covered" the circulation of the blood; but Watt "invented" the steam-engine. Dock, the place where a criminal stands in court; also, a ship-builder's yard. A dry dock has flood-gates to admit the tide, or prevent its influx, as occasion may require.

DOGMA, an opinion; that which seems true to one (from the Gr. dokein, to seem). Dogmatism, positive assertion, without proof.

DOUBLOON, a Spanish coin of the value of two pistoles.

DRAGOON', to force to submit.

DRAMA (drā'ma, or drăm-a). This word is from the Gr. drao, I act or do; and means a composition in which the action or narrative is not related, but represented. Adj., dra-măt'ic. See extracts, p. 383; also Dialogues.

DRAWING-ROOM, a room to which the company withdraw from the dining-room. DRYDEN, JOHN, a celebrated English poet. Born 1631; died 1700.

Futurity, by, 113.

Ode on Cecilia's Day, 416. DUMAS, ALEXANDER, a French miscellaneous writer, very voluminous.

Inconvenient Ignorance, 181. Fall of a Mountain, &c., 106. Imprisonment of Bonnivard, 142. DUMPS, a gloomy, depressed state of mind. It is not an elegant word. DYMOND, JONATHAN, on Duelling, 330.

EAGLE. The figure of an eagle was the standard of the Romans; and has been adopted as the emblem of the United States.

EARLY RISING, Thoughts on, 225.

ECHO (Gr.), the return or reverberation of a sound. Plural, echoes.

ECLAT (k-kla', the a as in father), a bursting forth; hence, applause, pomp, show. ECLIPSE (Gr. ekleipo, I cease, faint away, or disappear), the obscuration of the light of a heavenly body, 174.

ECLIPTIC, the sun's path in the heavens. It has been called the ecliptic because eclipses only happen when the moon is on the зame plane, or very near it.

ECONOMY (Gr. oikos, a house, and němos, a law), originally, the thrifty management of a family; hence applied to individual and public concerns.

EDUCATION. This important word is traced to the Latin e, from, and duco, I lead. Thus education must educe; and that (says Trench) is to draw out, and not to put in. To draw out what is in the child, -the immortal spirit which is there, - - this is the end of education; and so much the word declares. Thoughts on, 184. 322. EDWARD, the Prince of Wales, surnamed the Black Prince, son of Edward III. of England, was born in 1330, died 1376. While in France, in 1356, he won the great Duttle of Poictiers (pronounced in French Pia-te-a', the first a as in water). EER (an), a contraction for ever. Do not

455

confound this contraction with Ere, which

see.

ELECTRICITY (Gr. elektron, ember), the substance in which the property of at traction after friction was first noticed.

Electric Telegraph, The, 378. EL'EGY, commonly a plaintive poem, as is implied by the Greek name, which signi fies to cry alas! alas! (E! E! legein) Elegy in a Country Church-yard, 272. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS, Table of, 17. ELEUSINIAN, from Eleusis, an ancient city of Attica, north-west of Athens, and famous for the celebration of certain heathen religious rites, the chief design of which is said to have been to inculcate a belief in the immortality of the soul, and in the unity of the Deity.

ELIZABETH, Queen of England, was the daughter of Henry VIII. by his queen Anne Boleyn. She was born 1533, died 1602. See pp. 145, 247.

ELLIOTT, EBENEZER, Sometimes called the "Corn-law rhymer" and "the poet of the poor," was born in England in 1781, died 1849.

Woman's Mission, by, 359. ELLIPSE, an oval figure; the curve in which the planets perform their revolu tions about the sun. It presents to the eye, at once, variety and regularity, and is, therefore, preferred by painters to the circle for the outline of their pictures. For the grammatical use of the word, see p. 54.

ELLIPTICAL, having the form of an ellipse. ELOQUENCE, the art of clothing thoughts in the most suitable expressions, in order to produce conviction or persuasion.

Eloquence of Statesmen, 266.

Moral and Religious Eloquence, 313.
Eloquence of Science, 404.

EMERALD, a mineral of a beautiful green color, obtained in greatest perfection from Peru. In value it is rated next to the ruby.

EMERSON, R. W., The Snow-storm, 433. EMPHASIS, see pp. 39, 40. EMPORIUM, a Greek word, meaning a trad ing-place. It is now adopted into Eng lish, and signifies a city or place where great commercial transactions are made. EMPYREUMA, a Greek word, meaning the offensive smell produced by fire applied to organic matters, chiefly vegetable, in close vessels. Empyreumatic oil is ob tained from various substances in this way. ENCYCLOPÆDIA (from the Gr. en, in, kyclos, a circle, and paideia, instruction), a circle of instruction; a dictionary of science, the arts, &c.

ENDICOTT, JOHN, governor of the colony of Massachusetts, 1644.

ENGHIEN, Duc d' (Duke D'ang-ghe-ng'; the first a as in father), son of the Duke of Bourbon, was born in France in 1772. Being accused of conspiracies against Bonaparte as First Consul, although nothing was proved against him, he underwent sentence of death, 1804.

ENTREPOT (ang-tre-po', the & as in father,
the e as in her), a warehouse for the
deposit of goods.

EPHEMERAL (e-fèm'eral). This is from the
Gr. ephi, for, and ¿měra, a day; perish-
ing with the day; short-lived.
EPIC (Gr. epos, a word), a poem of the nar-
rative kind, describing generally the ex-
ploits of heroes.

EPICURE, one given to luxury; so called
from Epicu'rus, a Greek philosopher,
whose doctrines did not, however, author-
ize the sensual construction which was
wrested from them.

EPITOME (e. pit'-o-më), an abridgment, an
abbreviation, or compendious abstract.
EPOCH (ep-ok or e-pok). This is from the
Gr. epecho, I stop, and means a certain
fixed point of time, made famous by some
remarkable event, from whence ensuing
years are numbered.

ERA differs from epoch in this era is a
point of time fixed by some nation or de-
nomination of men; epoch is a point
fixed by historians and chronologists.
ERE (år), before; sooner than; supposed
to be from the Saxon er, signifying the
morning. Being pronounced like E'er,
this word is sometimes mistaken for it.
ES'SAY, in literature, a short treatise, or
tract. Lord Bacon first used it in this

sense.

EUREKA (eu-re'-ka) a Greek word, meaning,
I have found. See p. 275.
EURIPIDES (U-rip'i-dēs), a Grecian tragic
poet, b. 480 B. C. He was torn in pieces
by the dogs of King Archela'us, whose
guest he was. Soph'ocles, who survived
him, publicly mourned his loss.
EVAN DER is said to have built on the Tiber,
at the foot of the Palatine Hill, a town
which was incorporated with Rome. He
*aught the arts of peace.

EVANGEL (from two Gr. words, meaning to
tell well, to announce good tidings),
the Gospel; the history of Christ's life
and resurrection.

EVERETT, EDWARD, b. in Massachusetts,
1794. Quoted pp. 185, 187, 249.
EXAMINE; said to be from the Latin, ex-
amen, the tongue or beam of a balance.
EXCEL'SIOR, the comparative degree of the
Latin adjective, excelsus, high; so that
it means higher. 285.
EXCOMMUNICATE, to expel from the com-
munion of the church.
EXILE, THE POOR, 82.

EXIT, the third person of the Latin verb
exeo, I go out; literally, he or it goes
out; hence the departure of a player
from the stage; a way of departure, pas-
sage out of a place.

Ex'ODUS, a way, or passage out; egress, de-
parture; the title of the second book of
Moses, which describes the journey from
Egypt.

EX'PLETIVE, a word not necessary to the
sense; one used to fill a space.
EXTEMPORE (ex-tem'-po-rë), on the spur of
the moment, at the time; from the Lat.
woris ex, from, and tempore the time.

Avoid the blunder of pronouncing this
word (extempore) in three syllables.
EXTRAORDINARY (eks-tror'-de-na-ry).
EXTRIN'SIC, external, outward.

FABLE (Lat. fari, to speak). In English
it is applied to any feigned thing; gene-
rally a story inculcating a moral precept.
See pp. 67, 71, 72, 92, 130, 286, 412.
FALL OF A MOUNTAIN, 105.
FAME. The root of this word meaning
simply to speak or talk (good or ill), fame
may be either favorable or the contrary.
We often find that both praise and de-
traction are much exaggerated in men's
mouths; hence the proverb, common
fame is a common liar," 64, 309.
FAUST. The au pronounced like ow in how.
FEBRUARY is from the Lat. februo, I cleanse;
because on the fifteenth of this month the
great feast of purification, called februa,
was held among the Romans.
FENELON, Archbishop of Cambray, in France.
a great writer, and most amiable man,
was b. 1651, d. 1715.

Fidelity in Little Things, 85.

66

Cicero and Demosthenes, 243.
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, 281.
FERRA'RA, an ancient and famous city o
Italy; once the capital of a sovereign
duchy.

FEUDALISM. The feudal system was that
form of government anciently subsisting
in Europe, under which a victorious leader
allotted considerable portions of land,
called fiefs, or feuds, to his principal offi
cers, who, in their turn, divided their
possessions among their inferiors; the
condition being that the latter should
render military service both at home and
abroad.

FIELD. This word (says Trench) properly
means a clearing where the trees have
been felled, or cut down, as in all our
early English writers it is spelled without
the i, "feld," and not "field."
FIJI (fe-jee), one of the S. Pacific islands.
FIRE-WATER, the appropriate name given by
the Indians to intoxicating liquors.
FLEECY TROOPS. By a figure known as
periphrasis (circumlocution), the poet
thus designates sheep, 136.

FLINT, TIMOTHY, an American writer, and a
missionary to the Mississippi valley. He
died in 1839. See pp. 299, 302.
FLORENCE, capital of the Grand Duchy of
Tuscany, and one of the finest cities in
the world. The present population is
106,899.

FLUKES, the broad triangular plates at the
extremity of the arms of an anchor. The
fins of a whale, from their resemblance,
are sometimes thus called.
FLYING FISH, THE 217.
FOLIO (Lat. folium, a leaf), a book of the
largest size, formed by once doubling a
sheet of paper.

FOOLSCAP, a kind of paper, usually about
seventeen incnes by fourteen. The deriva-
tion of the word is uncertain

FORD, JOHN, an English dramatic writer, b.
1586, d. 1670. See p. 295.
FORECASTLE (fore-kas-sl), that part of the
upper deck of a ship forward of the fore-
mast; also, in merchant vessels, the for-
ward part, under the deck, where the
sailors live.

FOREST, from the root of the Lat. word foras,
meaning out of doors.

FORM'ULA, a prescribed form or order; a
model.

FO'RUM, a Latin word, meaning literally,
what is out of doors, an outside space or
place; in Rome a public place where
causes were tried, and orations made.
FOSTER, JOHN, a much-esteemed English
writer, b. 1770, d. 1843. See pp. 104, 331.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, distinguished as an
essayist, a philosopher, and a statesman,
was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 17th,
1706, and died in Philadelphia, the city of
his adoption, April 17th, 1790. He dis-
covered the identity of lightning with
electricity, and obtained a lasting scien-
tific reputation thereby.

Remarks on his Character, 331.
Turning the Grindstone, by, 103.
Dialogue with the Gout, 355.
FRATZEL, The Silent Teacher, by, 286.
FREDERICK, generally called the Great, King
of Prussia, was born in 1712, and died
1786; a strict military disciplinarian, and
friendly to literature.

in

FRIAR, from the French frère, a brother;
a restricted sense, a monk who is not a
priest.

FRIDAY, the sixth day of the week.

The

name is derived from Freya, a Saxon
goddess.

FROWARD (fro-ward), peevish, perverse; its
radical meaning being, turned or look-
ing from.

FULTON, ROBERT, an American engineer
and projector, born in Pennsylvania, in
1767, died 1815. His first steamboat was
put upon the Hudson (as described by
Judge Story, p. 324) in 1807. The merit
of a prior invention was claimed by Jonn
Fitch, also an American.

GALAXY (Gr. galak'tos, of milk), the Milky
Way; the long, white, luminous track
visible across the heavens at night, from
horizon to horizon. It consists entirely
of stars, scattered by millions, like glit-
tering dust, on the black ground of the
general heavens.

GA'LEN, one of the greatest physicians o
ancient times, b. in Asia, 256.

GASTRIO JUICE, the peculiar fluid secreted
by the stomach, and essential to diges-
tion.

GE NEVA, the most populous and industrious
town of Switzerland, on the Rhone.
GENIUS. The Latin root of this word means
to produce, to bring forth, 147, 214.
GEN'OA (Jen'oä), a famous seaport city of
northern Italy, on the Mediterranean.

457

GENTILE (Lat. gens, a nation). The Jews
designated all not professing their religion
as "the nations;" hence the word Gen
tile came to mean any person not a Jew
or a Christian, a heathen.
GIBBON, EDWARD, the celebrated English
historian, was b. 1737, d. 1794. In his
great work, "The Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire," he does not always do
justice to his Christian characters. The
same energy and virtue which, appearing
in a heathen or a Mahometan, fills his
heart with fervor, and his lofty periods
with a swelling grandeur, leaves him cold
and impassible, or cavilling and contempt
uous, when it is exhibited in the cause
of Christianity. 144.
GIBRALTAR, a strongly fortified seaport
town and colony, belonging to G. Britain,
near the southern extremity of Spain,
where it occupies a mountainous prom-
ontory. The Strait of Gibraltar, between
Spain and Morocco, is about fifty miles
long, and from nineteen to twenty-three
broad.

GIL BLAS (Zhil Blas). It is difficult to ex
press in English the exact pronunciation
of the French g. The nearest approach
to it is zh, the z being sounded as in
azure. The a of Blas has the first ele
mentary sound (see p. 17), and the s is
sounded. See Le Sage, Santillanë, Sig

nor.

GIRONDE (Zhe-rund'. See above).

In

French history, the Gironde were, dur
ing the revolution, a celebrated politi-
cal party, termed Girondins, from La
Gironde (the department in which Bor-
deaux is situated), which sent to the legis
lative assembly of 1791 three of the chief
leaders of the party, 291.
GITTERN. See Arion.

GLADIATOR (Lat. gladius, a sword), a
sword-player, a prize-fighter, 94.
GLASS. "Looks in a glass," &c., p. 321.
The allusion here is to the imposition
practised by fortune-tellers, who pre-
tended to see future events in a beryl, or
crystal glass.

GLOAMING, the twilight; probably the word
is a corruption of glooming.
GNOMON (no-mon), a Greek word, meaning
one who knows; in a dial, the pin which
by its shadow tells the hour.
GOLDAU (Gol-do'), a village of Switzerland,
which was overwhelmed by the fall of part
of the mountain of Rossberg, Sept. 3d.
1806. The account (p. 106) is substan-
tially true.

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, a celebrated poet, his
torian, and essayist, was born in Ireland
in 1731; died 1774. He was one of the
most genial and elegant writers of his
day; but, notwithstanding his great repu-
tation, activity, and success, his life was
embittered by perpetual debts and diff)
culties.

The Village Preacher, 218.

The Discontented Miller, 222
Retirement, 250.

GOOSE QUILL. The proverb, p 64, indicates

the superiority of mental force over phys
Ical; that "the peu is mightier than the
sword."

GORGON, a fabled monster, the sight of which
turned the beholder to stone.
GOSPEL (Baxɔn, godspell; god, good, and
spell, history), the Christiau revelation.
GRATTAN, HENRY, one of the most eloquent
of Ireland's orators, b. 1746, d. 1820.
On Lord Chatham. 246.
GRAHAME, JAMES, a Scottish poet, b. 1765,
d. 1811. Winter Sabbath, by, 433.
GRAVITATION (from the Lat. gravis, heavy)
is a force which binds the universe to-
gether. It causes the falling of heavy
bodies to the earth's surface, and, by a
wonderful balancing of the same force, the
heavenly bodies are kept within their
proper paths. See Newton.

GRAY, THOMAS, an English poet. b. 1716, d.
1771. His Elegy (p. 272) is the most cele-
brated of his poems. It is related by Lord
Mahon, that the evening before the cap-
ture of Quebec (1759) Gen. Wolfe, while
on the St. Lawrence in a boat with some
of his officers, repeated this elegy, then
new, aloud, and said, "Now, gentlemen,
I would rather be the author of that
poem than take Quebec." See Curfew.
GREECE. The effects of Grecian art, litera-
ture, and philosophy, upon the world,
promise to be as enduring as its civiliza-
tion. They can hardly be estimated.
GREGA'RIOUS (Lat. grex, a herd), going in
flocks or herds; not liking to live alone.
GRIFFIN, GERALD, an Irish poet and miscel
laneous writer, who died young, about the
year 1840.

Love due to the Creator, 179.
GUATEMALA, pronounced Gwa-te-mala;
the a in the first and third syllables like
that in father.

QUILLOTINE (gil-lo-tên'), a machine for be
heading in France, named from its in-
ventor, Dr. Guillotin.

OUINEA, a piece of money, so called because
it was originally coined of gold brought
from the coast of Guinea.

GUTTIEREZ, pronounced Goot-ti-'reth.
GYGES (jy'jes), according to Plato, was a
shepherd of Lydia, who had a ring, witli
which, by turning a stone in it, he could❘
become ir.visible.

GYMNASTIC, pertaining to athletic exer-
cises. The Greek root gymnos means
naked, the ancients being naked in their
exercises.

IIAMLET (believed to be from the sama
Saxon root as home, anciently written
hame), a small village; a little cluster of
houses in the country.

HAMPDEN, JOHN, one of England's best
patriots, was born in London in 1594.
He strenuously resisted the impositions
of the royal government. Being mortally
wounded in the civil war against the
king, he died, after six days of great suf
fering, in 1643. He was a devout Chris
tian ; and his last words were, "O, Lord,
save my country. O, Lord, be merciful
" and here his speech

to

failed him, and he fell back and expired.
HARVEY, WM., a celebrated physician, b. in
England 1578, d. 1658. He discovered
the circulation of the blood, of which he
published an account in 1628.

HASTINGS, WARREN, born in England in
1733, d. 1818. He was appointed by the
East India Company governor of their
possessions: but, being accused of having
governed tyrannically, and extorted large
sums of money, he was impeached by the
British House of Commons, but finally
acquitted, 268.

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL, an American
author, born about 1809; in 1853 ap-
pointed consul to Liverpool by President
Pierce.

A Rill from the Town Pump, 231.
HAZLITT, WM., an English critic and essay
ist, who died in 1830. He was a vigorous
writer, but apt to be borne away by vio-
lent prejudices.

HEBREWS, Literature of the, 389.
HECTOR, the chief hero of the Trojans ir
their war with the Greeks. He was slai
by Achilles.

HEMANS, FELICIA DOROTHEA, the most popu
lar poetess of England, was born at Liver-
pool in 1795, died 1835. She married
young, but her marriage was infelicitous
She wrote much for the magazines of the
day; and many of her lyrics are of a
high order of merit.

The Graves of a Household, 105.
Hymn of the Mountaineers, 239.
The Captive's Dreams, 310.
HENDERSON, JOHN, Account of, 167
HENRY, PATRICK, an American orator and
statesman, born in Virginia 1736, died
1799. IIis carly opportunities of educa-
tion were very limited, but he rose above
all impediments into great distinction as
one of the most eloquent men of any age.
He was a strenuous advocate for Ameri-
can independence. Extract from, 271.
HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN, born in England 1790,
a son of the celebrated astronomer, Wm.
Herschel, and eminent for his mathemati
cal and literary attainments.

On a Taste for Reading, 399.
Wonders of the Universe, 406.
HES'PERUS, a name given to the planet
Venus when she follows the sun or ap
pears in the evening; when she appears
in the morning before sunrise, the same
planet is called Lucifer

HET-E RO GE'NEOUS (Gr. eteros, other, and