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committee selected in their places Marion Martin as its candidate for Governor, W. A. Moers for Lieutenant-Governor, and H. F. O'Neal for

Chief-Justice.

The Democratic State nominating convention met at Dallas on August 15, and renominated Gov. Ross by acclamation. The LieutenantGovernor, Treasurer, Comptroller, AttorneyGeneral, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Superintendent of the General Land-Office were also renominated. For Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, John W. Stayton of that court was nominated, and R. R. Gaines was renominated as Associate Justice. For the third member of the court John T. Henry was selected. For Judges of the Court of Appeals, John P. White, J. M. Hurt, and Samuel A. Wilson were the nominees. The platform includes the following:

We favor the enactment of prudent and efficient mining and irrigation laws to develop the agricultural

and mineral resources of our State.

We favor the enactment of such laws as shall re

strict the freight charges of railway and express companies, so that they may only yield a fair interest on the money actually invested in them, and at the same time to prevent discrimination in charges against any points within the State.

That the next Legislature shall pass laws defining trusts, pools, and all illegal combinations in restraint of trade, and imposing severe penalties.

The Republican Executive Committee, instead of nominating a State ticket, according to the vote of the Fort Worth Convention of April 24, called a second convention at the same place for September 20, at which the question of nominating a ticket was earnestly discussed, and where it was finally determined to support the Prohibition-Independent-UnionLabor ticket headed by Marion Martin. At the November election the Democratic national ticket was successful by a large majority, and Gov. Ross was re-elected.

TURKEY, an empire in eastern Europe and western Asia. The Government is an absolute monarchy. The Sultan is recognized as Khalif or Vicar of the Prophet in most Mohammedan lands. The legislative and executive power is exercised, under the direction of the Sultan, by the Sheikh-ul-Islam, who is the head of the religious and judicial departments of the Government, and the Grand Vizier, who is the chief in civil and administrative affairs. With these are associated heads of depart ments corresponding to ministers of state in European Governments. The present Sheikhul-Islam is Ahmed Essad Effendi. The Grand Vizier is Kiamel Pasha. The Cabinet in 1888 was as follows: President of the Council, Aarifi Pasha; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Said Pasha Minister of War and Grand Master of Artillery, Ali Saib Pasha; Minister of Marine, Hassan Pasha; Minister of the Interior, Munir Pasha; Minister of Justice, Djevdet Pasha; Minister of Finance, Zihni Pasha; Minister of Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, Agob Pasha Kaziazin; Minister of

Public Instruction, Munif Pasha; Ekvaf-Naziri or Intendant of Religious Property and Revenues, Mustafa Pasha. The reigning Sultan is Abdul Hamid Khan, born Sept. 21, 1841, the thirty-fourth sovereign of the family of Osman. He succeeded his brother Murad V on Aug. 31, 1876. (For area and population see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1887.)

Finances. The receipts of the Sultan's treasury for the year 1887-'88 are estimated at 17,500,000 Turkish liras. The debt, on March 13, 1887, amounted to 104,458,706 pounds sterling. Agob Pasha gave place in the Ministry of Finance, in the beginning of 1888, to Mahmoud Djelal-ed-Din Pasha, who promised to extricate the Government from its financial difficulties by an extensive scheme of improvements, and especially by unlocking new sources of revenue through the development of fisheries, mines, forests, and new industries. German capital was embarked in these enterprises, but the minister failed in accomplishing his task. The salaries of officials remained, and only at the Bairam festival was the Sultan able to pay an installment of the sums due to civil and military officers. The Minister of Finance was detected in discounting the salaries of the suffering officials at 60 per cent., and in the summer was dismissed from his post. Agob Pasha, an Armenian Christian, would not undertake the task of establishing the finances of the Empire on a sound basis, but was induced to resume the administration of the department provisionally. Eventually Zihni Pasha was appointed to the post. The Deutsche Bank, representing the group of German financiers who obtained the concession for the Asiatic Railroad to the Euphrates, negotiated a loan of 1,350,000 Turkish pounds. The unpaid creditors of the Porte clamored for the payment of their claims out of this sum, which the Minister of Finance reserved to carry out his projected reforms. The Ottoman Bank, which encashes the funds for the payment of the public debt, objected to the infringement of the monopoly of all loan transactions given to it by law. The Government, having been unable to obtain a loan from this institution except on exorbitant terms, answered that it had failed to fulfill its part of the bargain. The Russian Government made a pressing demand in June, 1888, for the payment of the arrears for two years of the war indemnity. The amount that Turkey undertook to pay was fixed by the treaty of February, 1879, at 802,500,000 francs. By a subsequent convention, dated May 14, 1882, it was settled that the payments should be effected in annual installments of 350,000 Turkish pounds, the proceeds of the sheep-tax and the tithes of certain vilayets being assigned for that purpose. The revenues on which the payment of the indemnity was secured failed owing to a famine in these districts. In November the Minister of Finance reported a deficit in the treasury of 1,500,000 liras, and informed the Sultan that

no means would be available to provide against it without severe economy and the reorganization of certain departments. By an imperial irade, promulgated on November 6, machinery and apparatus of public utility imported into Turkey were declared free of duty for ten years. A commercial treaty was negotiated with Germany in the autumn.

The Navy. The Turkish naval force, at the beginning of 1887, comprised 15 iron-clads, of which 7 were frigates and 8 corvettes; 50 wooden vessels-viz., 3 frigates, 8 corvettes, 18 gun-boats and avisos, 3 imperial yachts, and 18 transports; and 12 torpedo-boats, including 2 submarine boats of the Nordenfeldt pattern.

Commerce. The value of the imports into Turkey for the year ending March 12, 1888, was 21,025,953 Turkish pounds (equal to $91,988,000), against 20,703,231 pounds for the previous year. The exports were valued at 11,287,300 Turkish pounds, against 12,707,295 in 1886-'87. The trade in tobacco, which is administered by the Régie, is not included in these figures, nor are articles free of duty. The exports of tobacco amount to about 10,000,000 kilogrammes per annum. The values of the principal imports in 1886-'87 were, in Turkish pounds, as follow: Sugar, 1,473,226; cotton thread, 1,278,312; cotton prints, 1,171,217; linen goods. 441,177; cotton and linen stuffs, 288,361; sheeting, 533,253; cashmere, 242,717; cloth, 463,990; muslin, 296,688; coffee, 768,045; flour, 693,506; wheat, 529,538; live animals, 447,961; petroleum, 429,744; leather, 340,386; iron, 314,581; carpets, 278,458 skins, 255,932; chemicals and drugs, 203,266; butter, 192,346; coal, 178,574; glass, 127,895; timber, 177,408. The principal exports were of the following values: Raisins, 1,828,895; other fruits, 844,190; opium, 798,181; raw silk, 792.233; cocoons, 338,896; wheat, 765,447; cotton, 528,911; valonia, 512,660; wool, 500,280; coffee, 490,067; skins, 366,913; wines, 311,509; chemicals and drugs, 274,996; sesame, 272,614; olive-oil, 266,949; beans and lentils, 191,606; carpets, 145,930; soap, 138,761; minerals, 121,391; seeds, 109,217; confectionery, 108,264; gum tragacanth, 49,042.

The merchant navy in 1886 numbered 416 vessels of over 50 tons burden, with an aggregate tonnage of 69,627, and 17 steamers of 100 tons or above, having an aggregate tonnage of 7,297.

Railroads. The length of railroads open to traffic in 1888 was 788 kilometres in European Turkey, and in Asia Minor 660 kilometres, viz., four lines in the vicinity of Smyrna of the total length of 462 kilometres, the line from Scutari to Ismid, 93 kilometres in length, the line of 38 kilometres from Modania to Brussa, and one of 67 kilometres between Mersina and Tarsus. The international railroads of European Turkey, which have been in contemplation for twenty years, were completed in 1888. The line from the Servian frontier to Larissa

was opened to traffic in the spring, and the line through Servia and Bulgaria to Constantinople by way of Adrianople, affording rail communication with all the capitals of Europe, was opened on August 12. A concession, which English and French applicants have sought, was given to a German syndicate in September, 1888, to extend the Scutari-Ismid line to Angora, and eventually to Bagdad.

Posts and Telegraphs.-There were 408 postoffices in European Turkey in 1886 and 746 in Asiatic. The state telegraph stations numbered 233 in Europe, 438 in Asia, and 12 in Africa. The European governments have maintained separate post-offices for their citizens doing business in Turkey. The arrangement was not protected by treaty, and when the international railroad was completed the Turkish Government determined to suppress the foreign post-offices. Although prompt and efficient service was promised, the governments refused to part with the privilege that had grown up by custom, and which yielded some profit in addition to the power and prestige connected with it. The Austrian Government took the lead, and was able to compel the Turkish authorities to abandon the system of an international postal service that they had carefully organized, by refusing to deliver or forward official correspondence of the Ottoman Government.

Fortifications. To supply the loss of Kars, the Turkish engineer, Gen. Chahab Pasha, has converted Erzerum into a fortress of the first rank, by building fifteen forts on the side fronting the road from the Russian frontier. The Russian Government, supported by the English, remonstrated with the Porte in August, 1888, against the erection of fortifications at El Arab, near the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Adrianople has been fortified, and the Government has decided to establish a military port at Chinkin or St. Juan de Medua on the Albanian coast, opposite Italy. The defenses of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles have been strengthened since the war under the superintendence of German officers.

The Macedonian Question.-Jealousies between the Christian nationalities inhabiting European Turkey involved Turkey, in 1888, in a dispute with Greece, and created a ferment throughout the peninsula. The Greeks once counted all the Christians as of their nationality, and confidently expected to extend the limits of the Hellenic kingdom to the Danube. The language of the Church, of the schools, of business, and of educated society was Greek. The rise of the Balkan nationalities and their development as independent states has destroyed this dream of a greater Greece, and now the only hope the Hellenes have of advancing their boundaries into Macedonia is in preserving the predominance of the Greek language with the help of the Phanariot in Constantinople. The creation of the independent Exarchy of Bulgaria made this difficult in respect to the Bul

garians of Macedonia. Very recently the Roumanians and Albanians on the borders of the Greek kingdom have begun to cultivate their separate nationalities, encouraged probably by Austria. The Roumanian Government and an educational society founded for the purpose in Bucharest have aided the Wallachian peasant ry of Epirus to maintain schools in their own language. In the districts of Salonica and Clissura the Greeks used every means to check the Roumanian nationalist movement, and began to form political conspiracies for the annexation of these districts to Greece. The Patriarch refused the request of the Roumanians for a liturgy in their national language, and when the Bulgarian Exarch requested the Turkish Government to install Bulgarian bishops in certain districts of Macedonia, the Porte refused, acting at the instigation of the Russian ambassador. Many Bulgarians were arrested in the autumn for refusing to recognize the jurisdiction of the Greek clergy.

The Armenian Agitation.-The Turkish authorities took vigorous measures in 1888 to suppress the national movement that has for its

UNITARIANS. The "Year-Book of the Unitarian Congregational Churches" for 1889 gives lists of 392 Unitarian Societies and 488 ministers in the United States and Canada, and 365 Unitarian churches and others in fellowship and habitual association with them in Great Britain, Ireland, and Australia.

American Unitarians.-The American Unitarian churches and their associations and benevolent societies are represented in the National Conference of Unitarian and other Christian churches, a body that imposes no authoritative tests of membership, which meets for consultation and discussion every two years. The American Unitarian Association, organized in 1825, is the most active agency through which work for the extension of the principles of the societies is carried on. Its objects are to collect and diffuse information respecting the state of Unitarian Christianity in America; to promote union, sympathy, and co-operation, publish and distribute books and tracts, supply missionaries when they are needed, and to promote its purposes by such other measures as may be expedient. These purposes are also furthered by a number of local organizations in virtual cooperation or affiliation with this society. The sixty-third annual meeting of the American Unitarian Association was held in Boston, Mass., May 29. The Hon. George S. Hale presided. The receipts for the year had been, from societies and individuals, $50.291, and from the income of invested funds and all other sources, except legacies, $28,922. The expenditures had amounted to $103,989 showing a deficiency of $24,775, the amount of which VOL. XXVIII.-49 A

U

object the re-establishment of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia. The local authorities searched the houses, and even the churches and convents, in the districts of Van, Harpoot, Diabebir, and Erzerum. In Van a great number of persons who possessed arms or compromising documents were imprisoned, and some were subjected to torture in order to extort confessions. Armenian teachers and merchants in Constantinople were placed in confinement or banished to Tripoli. Sir William White, the English ambassador at Constantinople, addressed an inquiry to the Grand Vizier concerning the arrests, and was informed that the Government possessed documentary proofs of an insurrectionary conspiracy. The British Government, which the Armenians have considered their special protector, refused to interfere, saying it had no right to do so under the Treaty of Berlin, unless it did so in conjunction with the other signatory powers. The Armenian Patriarch, Harioutioun Vehabedian, who had sought in vain to allay the revolutionary spirit, was forced to resign by his compatriots.

had to be withdrawn from the general fund. The general fund, after accounting for the addition of $69,000 to it from legacies and for the amounts that had been withdrawn from it, stood at $139,609. The trustees of the ChurchBuilding Loan fund had received $3,650 in contributions and $3,075 from payments on loans, and had on hand $5,266. The association gives aid in Southern education at the Hampton Institute, Va., Tuskegee, Ala., Palatka, Fla., and the Highland Academy, N. C., and supports an industrial school for Indian children at the Crow Reservation, Montana. The mission in Hindustan has been discontinued since the death of the Rev. C. H. A. Dall. A mission has been begun in Japan, in the conduct of which the British and Foreign Unitarian Association co-operates. The Woman's Auxiliary Conference, which was formed in 1880 to aid the Association and supplement its work, had, since that time collected and applied $31,887, the contributions of its last financial year having amounted to $6,000.

The Unitarian Sunday-School Society, incorporated in 1885, seeks to promote moral and religious instruction in Sunday-schools. It publishes text-books and "Lesson-Helps for Sunday-Schools," and an illustrated Sundayschool paper, and has a missionary work of increasing scope and importance. The Meadville Theological School, Meadville, Pa., and the Divinity School of Harvard University are under Unitarian influence.

Unitarians in Great Britain.-The third Triennial National Conference of Unitarian and other non-subscribing or kindred congregations met

at Leeds, April 24. Papers were read by the Rev. T. W. Freckelton and Mr. John Dendy, Jr., on the best means of commending free Christianity to public favor. Propositions were made for building chapels at Oxford and Cambridge to hold Unitarian students to their faith. An address on "The Organization of our Churches," by Dr. Martineau, attracted much attention. The speaker was not satisfied with the Congregational system, or with the Unitarian name. He proposed a Presbyterian organization, and the name English Presbyterian. A committee was appointed to consider the questions raised, and call a special conference to consider its report.

The British and Foreign Unitarian Association met in London, May 23, and was opened with a sermon by Prof. Estlin Carpenter, who urged that theology be based on the broadest human experience. The Unitarian churches of the United States, the Reformed Church of France, and the Sadharan Brahmo Somaj of India were represented by visiting delegates. Mr. Harry Rawson, J. P., of Manchester, presided. A diminished income was reported. Papers were read on "Some Special Difficulties of Unitarianism To-day, and how to overcome them," in which the character of the religious services in the chapels was discussed. The autumnal meeting of the association was held in Newcastle in October. A paper unfavorable to the scheme of church organization which had been presented by Dr. Martineau, was read by Dr. Glendining.

The council of the Association issued a protest against the proposals of the Education Commission, in which it was affirmed that the only satisfactory scheme of national education is one placing the management of the schools under the control of those who are compelled to contribute to their support. Since the last report till October, 1888, 12,000 tracts had been sent out, and 86 copies of Channing's works, with other books, had been presented in answer to applications.

The Unitarian Sunday - School Association in Great Britain includes 251 schools, with 32,244 pupils and 3,989 teachers. It returned an income for the year of £1,067.

Unitarians in Continental Europe. The number of Unitarian churches in Hungary-where Unitarianism was introduced into Transylvania in 1563-is 110, and the number of registered Unitarians is 57,000. The head of the organization is Bishop Joseph Ferencz, who has under him eight rural deans and an ecclesiastical council of 350 members. The higher education is provided for by the college at Klausenburg, where there are five theological and nine ordinary professors, with assistant professors and teachers; and the middle schools at Thorda and Szekely Keresztur. The Church has a considerable religious literature, including a periodical organ, "The Christian Seed-Sower." The American "Year-Book " mentions several organizations in other European countries

outside of the British Empire and Hungary, which, without taking the Unitarian name, are in substantial agreement with the Unitarian faith. A considerable number of the 225 Protestant churches in Austria are liberal in their theology. The Protestanten Verein of Germany has about 40 branches and 27,000 members, and supports two missionaries in Japan. The Free Christian Association in Switzerland is active in the Protestant cantons. The Protestant Union of Holland has 13,000 members. A minority of the Protestants of France hold liberal views. The Spanish Evangelical Church includes a few liberal congregations. The Liberals in Sweden, while having societies similar to the Protestant unions, retain their membership in the state church. Services of a Unitarian type are held in Rome and Brussels. The Unitarian faith is represented in Salem, Madras, and Calcutta, India. A missionary is supported in Tokio, Japan, by the American Unitarian Association, the British and Foreign Unitarian Association co-opoperating.

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST. The following is a summary of the statistics of this Church, as they are given in the "United Brethren Year-Book" for 1889: Number of bishops, 6; of organized churches, 445; of itinerant preachers, 1,490; of local preachers, 560; of members, 204,517; of Sunday-schools, 3,509, with 32,026 officers and teachers and 219,846 pupils; of church edifices, 2,609, having a total value of $3,757,161; of parsonages, 493, valued at $401,959. Total amount of contributions, $1,036,086; of which $474,591 were for preachers' salaries, $366,258 for church expenses, $3,566 for bishops, $3,566 for preachers' aid, $91,134 for missions, $1,964 for church erection, and the remainder for Sunday-school and educational purposes. The property of the Publishing-House at Dayton, Ohio, is valued at $252,987 above indebtedness; its receipts from business for the year ending April 1, 1888, were $156,198. The educational institutions include 9 colleges, 6 academies and seminaries, and 1 Biblical seminary. The United Brethren Home, Frontier, and Foreign Missionary Society received during its fiscal year $66,238. It operates missions in West Africa, Germany, Canada, and the United States, with a station among the Chinese at Walla Walla, Washington Territory, and gives aid to eighteen conferences. The two missions in Africa returned 27 stations, reaching 328 towns; 12 organized churches, 6 American and 25 native missionaries; 4 ordained and 25 unordained preachers; 4,105 members; 14 Sunday-schools, with 33 teachers and officers and 564 pupils; 12 day schools, with 12 teachers and 500 pupils; 11 church-houses, 8 mission residences, and property valued at $66,000. The German mission returned 720 members and 345 pupils in Sunday-schools. The society has an interest-bearing fund of $85,264, and has expended since its organization in 1853, $2,301,908.

UNITED STATES. The Administration.-On January 16 the United States Senate, after much discussion and delay, confirmed the nomination, made by the President, in December, of Lucius Q. C. Lamar to be a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, the vote standing_32 for confirmation and 28 against. Three Republican Senators (Stanford, Stewart, and Riddleberger) voted with the majority. The Republicans that voted against confirmation, based their objections upon the record of Mr. Lamar in the Confederacy. At the same time, the nominations of William F. Vilas to be Secretary of the Interior and D. M. Dickinson to be Postmaster-General were confirmed, and these officers qualified on the following day. On January 19 the appointments of the President to the Interstate Commerce Commission, made in the preceding March, were approved.

The most important change in the Government during the year was caused by the death of Chief-Justice Morrison R. Waite on March 23 (for sketch of Chief-Justice Waite see page 836; for portrait see the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1882, page 126). The President made no appointment of his successor till April 30, when the name of Melville W. Fuller, of Chicago, was sent to the Senate (see page 359). This appointment was confirmed on July 20, by a vote of 41 to 20; but the new Chief-Justice did not take his seat until the October term of the court.

Strother M. Stockslager, of Indiana, was nominated on March 20, to be Commissioner of the General Land-Office, vice William J. Sparks, resigned; and Thomas J. Anderson, of Iowa, to be Assistant Commissioner, a former nomination by the President to the commissionership having been annulled. On May 21, Thomas J. Smith, of New Hampshire, was nominated as Solicitor of Internal Revenue, vice Charles Chesley. The resignation of Commissioner of Indian Affairs Atkins, in June, caused a vacancy, which was filled by the nomination of Civil-Service Commissioner John H. Oberly. Other nominations were: Carroll D. Wright, of Massachusetts, to be Commissioner of Labor for a sccond term; William L. Bancroft, of Michigan, to be General Superintendent of the Railway-Mail Service; John S. Bell, of New Jersey, to be Chief of the Secret Service Divis ion of the Treasury Department; and Charles Cary, of New York, to be Soliciter of the Treasury Department. All of these nominations were confirmed. The President, on July 17, nominated as envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary: Lambert Tree, of Illinois, to Belgium; Robert B. Roosevelt, of New York, to the Netherlands; Rufus Magee, of Indiana, to Sweden and Norway; and Charles L. Scott, of Alabama, to Venezuela; also John E. Bacon, of South Carolina, to be Minister Resident at Paraguay and Uruguay. The Senate confirmed these nominations on August 14. Soon thereafter the resignation of George V. N. Lothrop from the Russian mission was received, and

the President, on September 11, nominated Lambert Tree, the recently confirmed Belgian minister, to the vacancy. Ten days later he nominated John G. Parkhurst, of Michigan, to the Belgian mission. These nominations, as also that of Perry Belmont, of New York, in December, to be minister to Spain, were confirmed. Ezekiel E. Smith, of North Carolina, was nominated and confirmed as Minister Resident and Consul-General in Liberia. On January 12 Edward S. Bragg, of Wisconsin, was confirmed as minister to Mexico.

On August 5 Gen. Philip H. Sheridan died, and on August 14 the President promoted Maj.Gen. John M. Schofield to the command of the army (see page 737).

The Army. At the date of the last consolidated returns, the army consisted of 2,188 officers and 24,549 enlisted men. The actual expenditures of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1888, amounted to $41,165,107.07, of which $9,158,516.63 was expended for public works, including river and harbor improvements, and $23,337,245.11 for the actual support of the army and the Military Academy. The only difficulty with the Indians that occurred was upon the Crow Reservation in Dakota, where a threatened outbreak was promptly suppressed by Gen. Ruger, and the ringleaders arrested and punished. All the States and Territories now have an active militia sufficient under the regulations to entitle them to receive ordnance and quartermaster's stores from the United States, excepting Arkansas, Arizona, Idaho, and Utah.

Postal Service. -For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888, the total revenue was $52,695,176.79, while the actual and estimated expenses were $56,885,403.84, leaving an estimated deficiency of $4,190,227.05. The actual deficiency for the fiscal year preceding was $4,297,238.31, the total expenses $53,134,847.70, and the total revenue $48,837,609.39.

The number of post-offices on June 30, 1888, was 57,376; there were established during the year preceding 3,864 offices, and 1,645 were discontinued. The number of postmasters appointed during the year ended June 30, 1888, was 12,288, of which 6,521 were upon resignations and commissions expired, 1,244 upon removals, 659 to fill vacancies by death, and 3,864 on establishment of new post-offices. The free-delivery service was extended to 169 additional places, under the act of Jan. 3, 1887, making a total of 358 free-delivery cities. The volume of ordinary mail has largely increased, as shown by the increased revenue of the department from the sale of postage-stamps. The total number of pieces handled has doubled since 1883.

The number of money-order offices at the close of the year was 8,241, and the number of postal-note offices 311. The domestic orders issued numbered 9,959,207, of the aggregate amount of $119,649,064.98, while the orders paid and repaid were in excess of that

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