stop the robbery of both inventors and the people by heartless and greedy capitalists.

The Republican Convention for the nomination of State officers met at Milwaukee on Aug. 22, and on the first formal ballot chose William D. Hoard as candidate for Governor. All the other State officers were renominated. A very short platform was adopted, including the following:

With regard to the affairs of the State, they [the Republicans of Wisconsin] offer as the best guarantee of the future and the strongest claim to the continued confidence of the people, the record of the present Republican Administration and its predecessors. It is a record of the honest, economical, impartial and judicious application of sound business methods to the conduct of the various departments of the State Gov

ernment.

The Democratic State Convention met at Milwaukee Sept. 5, and nominated James Morgan for Governor, Andrew Kull for LieutenantGovernor, August C. Larson for Secretary of State, Theodore Kersten for Treasurer, Timothy E. Ryan for Attorney-General, Amos Squire for Superintendent of Schools, Herman Naber for Railroad Commissioner, and Evan W. Evans for Insurance Commissioner.

At the November election, Hoard received for Governor 175,690 votes; Morgan, 155,423 votes; Durant, 14,373; Powell, 9,196. The other candidates on the Republican ticket were also elected. The Legislature chosen at the same time will be composed as follows: Senate-Republicans 24, Democrats 6, Union Labor men 2, Independent 1; House-Republicans 70, Democrats 18, Independent 1. Democratic Congressmen were chosen in the Second and Fifth Districts, and Republicans in the remaining seven districts.

A proposed amendment to the Constitution, giving the Legislature power to prescribe the powers, duties, and compensation of the State Superintendent of Schools, was defeated, 12,967 votes in favor of it and 18,342 against it. WYOMING TERRITORY. Territorial Government.-The following were the Territorial officers during the year: Governor, Thomas Moonlight; Secretary of Territory, Samuel D. Shannon; Auditor, Mortimer N. Grant; Treasurer, William P. Gannett, succeeded by Luke Voorhees; Attorney-General, Hugo Douzelman; Superintendent of Education, John Slaughter; Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, William L. Maginuis; Associates, Samuel T. Corn and Jacob P. Blair, succeeded by M. C. Saufley.

Legislative Session. The tenth Territorial Legislature was in session from Jan. 10 to March 9. Its most important legislation relative to public institutions and the Territorial finances is discussed below. The so-called "maverick " stock-law was repealed at this session, and in its stead an act was passed creating a board of live-stock commissioners, consisting of one member from each county, appointed by the Governor for two years. This board has the appointment of local stock-inspectors, who are to take up and sell estrays, mavericks, and oth

erwise to carry out the provisions of the law, and has control of the funds derived from such sales. A law providing for a more strict observance of the Sabbath was passed. Three new counties were created-Converse from portions of Laramie and Albany Counties, Sheridan from a portion of Johnson County, and Natrona out of a portion of Carbon County. The two former were organized during the year. A law for the promotion of immigration makes the Secretary of the Territory a commissioner of immigration, and provides a small appropriation for his use in making known the advantages of the Territory. A rearrangement of legislative districts and a reapportionment of members of the Legislature was made necessary by the creation of new counties. Congress was memorialized to provide for the early admission of the Territory as a State. The bounty laws were repealed. Other acts of the session were as follow:

Authorizing the Governor to designate Arbor Day, and to encourage tree-planting.

Regulating the business of foreign mutual life-insurance companies in the Territory.

Requiring all banks (except national banks) to publish sworn statements once each quarter, regarding their financial condition, and providing penalties for receiving deposits when the bank is in an insolvent condition.

Describing lawful fences in the Territory, and providing for penalties when the provisions of the act

are violated.

Making it a felony to sign any false certificate of acknowledgment or jurat.

Authorizing the semi-annual payment of interest on bonds.

Prohibiting the unauthorized wearing of the Grand Army badge and using the letters "G. A. R." for business purposes.

Requiring owners and operators of oil-lands to plug their wells so as to shut off all water from the oilbearing rock, and to exclude the oil and gas from the water before abandonment.

Providing for the exercise of the right of eminent domain by railroad companies.

Providing for reports of Territorial officers and boards of public institutions.

Providing for the organization, management, and control of banks, banking institutions, savings-banks, and trust and loan companies.

To protect grazing lands of Wyoming from liveother States and Territories. stock brought temporarily into the Territory from

Creating the office of Territorial Engineer, and concerning appropriation of water.

Regulating the practice of pharmacy.

Providing for the release of dower by married

women.

To make the mechanics' lien laws of Laramie County applicable to all parts of the Territory. Providing a method for the taxation of live-stock on the open range.

Providing for the bonding of school districts.

Finances. The Territorial debt at the beginning of the year was $230, in the form of 6per-cent bonds, issued to raise funds for the construction of necessary public buildings. It was increased to $320,000 by the Legislature of this year, which authorized the issue of $90,000 in 6-per-cent bonds payable in forty years. These bonds were sold at an average premium of 12 per cent.

The assessed valuation of the Territory is about $31,000,000, or over $1,000,000 less than in 1887. As the Legislature increased the bonded debt up to the prescribed limit of one per cent. of the valuation on the basis of the assessment for 1887, which was the latest then available, it follows that the Territorial indebtedness of $320,000 now exceeds the one per cent. limit. The valuation of railroad property, included in the above total, was $5,908,984, an increase of over $150,000 above 1887. The tax-levy for Territorial purposes was increased this year from slightly over 3 mills in 1887 to 6 mills, apportioned as follows: General fund, 2 mills; Capitol-building fund,

$30,000 this year for its completion and enlargement. For finishing and enlarging the new University building $25,000 was appropriated. A Penitentiary building at Rawlins was also provided for by the Legislature of this year, $30,000 being appropriated. The sum of $5,000 was appropriated for a Poor Asylum building at Lander, which shall cost, when completed, not more than $25,000. A building for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Asylum at Cheyenne has been erected, with the appropriation of $8,000 made by the Legislature of 1886 for that purpose, but no provision has yet been made for the support or management of the institution, and the building is unused.

2 mills; university income-tax, mill; Territorial bond-tax, of a mill; insane asylum bond-tax, of a mill; stock indemnity fund, Too of a mill.

Public Buildings. Prior to 1886 the Territory was almost without public buildings, but the Legislatures of that and the present year have provided liberally therefor. The Capitol-building, begun in 1886, was so far completed in January as to be occupied by the Legislature during the session, the sum of $150,000 being expended in its erection. A further appropriation of $125,000 was made this year for enlarging the building by the addition of wings. and an extra tax of 2 mills was imposed for 1888 and 1889 to raise this sum. The building already completed is a substantial structure of cut and dressed stone, provided with the latest modern conveniences.

The Insane Asylum building, for which $30,000 was appropriated in 1886, received another

Education. The latest report of the Territorial Superintendent, for the year ending with October, 1887, presents the following statistics: Number of school-houses, 124; schools, 197; male pupils, 2.890; female pupils, 2,732; teachers, 231. The average monthly salary of teachers was $59.90. The first year of the University of Wyoming, which began on Sept. 1, 1887, was considered successful. An additional appropriation of $25.000 for the completion of the University building at Laramie City was made by the Legislature this year, and the annual levy for its support was increased from one fourth to one half of a mill, providing an income for 1888-'89 of about $15,500. The school and university public lands given by the Federal Government to the various States and Territories for educational purposes, do not by law become available until Statehood is attained, but, by a special law passed by Congress in August, the Territory of Wyoming is author

ized to lease these lands for a term not exceeding five years, and a considerable increased revenue to both the school and university funds is expected from these leases.

Settlement.-The total number of acres of the public domain taken up in Wyoming, up to and inclusive of June 30, 1887, was 2,041,730; during the year ending June 30, 1888, 317,356; total, 2,359,086. This is scarcely one thirtieth of the area of the Territory.

Railroads. The report of the Governor, dated in September, shows that 139 miles of new road were constructed during the preceding twelve months, making the total length of railroads 891 miles. The Wyoming Central has extended its road as far west as Fort Casper, or the old Platte Bridge, a distance of about 132 miles in the Territory, and for the present seems to rest there. The Cheyenne and Northern has completed the road to the Platte river in a northwesterly direction from Cheyenne, 125 miles. The Burlington and Missouri Railroad has in operation a line to Cheyenne from Sterling, on the South Platte river, 29 miles.

Coal. Every county in the Territory has its deposits of coal, which are nowhere at such depth as to make mining expensive. No anthracite coal has been discovered. The largest mines are those operated by the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Returns from all the large companies show that the total product for 1887 was about 1,170,318 tons.

Political. The Democratic Territorial Convention met at Cheyenne, on October 6, and nominated Caleb Perry Organ for delegate to Congress. The resolutions include the following:

The Democrats heartily favor the appointment of residents of the Territory to the Federal offices. emphatically opposed to the lavish use of money in We desire to place ourselves on record as being

our Territorial and local elections.

We believe the people of this Territory are lawabiding, and their sense of justice is sufficiently strong, with the aid of their local government, not only to maintain the public peace but to protect public and private property, and are therefore opposed to the importation of foreign police mercenaries.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The "Year-Book" of the Young Men's Christian Association for 1888 gives lists of 1,250 associations in America, and 3,840 in the world. Of the American associations, 77 are engaged specially in work among railroad men, 10 among German-speaking young men, 273 in colleges, 29 among colored men, and 18 among Indians; 226 make mention in their reports of classes in from one to fifteen branches of study, 287 of special attention to physical culture through gymnasiums and other sports, 63 of special work among commercial travelers, 158 of organized boys' departments, and 435 of woman's auxiliaries. Among other special services spoken of are 398 Bible-classes, 367 Bible training classes, and 661 weekly prayermeetings. The associations employ 752 men for their entire time as secretaries and assistant secretaries. The whole number of members in the American associations is 175,000, the buildings owned by them are valued at $5,609,265, and their entire property at $7,261,658. The expenditure in 1887 was $1,181,338 in

VOL. XXVIII-54 A

Convention met at Cheyenne, and renomiOn October 10 the Republican Territorial nated Delegate Joseph M. Carey. The platform contains the following:

The Republicans of Wyoming favor home rule, and will hail with delight the era of self-government. We now have the taxable wealth and the population necessary to support a State government, and, being therefore entitled to admission into the Union, we earnestly favor such Congressional legislation as will enable us to adopt a Constitution and secure the rights of Statehood.

We favor the adoption and enforcement of a liberal and honest policy relating to the deposition of the public lands, and we further urge the importance of securing Government aid in the construction of reservoirs in which the waters of Wyoming may be stored for the use of the people.

The Republican party is strenuously opposed to the use of money for the purpose of influencing votes, and heartily condemns this outrageous practice, which was so early introduced into our Territorial elections by the Democracy.

Both parties declare their strong opposition to Chinese immigration. At the November election, Carey received 10,451 votes, and Organ, 7,557. Members of the next Territorial Legislature were chosen as follow: Senate, Republicans, 5; Democrats, 7; House, Republicans, 17; Democrats, 7.

ferences, of which the eleventh, in Stockholm, was opened Aug. 15. About 400 delegates attended; Bishop K. H. Gez von Scheele, of Visby, Sweden, was president. The review of the association work showed that it had increased largely in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Norway, Sweden, and Paris. The following subjects were considered in formal written papers, with general discussions following them; "What the Bible says to the Young Men of Our Day," "What Means ought to be employed for the Spiritual Development of the Members and for the Conversion of Young Men in general," "The Mutual Duties of Members of the Young Men's Christian Association," "The Means which ought to be employed by the Association for the Moral Development of their Members," "Creation

ZANZIBAR, a monarchy on the eastern coast of Africa. The reigning Sultan or Seyyid is Khalifa, who succeeded his brother, Bargash ben-Said, on March 27, 1888. The island of Zanzibar has an area of 1,590 square kilometres, or 625 square miles. The Sultan's authority formerly extended along the coast of the mainland from Warsheikh to Delgado Bay, about 900 miles. In 1886 Germany established a protectorate over the interior, from the river Rovuma northward to Kilimandjaro. North of that mountain, as far as Tana river, England's sphere of influence extends, in accordance with an agreement between the two powers. Zanzibar's sovereign rights were limited to the coast between Kipini on the Ozi river and Cape Delgado, and to the garrisoned stations of Lamoo, Kismayu, Brava, Merka, Mukdusha, and Warsheikh. The population of the island of Zanzibar is about 200,000, half of whom live in the city of Zanzibar. The rulers are Arabs, and the subject population mostly negroes. The entire Arab population on the eastern coast of Africa and in the island of Zanzibar does not exceed 2,500; yet they own all the valuable soil, hold the bulk of the population in slavery, and monopolize the slave-trade. There are about 6,000 Indian traders and slaveowners in Zanzibar and on the coast, and 150 Europeans who reside in the towns.

War against Europeans.-The Arabs of Zanzibar and the interior of Africa, who, in spite of the convention made in 1873 between the Sultan of Zanzibar and the English Government, continue to supply Asia with negro slaves, organized an attack on the European settlements in the autumn of 1888, with the object of driving away the Germans, in order to keep open the caravan routes to the sea and avert the suppression of the slave - traffic. The Arab slave-traders in the vicinity of Lake Nyassa beleaguered the British missionary stations, which were on ground claimed by Portugal.

and Organization of Associations," "Different Kinds of Young Men's Christian Associations,” "The Real Source of Life for our Associations," "The Different Means employed for the Physical Development of Young Men," "The Young Men's Christian Association as compared with the True and False Socialism," and The Association's Work in Non-Protestant Countries." Public meetings, held in the afternoon of each of the five days of the session of the Conference, were addressed by Messrs. Gustave Topfel, President of the Executive Central Committee; Krummacher, of Elberfeld; Scholt, of Drammen; Williams, of London; Frommel, court chaplain at Berlin; Hoskins, of London; Beck, of Denmark; Lyons, of France; Favre, of Geneva; Morse, of New York; Farwell, of Chicago, and others.

Soon afterward the Yaos, the northernmost branch of the Kaffirs, began to pour into the German settlements. On September 20, thousands of armed men from the south bank of the Rovuma appeared before Mikandini. At some of the harbors the natives refused to receive the German officials. The inhabitants finally took up arms and drove the Germans from all their establishments on the coast. When Ernst Vohsen, the chief director of the German East African Company, attempted to land at Pangani on September 5, a line of Arabs along the shore fired at the Germans, declaring that they were banded together to make a stand against the oppression and insults of the company's officials. Herr Michahelles, the German consul-general, and Herr Vohsen, in an interview with the Sultan. contradicted the stories of German violence and tyranny. They admitted that they could not return to Pangani and Tanga for some time, and accepted the arrangement proposed by Seyyid Khalifa, to the effect that the Sultan was to appoint his own governors and garrisons, and administer justice; and that the Germans were to nominate natives to superintend customs, and not to attempt to land at the ports until the population was willing to receive them. The German flag was not to be re-hoisted. The coast population would not accept an arrangement that contemplated the reinstatement of the Germans. Gen. Matthews, commanding the troops of the Sultan, who was sent to reassert the Sultan's authority in Pangani, was defeated and driven away by the rebels. The German gun-boats thereupon shelled Pangani and other places.

Blockade of the Coast.-The English colonial project, which had been begun in order to prevent the Germans from acquiring dominion over all the lake-region and the trade-routes, suffered likewise. The Sultan had lost all anthority on the mainland. More than 1,000