SHIPPING THE MATERIAL WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. How much will it cost to ship 100 bales of cotton from New Orleans to New York, the average weight being 490 3. It costs 69 ct. a hundred pounds to ship cloth from Philadelphia to Chicago. How much would Chicago save in freight on 1000 tons of cloth, by manufacturing it at home instead of buying it in Philadelphia? 4. If 400 lb. of raw cotton are required for 100 lb. of finished clothing, and the freight on clothing from Mobile to New York is $1.18 a hundred, and on cotton 61 ct. a hundred, how much freight per 100 lb. of clothing would New York save by having clothing made in Mobile instead of at home? 5. It costs 46 ct. a hundred to ship wool in car lots from Cleveland to New York, and 53 ct. a hundred for smaller amounts. The smallest car lot of wool is 10,000 lb. If a man has 9500 lb. to ship, is it better for him to ship it as a car lot or to pay the 53-ct. rate? Give the cost in PICTURES OF MAGNITUDES 196. Picturing by lines. We get a better idea of differences by illustrating the numbers. For example, the population of the United States in 1790 was 3,900,000; in 1900 it was 76,303,387. We may let a line 1 in. Then the population in 1900, about 76 millions, will be represented by a line a little over 1 in. long, while that of 1790 will be represented by one a little less than in. long. The picture helps us to realize the growth of our country. 197. Picturing by squares. We may also represent numbers by squares or other figures. For example, if the population of Idaho, recently about 200,000, is to be compared with that of Pennsylvania, about 6,400,000, we may let some small square, say in. on a side, repre sent 100,000 people. Then 64 such squares Penn., 6,400,000 Idaho, 200,000 6,200,000 will represent the population of Pennsyl vania, while 2 squares will represent that of Idaho. We then have a picture which helps us to realize the great difference in population. WRITTEN EXERCISE The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is 184 mi. long, the Erie 387 mi., the Lehigh 108 mi., and the Ohio 317 mi. Represent these by lines. Let 1 in. 100 mi.. 198. Number changes. Changes in numbers may easily be shown by a picture. For example, if the temperature at noon on Monday is 80°, and on Tuesday 85°, Wednesday 90°, Thursday 80°, Friday 75°, Saturday 70°, we may draw vertical lines to represent these temperatures. Then a line joining the tops gives us an idea of the changes in temperature. Herein. has been taken to represent 10°. It makes no difference what distance is taken between the lines, only it must be the same because it represents 24 hours in each case. M. Tu. W. Th. F Sat. 85° WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. In million bushels the production of wheat in this country in 1850 was 100; in 1860 it was 173; in 1870 it was 288; in 1880 it was 459; in 1890 it was 399; and in 1900 it was 522. Represent as above. 2. In hundred thousand bales, the production of cotton in this country for thirty years was as follows: in 1870, 31; in 1875, 38; in 1880, 58; in 1885, 57; in 1890, 73; in 1895, 99; in 1900, 94. Represent as above. 3. In hundred thousand tons, the production of sugar in the world has been as follows: in 1870, 28; in 1880, 39; in 1890, 54; in 1900, 84. Represent as above, and notice how great has been the increase as shown by the picture. 4. In hundred-thousands, the population of Illinois in 1860 was 17; in 1870, 25; in 1880, 30; in 1890, 38; in 1900, 48. Represent as above, and notice the great growth SOME PARTICULARS IN WHICH OUR COUNTRY WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. Suppose our country should produce 302,502,328 lb. of wool in a certain year, and Spain should produce 102,600,000 lb., what would be the difference? Represent by a picture. 2. The area of Great Britain is 120,979 sq. mi., and that of the single state of Texas is 265,780 sq. mi. How much larger is Texas? Illustrate by squares. 3. The area of European Russia is 2,095,616 sq. mi., and that of the United States is 3,720,856 sq. mi. How much larger is this country? Illustrate by squares. 4. At a time when we were producing 13,689,173 tons of steel, France was producing 1,465,071 tons. What was the difference? Represent 10,000,000 tons by 1 sq. in. 5. The area of Canada is nearly as much as that of the United States, being 3,048,710 sq. mi. What is the difference in the areas of the countries? Illustrate by squares. 6. At a time when this country had $29.04 of money in circulation to each person, Italy had only $9.68. What was the difference in wealth per person? Illustrate by lines, representing $10 by 1 in. 7. Our country averages about 10,800,000 bales of cotton a year. All the rest of the world averages 2,050,000 bales. What is the difference? Represent by squares, taking a square in. on a side to represent 1,000,000 bales. 8. In a certain year we bought from Germany $101,997,523 worth of goods, and sold to that country $170,222,737 worth. How much was the balance in our favor? Illus SOME PARTICULARS IN WHICH CERTAIN OTHER COUNTRIES EXCEL OURS WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. When the population of London was 4,536,063, that of New York City was 3,437,202. Illustrate the difference. 2. If the United States has 20,870,000 spindles in operation in the manufacture of cotton, and England has 46,100,000, what is the difference? Illustrate. 3. If our country mined 55,214,000 oz. of silver in a certain year, and Mexico mined 57,656,549 oz., how much more did Mexico mine than the United States? Illustrate. 4. The area of European Russia is 2,095,616 sq. mi., of Asiatic Russia 6,564,778 sq. mi., of the United States 3,720,856 sq. mi. How much greater is the total area of Russia than that of the United States? Illustrate. 5. The greatest wool-producing country in the western hemisphere is Argentina, which averages about 370,000,000 lb., the United States coming next with an average of about 304,500,000 lb. What was the difference? Illustrate. 6. The area of Italy is 110,646 sq. mi., and that of Nevada is 110,700 sq. mi. When the population of Italy was 32,045,404, that of Nevada was 42,335. How much greater is the area of Nevada, and how much greater was the population of Italy? Illustrate. 7. When the population of the United States was 76,303,387, that of Porto Rico was 953,243; of Hawaii, 154,001; of the Philippines and Guam, 7,909,000. The population of Russia was then 128,852,076. How much greater was the population of Russia than that of the United States |