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A MODERN-LANGUAGE MASTER'S LIBRARY OF FRENCH AND GERMAN.

By OTTO SIEPMANN.

Head of the Modern-Language Department at Clifton College.

German.

Na previous article which appeared in this

Magazine (March, 1901), I have laid stress on the necessity that a young modern-language master who wishes to equip himself for his difficult task must, in the first place, try to acquire a good pronunciation. It is sometimes thought that it is much easier for an Englishman to learn to pronounce German correctly than French; and, in consequence, students and teachers do not take the same amount of trouble in trying to master the sounds of German, and are satisfied with a lower standard of correctness. This is a grave mistake. Even if it were true that German sounds come more naturally to the English organs of speech, there can be no doubt that the difficulties of a really good German pronunciation are so great as to make the study of phonetics indispensable. It is a delusion and a snare to believe that a short stay in Germany will be sufficient to set things right in matters of pronunciation. My advice to young modern-language masters is to study carefully one of the books on general phonetics, and of French and German in particular, which I have mentioned in my last article, and add to this Vietor's excellent little treatise, entitled "GERMAN PRONUNCIATION, PRACTICE, AND THEORY," 2nd edition (Leipzig, 1899, 2s.), and Georg Hempl's "German Orthography and Phonology" (Strassburg, Trübner). After these, Bremer's "Deutsche Phonetik (Leipzig, 1893, 5s.) will be found interesting and stimulating. It goes without saying that a few hours' help from a native with a keen ear for sound differences and a good knowledge of phonetics will be found invaluable at the initial stages; but it may be pointed out that a German with an untrained ear and no acquaintance of phonetics will in all probability be found of little. use; in fact, it is not impossible that his observations may prove positively misleading, for as a rule the statements of such natives about their own pronunciation and manner of producing speechsounds are most untrustworthy, and when they proceed to correct the pronunciation of a foreigner their criticism and advice are as a rule of a most deplorable kind. If a thoroughly competent native cannot be found, the student should try to obtain the help of an Englishman who knows. German and phonetics. Along with the study of phonetics and its practical application, which may quite well be carried on in one's study, the mastery of grammar and wide and deep reading are considerable aids for future proficiency as a teacher. Assuming that one of the ordinary schoolgrammars, such as those by Eve, Aue, Meissner, Weisse, Kuno Meyer or Whitney, is in the teacher's possession, he might with advantage take in hand.

"A GRAMMAR OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE," by H. C. G. Brandt (Boston, Allyn & Bacon, about 4s. 6d.), and study along with it Heyse's "Deutsche Grammatik oder Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache," 25th edition, by Dr. Otto Lyon (Leipzig, 1893, about 4s.), or "Handbuch der deutschen Sprache,' von Karl F. Becker, 11th ed. (Prag, 1876, about 5s.), which should be supplemented by a little work entitled "SATZBAU UND WORTFOLGE in der DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE," VON PROF. DR. DANIEL SANDERS (Berlin, 1883, about 2s. 6d.). A more scientific work on the same subject is "Der deutsche Satzbau," dargestellt von Hermann Wunderlich (Stuttgart, 1892, 252 pages), of which a very much enlarged second edition is appearing in two vols.; vol. i., 9s. unbound.

The most complete work on modern German grammar I know is the "Neuhochdeutsche Grammatik mit Berücksichtigung der historischen Entwickelung der deutschen Sprache," von Friedrich Blatz, 3rd edition (Karlsruhe, 1895, vol. i., 856 pp., 10s.; vol. ii., 1,314 pp., 15s.). With these works, a taste for the historical treatment of the German language is sure to develop, and BEHAGHEL, DIE DEUTSCHE SPRACHE (Leipzig, 1887, Is.) may be recommended as a guide for beginners. Of this there exists a good English translation by Trechmann (London, Macmillan).

Wasserzieher's booklet "Aus dem Leben der deutschen Sprache" (Leipzig, 64 pp., stitched, for 4d.) is very small, but the student who buys it certainly gets his money's worth. Before mentioning any of the larger historical works, I must not omit two books which are excellent food for those who like to leave the beaten track and to think for themselves; they are Kern's "Deutsche Satzlehre" (Berlin, 1888, 184 pp.) and Ries' "Was ist Syntax"? (Marburg, 1894, 163 pp.). A study of these cannot fail to arouse the teacher's argumentative faculties, and he will be quite prepared to enjoy some other books of a critical description written by men who are dissatisfied with much that is used in present-day German, and aim at reform. "Allerhand Sprachdummheiten-Kleine deutsche Grammatik des Zweifelhaften, des Falschen und Hässlichen-Ein Hilfsbuch für alle, die sich öffentlich der deutschen Sprache bedienen" von Dr. Gustav Wustmann (Leipzig, 1891, 320 pp., 2s.)—is a worthy lead off in this group of interesting publications. Erbe's "Rand bemerkungen" (Stuttgart, 1892, 50 pp., 6d.), Minor's "Allerhand Sprachgrobheiten" (10d.) and a host of other "Streitschriften" followed in its train. Another book, "Sprachleben und Sprachschäden," by Matthias, though not directly connected with the polemic raging round Wustmann's excellent little work, should be read by every teacher of German, and in conjunction with it Lehmann's "Sprachliche Sünden der Gegenwart" (Braunschweig, 1882, 175 pp., about 2s.), Heintze's "Gut Deutsch" (Berlin, 1898, 200 pp., about 2s.), Brunner's "Schlecht Deutsch" (Leipzig, 1895, 199 pp., about 2s.), and Schroeder's "Vom papiernen Stil" (Berlin, 1896, 102 pp., about 2s.). "Sprachgebrauch und Sprachrichtigkeit" von Andresen (8th ed., Leipzig, 1899, 430 pp., 5s.) is a standard work which needs no recommendation. A stimulating volume is Reichel's 'Sprachpsychologische Studien." Vier Abhandlungen über Wortstellung und Betonung des Deutschen in der Gegenwart, Sparsamkeit, Begründung der Normalsprache (Halle, 1897, 337 pp.,

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about 4s.). And most excellent is Sütterlin's new work "Die deutsche Sprache der Gegenwart (1900).

There are some works on composition and style of Modern German which are most suitable for teachers, of which I must mention a few:"DER DEUTSCHE AUFSATZ,” VON ERNST LAAS, 2nd ed. of Part I. (Berlin, 1877); 3rd ed. of Part II., by Imelmann (Berlin, 1894, price about 10s.); "Der deutsche Stil von R. F. Becker, neubearbeiter," von Dr. Otto Lyon, 3rd ed. (Leizig, 1884, about 6s.); Sanders' "Deutsches Stil Musterbuch' (Berlin, 1886, about 5s.); "DIE SPRICHWÖrtLICHEN REDENSARTEN VON BORCHARDT," in gänzlicher Umarbeitung, herausgegeben von Gustav Wustmann, 5th ed. (Leipzig, 1895, about 6s.); and 'Der Bilderschmuck der deutschen Sprache in tausenden volkstümlicher Redensarten," nach Ursprung und Bedeutung erklärt von Dr. Hermann Schröder, 5th ed. (Weimar, 1896, about 6s.). I would also advise every master or mistress of German to become a member of "Der Allgemeine Deutsche Sprachverein," which publishes a Zeitschrift, with valuable articles for teachers, and also "Wissenschaftliche Beihefte," with excellent contributions by eminent authors.

deutsches Lesebuch" (Halle, 1881, 2nd. ed., 3s. 6d.) are the most reliable works on the older dialects.

Bachmann, " Mittelhochdeutsches Lesebuch mit Grammatik und Wörterbuch" (Zürich, 1892, about 5s.) is a suitable book for teachers who have not sufficient time to study the older portions of the German language and literature fully. There are several other first-rate books which form good introductions; such are Heiderich, "Einführung in das Studium des Gotischen" (Is. 3d.), for beginners, then "Zupitza,” “ Einführung in das Studium des Mittelhochdeutschen zum Selbstun. terricht für jeden Gebildeten," 5th ed., by Nobiling (Oppeln, about 3s. 6d.), also Michels, "Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch," in " Sammlung von Elementarbüchern der altgermanischen Dialekte Herausgeben von Dr. W. Streitberg" (Heidelberg, 5s.). For the transition from Middle High German to Modern High German the following will be of good service: Arndt, "Der Übergang vom Mittelhochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen der Breslauer Kanzlei" (5s.), Rückert, "Geschichte der neubochdeutschen Schriftsprache," 2 vols., 7s. each, and von Bahder, "Grundlagen des neuhochdeutschen Lautsystems." Teachers who have no wish to study the older dialects I would strongly urge to take up at least the following 10d. editions of the "Sammlung Göschen":"Gotische Sprachdenkmäler übersetzt und erläutert; Althochdeutsche Literatur mit Grammatik, Übersetzung und Erläuterung";-Hartmann von Aue, Wolfram von Eschenbach und Gotfried von Strassburg;Waltharilied Walther von der Vogelweide, Minnesang und Spruchdichtung - Der Nibelunge Nôt - Kudrun und Dietrichepen-and Sebastian Brant, Hans Sachs, Luther,

With "Unsere Muttersprache, ihr Werden und ihr Wesen," von Prof. Dr. O. Weise (Leipzig, 2nd ed., 1896, 270 pages, about 3s. 6d.) we enter again upon the historical platform, which may induce teachers to embark on the study of some of the greatest works, such as Von der Gabellentz' "Die Sprachwissenschaft' (14s.), Wundt's "Völkerpsychologie," I. Sprache (14s.) [which should be supplemented by Delbrück's "Grundfragen der Sprachforschung" (1901, 45.)], or at any rate, of Whitney's "Life and Growth of Language" (6s.), and the interest taken in these philosophical works will most probably whet the appetite for a more thorough study of historical grammar, for which Cerf's "Short Historical Grammar of the German Language" (Williams & Norgate, 1894, Part I., Introduction and Phonology), and PROF. JOSEPH WRIGHT'S "GOTHIC, OLD AND MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMERS" will be found excellent helps and, at the same time, a good introduction to the study of the "Deutsche Grammatik (Gotish, Alt-, Mittel-, und Neuhochdeutsche "), von W. Wilmann's Erste Abteilung-Lautlehre (Strasburg, 1893, 332 pages, about 6s.), Zweite AbteilungWortbildung (Strassburg, 1896, 663 pages, about IOS.), well as as to Erdmann-Mensing's "Grundzüge der deutschen Syntax."

The most excellent books on individual dialects for advanced students are found in Braune's " Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken Germanischer Dialekte" (Halle, Max Niemeyer). Braune's "Gotische Grammatik" (Halle, 1882, 2 aufl., 129 pp., about 3s. 6d.) might be preceded by Sheitberg's "Gotisches Elementarbuch (3s. 6d.), Braune's "Althochdeutsche Grammatik" (Halle, 2nd. ed., 5s. 6d.), Paul's " Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik" (Halle, 1884, about 3s. 6d.). Braune's "Althoch

1 The annual subscription is 5s. Intending members should write to the President of the London Branch, Professor Weiss, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, or the Secretary, Dr. Hirsch, 102, Embleton Road, Lewisham, London, S.E.

Fischart.

Others may wish to go further afield to Paul's "Altdeutsche Textbibliothek": (1) "Die Gedichte Walthers von der Vogelweide," hrg. von Paul, 1882, Is. Iod. (2) "Gre. gorius von Hartmann von Aue, hrg. von Paul, 1882, Is. (3) "Der arme Heinrich" von Hartmann, von Aue, von Paul, 1882, 6d. (4) "Heliand," hrg. von Behaghel, 1882, 2s. 6d. (5) "Kudrun," hrg. von B. Symons, 1883, 25. 10d., and others, or to editions of the great masterpieces of the older German literature. I would mention "Wolfram von Eschenbach, Fünfte Ausgabe," von Karl Lachmann, Berlin, 1891, 640 pp.; Iwein, "Eine Erzählung von Hartmann, von Aue, mit Anmerkungen," von G. F. Benecke und K. Lachmann, zweite Ausgabe (Berlin, 1843, 565 pp.); "Der Nibelunge Nôl, mit den Abweichungen von der Nibelunge Liet, den Lesarten sämtlicher Handschriften und einem Wörterbuch," herausgegeben von Karl Bartsch (I. teil text, Leipzig, 1870, 394 pp. ; II. teil, Erste Hälfte, Lesarten, Leipzig, 1876, 292 pp.; II. teil, Zweite Hälfte Wörterbuch, Leipzig, 1880, 411 pp.); "Kudrun," herausgegeben und erklärt, von Ernst Martin (Halle, 1872, 336 pp.); "Walther von der Vogelweide, by Wilmanns (2nd. ed., Halle, 1883) in Zacher's "Germanistische Handbibliothek." Wilmanns has also published "Leben und Dichtungen Walther's," von der Vogelweide (Bonn, 1882). For the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries I would recommend the "Liederbuch aus dem sechzehnten Jahrhundert von Goedeke und Tittmann (2nd. ed., Leipzig, 1881, 400 pp., 3s. 6d.), and the same authors' "Deutsche Dichter des sechzehuten und siebzehnten Jahrhunderts mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen" (each volume 3s. 6d.). Then for the eighteenth century Seuffert's excellent collection of "Deutsche Literaturdenkmale des 18 Jahrhunderts."

The editions of the great classical writers, Klopstock, Wieland, Lessing, Herder, Goethe, Schiller, Grillparzer, Heine, are so numerous that it is difficult to make a selection, and most teachers will not be able to purchase and work through the complete works of even the greatest writers. How

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ever, they should use their influence that the best editions of the most eminent representatives of German literature are procured for their school libraries, such as the scholarly works of Old and Middle High German mentioned above, and then some, at least, of the following: - Luther's Werke, "Kritische Gesamtausgaube (Weimar), Lessing's "Sämtliche Schriften herausgegeben von Karl Lachmann," 3rd edition, by Franz Muncker (Stuttgart, since 1886); Herder's "Sämtliche Werke herausgegeben," von Bernhard Suphan; "Goethe's Werke herausgegeben im Auftrage der Grossherzogin Sophie von Sachsen," the so-called Weimar edition; Schiller's "Sämtliche Schriften herausgegeben von Karl Goedeke"; Heine's Werke von Dr. E. Elster,; Grillparzer's Sämtliche Werke, 20 vols., herausgegeben und mit Einleitungen versehen von August Sauer. The latter edition forms part of the "COTTA'SCHE BIBLIOTHEK DER WELTLITERATUR," in which most of the other classics have also appeared. They are very convenient editions for teachers, and can be bought separately, each volume. bound in cloth, for 1s. Or cheaper still are the paper-cover editions of "RECLAM'S UNIVERSALBIBLIOTHEK," which cost 3d. each. Along with any of these should be used Düntzer's "Erläuterungen zu den deutschen Klassikern" (Leipzig, about is. each). Students of German who find it more convenient to use editions with English notes cannot do better than take up Breul's editions of some of the German classics for the Pitt Press, and Buchheim's editions for the Clarendon Press. I may also mention Rippmann's edition of Grillparzer's "Sappho," and Cotteril's edition of "Iphigenie" in my own series; and there are

many excellent edition's in Macmillan's German Classics, edited by Fassnacht, among them GOETHE'S "FAUST," Part I. Teachers who wish to study this great work thoroughly should take the edition by Colvin Thomas (Boston, Heath & Co.), which is most scholarly, and covers both the first and second part, as does Prof. Schröer's edition of "Faust," Part I., 55.; Part II., 6s. 6d.

Some of the editions mentioned contain biographies of the great writers, but they are necessarily short and sketchy. Those who wish to study the lives of the great German classics more eply I would refer to Erich Schmidt's "Lessing, Geschichte eines Lebens und seiner Schrifteu" (Berlin, 1884, 2 vols.), Belschowsky's "Goethe," 2 vols., or Eugen Wolff's "Goethe's Leben und Werke," or R. M. Meyer's preisgekrönte Arbeit "Goethe" (628 pages), also Düntzer's "Goethe's Leben," 10s. should be mentioned, and perhaps Lewes' "Life of Goethe." Among the biographies of Schiller, Minor's "Schiller, sein Leben und seine Werke" (Berlin, Weidmann) takes the first place; Weltrich, Brahm and Düntzer have likewise furnished alable contributions.

If I am to give some guidance to the more recent works of German literature I cannot do better, I think, than quote a few authors and works without wishing to say that there are not many others equally good. Take GUSTAV FREYTAG'S "ÁHNEN,” SCHEFFEL'S" EKKEHARD " (Stuttgart, 1893), GOTTPRIED KELLER'S "ZÜRICHER NOVELLEN" (Ber

lin, Hertz, 1896), C. F. MEyer's “Jürg JenaTSCH" (Leipzig, Haessel); Fontane, "Vor dem Sturm," Spielhagen's "Problematische Naturen," Paul Heyse's "Novellen," Otto Ludwig's "Heiterethei," Storm's "Immensee," ROSEGGER'S "SCHRIFTEN DES WALDSCHULMEISTERS," Wildenbruch's "Neue Novellen," SUDERMANN'S "FRAU SORGE," HAUPTMANN'S "VERSUNKENE GLOCKE," SCHEFFEL'S "TROMPETER VON SÄKKINGEN," Weber's "Dreizehnlinden," Heine's "Buch der Lieder," Buchheim's "Deutsche Lyrik" and Buchheim's "Balladen und Romanzen" (Macmillan); and read a few modern plays, such as WILDENBRUCH'S "HAROLD" and "König Heinrich," SUDERMANN'S "Johannes," "EHRE" or "HEIMAT," HAUPTMANN'S "Weber " or "Einsame Menschen." These will give the reader an idea of the tendencies and struggles of modern German literature.

Turning to the history of the German language and literature, I would call special attention to the "Histoire de la langue allemande" par Henri Lichtenberger (Paris, 1895, 478 pages), which is likely to suit many teachers who prefer to read a book written in French. Among histories of literature I have so many good works before me on my shelves that the embarras de richesse which has been troubling me all along is taking a very acute form, and I hope readers of this article will forgive me if I call their attention to some works which they may very likely not think of purchasing. Let me begin with a book written in English, entitled "Outlines of German Literature," by Gostwyck and Harrison, of which, I think, a new revised edition by a competent German scholar will appear before very long (London, 1873, 10s.). Of Hermann Kluge's "Geschichte der deutschen National-Literatur " (Altenburg, 22nd ed., 1891, about 2s. 6d.), there is, I believe, also an English translation. Excellent little books are "Grundzüge der deutschen Litteraturgeschichte" von Dr. Gotthold Klee (Berlin, 3rd ed., 1898, about 3s.), and " Grundige der deutschen Litteraturgeschichte von Dr. Gottlob Egelhaaf" (Heilbronn, 6th ed., 1888, about 2s. 6d.). Larger works and more suitable for serious students are:-Wilhelm Scherer's "Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur " (Berlin, 8th ed., 12s.), of which there exists an English translation by Mrs. Conybeare. Koberstein's "Grundrisz der Geschichte der deutschen Nationalliteratur," in 5 vols. (5th ed., 1892, by Karl Bartsch), is a most thorough work. An edition with many facsimiles and illustrations is König's "Deutsche Litteraturgeschichte," which costs about £1. A similar and in its text more scholarly work is the "Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart" by Vogt and Koch (Leipzig, 1867, 16s.). A standard work for advanced students who wish to study the subject thoroughly is Karl Goedeke's "Grundrisz zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung" (2nd edition, after the death of the author continued by E. Goetze). All that a teacher may require by way of a history of the German literature of the older period is contained in "Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie," of which a second edition is appearing, and without which no serious student of German can exist. For the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a few special works will be necessary. For the eighteenth century Hermann Hettner's "Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur im XVIIIten Jahrhundert " (2 vols., 4th edition, by Harnack) can be thoroughly recommended.

There is as yet no standard book dealing with the nineteenth century, but Rudolf von Gottschall "Die Deutsche Nationalliteratur des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts" (6th ed., 4 vols, 1892), and

a smaller work, "Die deutsche Nationalliteratur
von Goethe's Tode bis zur Gegenwart," by Adolf
Stern (3rd ed., 1894), also the same author's
"Studien zur Litteratur der Gegenwart" (Dresden,
1895, 449 pp.), and "Zur Literatur der Gegen-
wart Bilder und Studien" (Leipzig, 1880); further,
"DIE DEUTSCHE DICHTUNG der Gegenwart, Die
ALTEN UND DIE JUNGEN," VON ADOLF BARTels
(2nd ed., Leipzig, 1899, about 3s. 6d.), and "DAS
DEUTSCHE DRAMA IN DEN LITTERARISCHEN BEWE-
gungen der GeGENWART," VON B. LITZMANN (4th
ed., Leipzig, 1897, about 4s.), are works which
ought to be studied. In conjunction with this
I should like to call attention to GUSTAV FREYTAG's
"TECHNIK DES DRAMAS" (8th ed., Leipzig, 1898,
5s.), and Spielhagen's "Beiträge zur Theorie und
Technik des Romans" (Leipzig, 1883).

As a primer for the study of German prosody
I may mention the "LEHRBUCH DER POETIK FÜR
Höhere SchuleN," VON SCHUSTER (3rd ed., Halle,
1890, about 2s.), and for those who wish to pursue
this subject Minor's "Neuhochdeutsche Metrik "
(490 pp., 10s.) will supply all they may require.
F. Kaufmann's "Deutsche Metrik nach ihrer
geschichtlichen Entwickelung" (Marburg, 1897,
3s. 6d.) is good, and Sievers' "Altgermanische
Altgermanische
Metrik" (5s.) is the standard work for the older
periods.

nothing better than Mogk's "Abriss" in Paul's "Grundriss," but I must mention two little booklets of the Sammlung Göschen for small purses, KAUFFMANN, "DEUTSCHE MYTHOLOGIE" (2nd ed., 1od.), and GÜNTHER, "DEUTSCHE KULTURGESCHICHTE" (Iod.).

There is superfluity in excellent German dictionaries. To begin with small ones, WHITNEY'S "GERMAN AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY " (Macmillan, about 5s.) may be recommended, though it is not sufficient for an advanced student of German. FLÜGEL-SCHMIDT-TANGER is a most excellent work, and cheap at about 14s. for two vols. Of the larger works the new edition of GRIEB's DicTIONARY," BY SCHRÖER, 26s., and the large Flügel at 36s., and Muret-Sanders, Muret-Sanders, "Encyclopedic Dictionary," complete, about £4-there is a small and cheap edition of this at about 16s., in one volume, which is very good. It is not a mere extract of the larger work, but largely an original compilation by B. Klatt and H. Baumann, carefully done and thoroughly reliable, most suitable for upper forms and teachers. Among the "Wörterbücher" written in German, PAUL'S "DEUTSCHES WÖRTERBUCH" (576 PP, about 8s.), M. Heyne's "Deutsches Wörterbuch," in 3 vols (about 30s.), and KLUGE'S "ETYMOLOGISCHES WÖRTERBUCH" (about 10s.) are eminently suitable works. The new edition of the large Grimm which is in process of publication, as well as Grimm's "Deutsche Grammatik" in its new form, should be procured for the school library. Good supplements to any dictionary are EBER HARD'S "SYNONYMISCHES WÖRTERBUCH" (15th ed., Leipzig, 1896, 12s.), "WÖRTERBUCH DER HAUPTSCHWIERIGKEITEN IN DER DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE," VON SANDERS (19th ed., Berlin, 1889, about 3s.), and DUDEN'S "ORTHOGRAPHISCHES WÖRTERBUCH" (Is. 6d.).

No teacher of Modern Languages can perform
his duties efficiently unless he has made himself
acquainted with the character, the customs, the
institutions and the history of the country the
language of which he proposes to teach. It is,
therefore, necessary for every teacher of German
to spend at least some time abroad and to study
carefully works like Francke's "Social Forces in
German Literature" (New York, 577 pp.) (a new
edition of this work has been published by George
Bell & Sons in London under the title of "A
History of German Literature as determined by
Social Forces"), FREYTAG'S "BILDER AUS DER
DEUTSCHEN VERGANGENHEIT" (24th ed., Leipzig,
5 vols., about 6s. each), Heinrich von Sybel's
great work "Die Begründung des deutschen
Reiches durch Wilhelm I." (7 vols., 66s., Leipzig,
1889-1894), then "von Treitschke's Historische
und politische Aufsätze" (3 vols., 8s. each),
Bismarck's "Leben und Erinnerungen" (21S.),
of which there is an English translation.
those who cannot study these great works, I
would strongly recommend the following which
contain a minimum of the knowledge absolutely
necessary to any teacher:-SYDNEY WHITMAN,
"IMPERIAL GERMANY" (London, 1891, about
2s. 6d.; "German Life in Town and Country," by
W H. Dawson (London, Newnes, 1901); SIME'S
"HISTORY OF GERMANY" (London, 1898, about
2s. 6d.), Jentsch, "Grundbegriffe und Grundsätze
der Volkswirtschaft" (Leipzig, 1895, about 3s.),
Fünfzehn deutsche Volksbücher wiedererzählt,"
von Gustav Schwab (15th ed., by G. Klee, Leip-
zig, 1893, about 3s.), "DIE DEUTSCHEN HELDEN-
SAGEN," VON GOTTHOLD KLEE (3rd ed., Gütersloh,
1889, about 3s. 6d.).

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For German mythology there is, I think,

In conclusion, I should like to recommend to all students of German philology the "Jahresbericht über die Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der Germanischen Philologie" (about 9s.),

and let teachers of German subscribe to one or two of the many
German periodicals which deal with pedagogical as well as
philological and literary questions. Die neueren Sprachen
(about 10s. p.a.) and the Literaturblatt für germanische und
romanische Philologie (about 10s., p.a.) would be sufficient for
ordinary purposes; those who make a special study of German
will find the "Zeitscrift für den deutschen Unterricht," edited
by Lyon, the "Deutsche Literaturzeitung," "das Archiv für
das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen,”
Paul and Braune's "Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen
Sprache und Litteratur," and Kluge's "Zeitschrift für Deutsche
Wortforschung" (about 4 numbers per annum for 10s.), very

useful.

Anyone wishing to obtain further bibliographical information on this large subject should refer to Breul's" Handy Bibliographical Guide" (London, 1895), to Prof. Rippmann's excellent lists in the Modern Language Quarterly, and with regard to French, to Braunholtz's "Books of Reference for Students and Teachers of French," and to Koschwitz - Jeffrey's "Guide to the Study of French" (London).

PRACTICAL BOTANY FOR CHILDREN.

By ELIZABETH HEALEY, A. R.C.Sc. (Lond.) University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff. II.

ST

TEM AND LEAVES.-There are two ways in which we may classify stems; either according to their structure or according to the way in which they grow. The differences between soft and short-lived stems and woody stems, belonging to plants which live many years, are quickly noted by children. The division into erect and climbing stems gives some useful practice in observation of the ways in which plants climb and in reasoning as to why it is advantageous to be a climber.

WAYS IN WHICH WEAK STEMS CLIMB.-(1) By scrambling over their surroundings; examples, ground ivy, brambles, strawberry.

(2) By hooks, which are often parts of leaves (clematis, nasturtium), or by roots (ivy).

(3) By twining. The same kind of plant almost always twines in the same direction (exception, bittersweet), and most plants twine to the left, i..., the opposite direction to the hands of a watch. Note examples of each: hop and honeysuckle to the right; bean and convolvulus to the left.

(4) By tendrils or other sensitive organs. Examples: passion flower, sweet pea, vine, virginia creeper. The tendrils are very sensitive, and if stroked delicately bend slowly towards the side touched.

The use of climbing is that the plants may reach the light and free air as easily as possible.

The surface and shape of different stems should be noted, whether smooth, hairy or prickly; cylindrical (grasses, trees), square (dead nettle), three sided (sedge), ribbed (hemlock), flattened (sweet pea). Smooth stems usually have a tough skin which protects them against insects, a purpose served in other cases by hairs (poppy), prickles and thorns, which also afford some protection against grazing animals.

LEAVES. The children should be encouraged to make collections of fresh and skeleton leaves; the latter can be found abundantly in woods in late autumn, winter, and till early spring buried under fallen leaves. The descriptions at this stage need not be elaborate. The division of the leaf into leaf-stalk and blade is an easy one; the edges are seen to vary in different kinds of plants, and the names of the most common leaf-forms are soon learnt by reference to many specimens.

The great facts in connection with leaves are their work of feeding the plant, of getting rid of superfluous water, and of respiration. These can be made clear and interesting by experiments. The leaf is the most important part of the plant, and is always present except in the very rare cases when the stem is modified to do its work. The plant grows only while it has its leaves. If they are stripped off while green and vigorous it often dies although stem and root are left.

1 Concluded from November, 1901.

EXPERIMENTS. (1) Grow a plant in the dark; its leaves are thin, yellow, or white, and it is sickly; on exposing it to sunshine the leaves turn green and grow, while the plant becomes sturdy and healthy.

(2) Weigh a plant at the beginning and end of the day for two days or more, letting it stand in sunshine; note changes and explain their cause.

(3) Keep a plant under a bell jar, cover the surface of the earth in the pot with tinfoil to prevent evaporation from it, and notice how the inside of the glass becomes covered with little drops of

water.

(4) Put the stalk of a primrose leaf into the mouth and the blade into water. Blow through the cut end of the stalk; air passes out from the surface of the leaf into the water, showing there are little openings by which air or water vapour can pass out of the plant.

(5) If the children have some knowledge of general elementary science, they may be allowed to collect the gas' given off by water plants and test it for oxygen; and that given off by seedlings in a corked bottle for carbonic-acid gas.

MOVEMENTS OF LEAVES.-The stem and leaves grow towards the light. This is easily seen in plants grown near a window; they bend towards the direction of the light.

The leaflets of clover and wood-sorrel show by their change of position at night the "sleep" of plants. They fold downwards after sunset. Other plants in which this can be seen are mimosa, lupins and beans. If the plants are not exposed to bright sunshine during the day they do not sleep at night. The closing of flowers at night is also called sleep, but it is probably due to a difference of temperature, not of illumination, and protects the inner parts of the flower from cold and wet. In very cold weather the leaves of laurels and other evergreens will be noticed to turn downwards close to the main stem, which protects them from the chill of excessive radiation which would take place if they were in a horizontal position in frosty weather. This is probably the advantage which all plants derive from their sleeping position, "the protection of their upper surfaces from radiation into the open sky." Leaves are protected against. general cold and wet sometimes by coatings of woolly hairs (edelweiss, cudweed), against animals by prickles (holly, rose); in very dry places the leaves have thick skins often covered with wax (which also forms the "bloom" on fruit) to prevent much loss of water from the surface. The effect of a similar covering in keeping the leaf fresh can be shown by covering a large leaf with vaseline and comparing in a few hours with one not so covered. Trees and shrubs prepare for the winter by cutting off the leaf stalks from the branches by

a cushion of cork; thus the scar of the leaf is prepared before it falls off and the supply of water stopped at the same time. The prepared leaf-scars are very clearly seen in the horse-chestnut, in which they are horse-shoe shaped. Next year's leaves are prepared in the form of buds, which should be collected and examined carefully by the class at

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