, and the fusion candidates of the Republican and Union Labor parties in the other three districts.

MOHAMMEDANS. The Faith of Islam.-The reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid has been marked by considerably more zeal in spreading the creed of Mohammed than was exhibited under those of any of his immediate predecessors, and, according to the lists published in the journals of Constantinople, an unusually large number of accessions from among Christians and Jews to the Mohammedan faith occurred during 1887. For the most part the converts were men of little note; but among the number were Chaphaz Effendi, a judge and member of an old Armenian family, and a foreigner

who was identified with Mr. Schumann, a man of letters residing in Hanover, the latter gentleman having applied to the Sheik-ul-Islam, Ahmed Ersead Effendi, for a statement of the conditions on which he could be received as a Mussulman. The reply of this officer, which was published in French in the "Levant Herald," may be accepted as a clear statement for foreigners of the orthodox Mohammedan faith. It points out, first, that it is not necessary to ask permission to become a Mussulman, "for Islam does not admit of any mediators like the clergy between God and his servants," and consequently conversion to its faith entails neither religious formality nor any person's authority.

In short [it continues] the basis of the religion of Islam is belief in the unity of God and in the mission of his servant, the most beloved Mohammed (upon whom may God confer his blessings and grant salvation!), and only requires that one confirm that belief in his heart and avow it in word, as is expressed by the phrase (written in Arabic), "There is but one God, and Mohammed is his prophet." Whoever makes this profession of faith becomes a Mussulman without having to obtain the consent and approbation of any one. If, as you premise in your letter, you so make this profession of faith-that is, if you declare that there is but one God and Mohammed is his prophetyou become a Mussulman without needing any acceptation by us; and we shall proudly and joyfully felicitate you on your having been touched with divine grace, and we shall bear witness in this world as in the next that you are our brother in religion (the faithful are all brothers).

Concerning the mission of Mohammed and the inspired character of the Koran, the Sheik declared:

Man, who is superior to the other animals by reason of his intelligence, was produced from nothing to adore his Creator. His adoration may be described as obeying the commands of God and having compassion on his creatures. This double adoration exists in all religions. In its practice, religions differ in regard to the regulation, the form and number, whether it be large or small, of the rites, the times, places, and conditions of performing them, and with regard to their ministers; but human intelligence is not adequate to knowing the manner of praying most worthy of the ing to some human beings the gift of prophecy, by divine glory. Hence God, in his clemency, by grantsending to them through the angels and inspiration writings and books, and thus revealing the true religion to them, has loaded his servants with his benefactions. The book of God which came down last from Heaven is the Holy Koran, whose invariable precepts, preserved from the first day in written volumes and in the memory of thousands of reciters, shall endure till the day of final judgment. The first of the prophets was Adam and the last Mohammed (to whom may God grant salvation!). Between these two prophets many others have passed over the earth; the number of whom is known by God alone. The greatest of all is Mohammed. After him come Jesus, Moses, Abraham, and then Noah and Adam (to whom may God grant salvation !).

Concerning the future state and the day of judgment:

All the actions of every one in this world shall be on that day examined one by one, and while all the acts of soldiers who have fought in the holy war, even their sleep, are considered as a prayer, they also will be obliged, on the day of the last judgment, to render account of themselves. There are no exceptions except in the case of those who die for the holy cause;

that is, the martyrs, who will go into paradise with- 269.18; licenses and property tax, $182,out being questioned.

Of the origin of good and evil :

It is required, as an article of faith, to attribute good and evil to the providence of God. To say that the creator of good is the angel, and the author of evil the devil, is one of those prejudices that must be avoided. Consequently, the believer should have faith in God, in his angels, in his books, in his prophets, and in the last judgment, and should attribute both good and evil to the divine will. Whoever professes these truths is a true believer. But to be a perfect believer, it is necessary to perform one's duties, to pray to God, and to avoid falling into such sins as assassination, theft, adultery, and sodomy.

After describing the religious duties of prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage, the

paper continues:

If a believer does not conform to these commands of God and avoid the acts which he forbids, he does not thereby become an infidel; but he will be regarded as a sinner, that is, as a believer who has gone astray, and he will merit a provisional punishment in the other world. He remains at the divine disposal. God pardons him or condemns him to pass in hell a lapse of time proportioned to his sins. Faith annuls all sin. Whoever is converted to Islam becomes as innocent as one newly born, and is responsible only

for the sins which he commits after his conversion.

Islam, the Sheik explains, has no clergy, the doctors of the faith being simply instructors and guides; for it holds that a man does not need the priest's aid to approach God in prayer, nor his presence at social duties-the naming of children, burial, and the like:

In a word, in all religious acts, there is no intermediary between God and his servants. It is necessary to learn the dispositions revealed on the part of the Creator by the Prophet, and to act in conformity with them. Only the performance of certain ceremonies, like the prayers of Friday and the Bairam, is subordinated to the permission of the Khalit of the Prophet and Sultan of the Mussulmans, because the keeping of the ceremonies of Islam is one of his holy attributes. Obedience to his orders is one of the most important religious duties.

MONTANA. Territorial Government.-The following were the Territorial officers during the year: Governor, Preston H. Leslie; Secretary, William B. Webb; Treasurer, William G. Preuitt; Auditor, James Sullivan; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Arthur C. Logan; Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, N. W. McConnell; Associate Justices, Thomas C. Bach, W. J. Galbraith, succeeded by Stephen De Wolfe, and James H. McLeary, succeeded Moses B. Liddell. Chief-Justice McConnell resigned at the close of the year. The office of Attorney-General was created by the Legislature at its extra session in 1887, and a nomination was made thereto by the Governor, but the nominee was rejected by the Council, and the session adjourned without filling the vacancy. On December 31 the Governor appointed William E. Cullen to hold the office during 1888 and until the close of the next Legislative session.

Finances. The following is a statement of the finances of the Territory for 1887: Balance in the general fund on Jan. 1, 1887, $57,

642.53; from insurance companies, etc., $8.743.77; total, $243,655.48. Disbursements for the year, $207,628.61. Balance on Jan. 1, 1888, $36,026.87. Of the disbursements, about $60,000 was for the care of the insane, and $40,000 for maintenance of convicts. The unfortunate bounty law passed by the Legis lature of 1887 cost the Territory, during the few months of its existence, $61,721. Its prompt repeal at the extra session of that year saved the treasury from bankruptcy. In the various stock funds, the balances on Jan. 1, 1887, were $17,657.97; the revenue for the year was $18,084.87; and the balances on Dec. 31, 1887, were $12,389.65. At the close of 1888 the balance in the general fund had risen to $114,340,48, and in the stock funds to $15,852.28. There is no Territorial debt.

General Development.-The Governor says in his annual report:

This Territory, containing more than 143,000 square miles, is divided into sixteen counties, and in each of fourteen of these there is a good court-house, and the necessary public buildings to facilitate the transaction of all public business. The city of Helena is the central point of legislative, judicial, financial, commercial, and educational affairs in the Territory, and is also the railroad center. This city has a population of more than 15,000, and is rapidly growing. The city of Butte, in Silver Bow County, is the largest and most populous city west of Denver, between the Mississippi river and the Pacific coast, and is the largest miningcamp in the world. The annual output of the mines ten years ago was estimated at $7,000,000; now it is over $31,000,000. The total value of taxable property in the Territory then was $12,000,000; now it is 869,600,000 (not counting the value of the mining prop erty). The number of cattle in the Territory then was 220,000, now it is 1,500,000; the number of sheep then was 120,000, now it is over 2,000,000; the number of horses then was 40,000, now it is 200,000; the number of acres of land then under cultivation was 265,000, now there are over 2,000,000 acres appropriated and settled for farming purposes; then the commerce of the whole Territory was $20,000,000, now it is $40,000,000; then there were but a dozen miles lation was 30,000, now it is 140,000; then the Terriof railroad, now there are over 2,000; then the popu tory was in debt $112,000, now it is out of debt, and there is plenty of money in the treasury.

Mining. This industry continues to be the leading pursuit of the people of Montana. The mines are more productive than ever. Improved methods in working and the better order of machinery used enable men to prosecute this branch of industry to a greater extent and with more success. Many mines that would not pay twenty years ago, on account of the primitive mode of working, together with the high price of labor, are now being worked at good profit. The amount of divi dends declared by mining companies during 1888 was greater than ever. The product of gold and silver in 1887 was: Gold, $5,778.536.28; silver, $17,817,548.95; total, $23,796,085.23.

Convicts. The Governor says in his message:

prison. The United States has a Penitentiary at Deer The Territory has never yet built or owned a State Lodge, and ever since the beginning of 1874 the Ter

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