geros, kind), unifke or dissimilar in
kind; opposel to homogeneous.
HEXAGONAL, having six angles.
HEYWOOD, THOMAS, an English dramatic
writer. said to have written 220 plays
between the years 1596 and 1640. Of
these plays only twenty-four have been
preserved. Extract from, 294.
BIGGINSON, FRANCIS, an eminent preacher,
born in England, but who emigrated to
Salem, Mass., in June, 1629, when there
were but seven houses in the place. He
died in 1630. He had a son also named
Francis.

HILLARD, GEORGE S., an accomplished
American writer, author of "Six Months
ir Italy."

Moral Influence, 399.

On a Literary Taste, 399.
HIPPOCRATES (Ilip-poc'rates), the most
famous among the Greek physicians, b.
156 B. C. In his method of cure, pre-
cepts as to diet take the first rank.
HISTORY (Gr. istoreo, I know by inquiry),
an account of facts; not only of such as
relate to the political annals of nations
and states, but to their manners and cus-
tome, literature and great men. Natural
history treats of the works of nature gen-
erally.

HISTORICAL CHARACTERS, 144, 243.
HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, an American
physician and a gifted poet, 265, 337.
HOMER, the great poet of the Greeks. He
flourished in the ninth century before the
Christian era, and is supposed to have
been a strolling bard, poor and blind.
His Iliad is a poem descriptive of the
siege of Troy, in Asia Minor; and his
Odyssey describes the wanderings of
Ulysses. These poems have been trans-
lated by Pope; but Cowper's version of
the Iliad is the most faithful.
HOMILY, a discourse or sermon read or pro-
nounced to an audience.
HO-MO-GE'NEOUS (Gr. omos, the same, and
genos, kind), of the same kind. See
Heterogeneous.

HOOD, THOMAS, an English poet, comic and
pathetic, b. 1798, d. 1845.

Ode to his Son, by, 45.

Retrospective Review (abridged), 127.
The Lee-shore, 359.
HOODED BELL. By this striking image of a
bell covered with a hood, Grahame de-
scribes the effect of the snow in hiding it.
HORACE, one of the most popular Latin
poets; b. 65 B. C., d. 9 B. C.

HORIZON (Gr. orizo, I limit), the line which
terminates the view on all sides.
HORNE, GEORGE, an English bishop; b.
1730, d. 1792. The Government of the
Thoughts, 97.

HOUSEWIFE. By Walker and Worcester
pronounced huz'wif; by Webster, as
spelled.

HOUSEHOLD. Used (p. 426) as an adjective,
- in the sense of familiar.

HOWARD, JOHN, a celebrated English phi-
Innthropist, b. 1726, and d. 1790, from a
malignant fever caught in visiting a suf-

459

ferer. He did much to reform the prisons
and hospitals of Europe. His death
hour was so serene, that he said to a
friend who tried to divert his thoughts
from the subject, "Death has no terrors
for me it is an event I have always
looked to with cheerfulness, if not with
pleasure; and be assured that it is to me
a more grateful subject than any other.'
See Burke's eulogy, 146.
HOWITT, MARY, Lines by, 297.
HUDSON, or NORTH RIVER, a river of New
York, rising in a mountainous country
west of Lake Champlain, and flowing into
the Atlantic below New York city. The
tide flows up as far as Troy. Its scenery is
very beautiful.

HULKS; old, dismasted ships, formerly used
as prisons in England.

HUME, DAVID, author of a celebrated history
of England, b. at Edinburgh in 1711. d.
1776. In his history he generally favors
the side of power against the people; and
his insidious hostility to the Christian
religion leads him to undervalue the labors
and sufferings of many illustrious mar-
tyrs, religious and political. Extract
from, 145.

HUMILITY. The root of this word is the
Latin humus, the ground.
HURRICANE, THE, by Bryant, 211.
HUSBAND, according to the Saxon deriva-
tion, is house-band, the binder of the
household by his labor and his govern
ment of love.
HYDROSTATICAL, relating to the science of
weighing fluids.

HYPERBOL'ICAL (Gr. uperballo, I throw
beyond, overshoot), in rhetoric, exagger
ated, tumid. The hy-per'bo-le is a figure,
which may be extravagant either from its
expressing too little or too much.
HYPOTHESIS (Gr.), a supposition. Pl., ses.

IBID, or IB, a contraction of the Lat., ibi-
dem, meaning, in the same place, or also
there.

IDEA, a Gr. word, from idein, to see; liter-

ally the image or resemblance of any
object conceived by the mind.

IDES, one of the three epochs or divisions
of the ancient Roman month. The ca-
lends were the first days of the different
months; the ides, days near the middle
of the months, and the nones, the ninth
day before the ides. Brutus reminds
Cassius of the ides of March (43 B. C, as
the time when Julius Cæsar fell beneath
their daggers and those of the other con-
spirators. "Tu qu que Brutë!" (thou,
too, Brutus!) was Cæsar's exclamation
on seeing Brutus stab. Cassius was
married to the half-sister of Brutus.
ILIAD. See Homer.
IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL, Thoughts on
the, 150, 314, 315, 412.

IMPEACH, to accuse; to bring charges
against a public officer pefore the proper
tribunal.

IMPRESS', to compel to enter the public ser
vice as a seaman.

especially in verse.

INCONVENIENT IGNORANCE, 181.
INDIANS, The N. A., 299, 302, 382.
INEXPUG NABLE, not to be subdued by force.
INFLECTIONS OF THE VOICE, 41, 46.
INNOCENT. The original Latin is in'no-
cens, and simply means, doing no hurt
or harm. See p. 384.
INSTRUCTION. (Lat. in and struo, I fur-
nish, set in order.) Compare this with
the derivation of the word education.
INTANGIBLE, that cannot be touched.
INTEMPERANCE, want of moderation, not in
drinking only, but in eating, and any
kind of indulgence
INTENSE (Lat. intendo, I stretch), strained,
ardent, vehement, extreme in degree.
IO'NA, a small but famous island of the
Heb'rides, once the seat of an abbey, 371.
IRVING, WASHINGTON, an admirable Ameri-

can writer, born in the city of New York,
April 3, 1783. His style is pure and feli-
citous, and he has written no line "which
dying he could wish to blot."

Climate of the Catskill Mts., 111
Ferdinand and Isabella, 281.
The N. A. Indians, 382.

ISRAEL. By this name is sometimes under-
stood the person of Jacob, and sometimes
the people of Israël, the race of Jacob.
ITHURIEL'S SPEAR has reference to a pas-
sage in Milton's Paradise Lost (beginning
Book 4th, line 788), in which Ithuriel,
one of the good angels appointed to search
the garden, touches with his spear ("for
no falsehood can endure touch of celestial
temper ") the evil spirit, who, thereupon,
starts up "discovered and surprised."

JA (pronounced ya, the a either as in father

or water), an adverb in German, corre-
sponding to our yes.

JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United
States from 1829 to 1837, was born in S.
Carolina, in 1767; died, 1845. He com-
manded at the battle of N. Orleans, where
he displayed great military capacity. Ex-
tract from, 288.

JACOBIN. In French history, a political
club, during the first revolution, bore this
name, having taken it from holding their
meetings in the hall of a suppressed Jaco-
bin monastery. The members were the
most sanguinary and violent of the revo-
lutionists; and Jacobinism came to mean
a factious and bloody radicalism.
JANUARY, the first month of the year. By

some the name is derived from Janus, a
Roman divinity; by others, from janua,
a gate.

JEFFERSON, THOMAS third President of the
United States, was born in Virginia, in
1743, and died on the 4th July, 1826,
simultaneously with John Adams, the
second president. It was Jefferson who
drew up the famous Declaration of Inde-
pendence, 381. Extract from, 287.
JEFFREY FRANCIS, Lord, famous as a critic,
b. in Sootland 1773, d. 1850.

On the Steam-engine, 405.

It

celebrated for having introduced, about
the year 1776, the practice of vaccination,
was born 1749, died 1823.
JERUSALEM, the capital of Palestine, and the
scene of the crucifixion of the Saviour, is
situated in the southern part of the coun-
try, about thirty miles from the sea.
has been long in the hands of the Mahom
etans, and is now a ruinous place, with
about twenty thousand inhabitants, of
whom five thousand are Christians.
JEW, WANDERING, The (p. 442), an imagi
nary personage, whose existence is de-
rived from a legend, that when cur
Saviour was on his way to execution he
rested on a stone before the house of a
Jew, named Ahasuerus, who drove him
away with curses; whereupon, Jesus re-
plied, "Wander thou upon the earth till
I return." The fable runs, that the Jew,
racked with remorse, has ever since been
wandering over the earth. There is no
foundation in reason or history for this
legend, but it has been made the subject
of stories by many writers, and there are
many allusions to it in literature.
JEWELL, JOHN, an English bishop in the
time of Queen Elizabeth. Ile was an
elegant Latin scholar; b. 1522, d. 1571.
JOAN OF ARC, 259.

JOHN LITTLEJOHN, a poem, 336.
JOHNSON, DR. SAMUEL, born at Litchfield,
Eng., 1709; died 1784. His is one of the
greatest names in English literature. Ilis
style, though somewhat pompous and
wanting flexibility to modern ears, is
wielded by him with a peculiar mastery.
He was the compiler of the first good
dictionary of the English language. His
biography, written by Boswell, is a store-
house of literary portraiture and informa
tion, 371.

JOVE (from Jovis, the genitive of Jupiter),
the name of the supreme deity among the
Romans.

JUBAL is spoken of in the Bible (Gen. 4 :
21) as "the father of all such as handle
the harp and organ."

JUDAH, the name of the fourth son of Jacob
and Leah; also of a tribe; and, finally,
of a kingdom occupying the southern part
of Palestine. The name Jew is derived
from it.

JULY is so named from Julius Cæsar, who
reformed the calendar, so that this month
stood, as it does now with us, the scventh
in order.

JUNE, the sixth month, so named, according
to some, from Juno; others say, from
Junius Brutus.

JUPITER, in mythology, the Latin name of
the deity called by the Greeks Zeus: it is
derived from that word, with the addition
pater, father. See Jove.
Ju'VE-NAL, one of the most caustic of the
Roman satirists; and he may be called
the last of the Romar, poets. He died A.
D. 128.

KABB ALPHASE, A French writer, distin-

guished for his taste and knowledge in botany. See pp. 125, 353. KEBLE, REV. JOHN, an English devotional poet, much esteemed, 59, 113.

KEEN. The use of this word as a verb (as on p. 128) is very unusual. KHAN (pronounced kawn), in Persia a gov ernor of a province. KOSCIUS'KO, THADDEUS, a Polish general and patriot; b. 1746, d. 1817. Joining the American cause, he served under Washington during the revolution. Returning home, he twice bravely attempted to free his native country, but, being wounded and taken prisoner in 1794, passed the rest of his days in exile. KEY-STONE, the stone on the top or middle of an arch or vault, which, being wider | at the top than at the bottom, enters like a wedge, and binds the work. KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN, a dramatic writer and an actor; born in Ireland, in 1784. He is the author of many successful plays. In the latter part of his life he became a Baptist preacher.

The Abuse of Genius, by, 147.

LABAUME (pronounced La-bom, the first a as in father). Eugene Labaume was a colonel in the French army, who wrote a graphic account of Bonaparte's campaign, described p. 327.

LA BRUYERE, JOHN DE, an eminent French writer, b. 1644, d. 1696. LA'CONISM, a short and pointed saying, so termed from the celebrity which the LACEdæmonians (or people of Laconia) anciently had for their brief and sententious mode of expressing themselves; so that this mode is still called laconic. The work entitled "Lacon " (quoted p. 78) was by Colton, an English clergyman. LAMB, MARY, a sister of the celebrated English humorist, Charles Lamb, who died 1924. See p. 77.

LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE DE, distinguished as a poet, orator, historian, and politician, was born at Macon, in France, in 1790. He rose to great distinction during the revolution of 1848, but was superseded because of his liberal and popular tendencies. Extracts from, 291, 393. LAMMENAIS, Félicité Robert, Abbé, a distinguished French ecclesiastic, politician, and author; b. 1782, d. 1854. The Poor Exile, 82. Efficacy of Prayer, 318. LANGUET, pronounced Lang-gwa', the first a as in father, 172.

LARBOARD, the left side of a vessel, looking forward.

LARDNER, DR. D., 138.

LARK, a name given to a genus of birds, of which the sky-lark is much celebrated by European poets. It is one of those few birds that chant whilst on the wing. When it first rises from the earth, its notes are feeble and interrupted; as it ascends, however, they gradually swell to their full toce, and long after the bird has reached a height where it is lost to

461

the eye, it still continues to charm the ear with its melody. The sky-lark is no found in the United States, but we have the shore-lark, resembling it in some re spects, but an inferior bird. See Lines to a Sky-lark, p. 415.

LATIN, the language spoken by the ancient Romans, or the inhabitants of Latium whence its name.

LAUNCH OF THE SHIP, 143. LAUREATE. Literally, crowned with laurels. In England the "poet laureate" is an officer of the king's household, whose duty it was, formerly, to write odes on royal birthdays. Southey was laureate for several years; and Alfred Tennyson held the office in 1854.

LAUREL. The ancient laurel was a species of evergreen shrub or bay-tree, with the leaves and branches of which it was the custom to crown the victors in various games.

LEAD. "The plunging lead," 191. An allusion to the practice of "heaving the lead" on ship-board, or approaching a coast, to learn the depth of the wate The lead used for sounding is in the shape of a cone, with a small hole at the base, into which some grease is put, that sand or mud may adhere.

LE-AN'DER, a famous youth of Aby'dos, who swam every night across the Hellespont to visit Hero, his lady-love. During a stormy night he perished in the waves. LEARNING TO WRITE, 87. LEEWARD (pronounced lu'ard), the lee side; that is, the side opposite to that from which the wind blows, which is called windward. A lee shore is the shore upon which the wind is blowing. LEIBNITZ (Lib'nitz), an eminent mathematician and philosopher, born in Leipsic, 1646, died 1716.

LEIPSIC (Lip'sic), the largest commercial town of Eastern Germany, celebrated for its extensive book trade.

LE SAGE, Alain René, a celebrated French novelist and dramatic writer, b. 1668, d. 1747. He is principally remembered for his novel of "Gil Blas," which first appeared in 1715.

Gil Blas and the Archbishop, 340. Gil Blas and the Parasite, 429. LESSON. The Latin word from which this is derived means simply to read; thus indicating that reading should hold a primary rank in a pupil's lessons, since it gives its name to the word. LEVER (Lat. le-va'-rë, to raise or lift up), a bar for raising a great weight by turning on a fulcrum or prop; the second me chanical power.

LEYDEN, JOHN, a Scotch poet and scholar, b. 1755, d. 1806, from over-study. See p. 171. LIBRARY. In this word we have a record of the fact that books were once written on the bark (liber in Latin) of trees. LIEBIG (pronounced Lee-big), JUSTUS, & distinguished chemist, b. in Germany, in 1803. On Light, 400

LIEUTENANT. This word is composed of two French words, lieu, place, and tenant, holding, and it generally means an officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence. The word has been adopted into the English language, and, according to Webster, it may be pronounced either lu-ten'ant or lef-ten'

ant. It is difficult to account for the latter mode. Was it suggested by the words left tenant? These would be equally expressive of the nature of the office.

LIFE-BOAT, THE, a poem, 89.

Lal Y. "The lilies of France," 259. The lily, or rather the fleur-de-lis, was adopted as a royal emblem by Louis VII., of France, 1179.

LILLIPUTIAN, diminutive; from Swift's satirical account of Gulliver in Lilliput. LIM'BO (Lat. imbus, a hem or edge), a region supposed by some theologians and poets to lie on the edge or border of hell.

LINGARD, DR. JOHN, an English priest, author of a history of England; b. 1770, d. 1851. Extract from, 283.

LINGUIST (Lat. lingua, the tongue), a per son skilled in languages.

LANNE'US, or Linne, Charles vcn, the most celebrated of modern naturalists, and the founder of the present botanic system, was born in Sweden in 1707, d. 1718. Extract from, 316.

LION AND SPANIEL, The, 139. LITERATURE, On, 267, 345, 389. LITURGY (Gr. leiton, public, ergor., a work), anciently a public work, or office; now applied to a form or ritual of public worship in certain Christian churches. LIV'ERY, a word believed to be derived from the delivery of clothes by masters to their servants; a particular garb or dress. LLOYD, ROBERT, an English poet, b. 1733, d. 1764.

On Expression in Reading, 155. LOGIC (Gr. logos, speech) has been defined

the science, and also the art, of reasoning. LONGEVITY, length of life, long life. LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH, an accomplished American poet and scholar, born 1807.

Launch of the Ship, 143.
Excelsior, 285.

LOUIS XIV. (pronounced Loo-ee), King of France from 1651 to 1715. Literature and the arts flourished remarkably under his reign

LOWERTZ. Pronounced Lo-vairtz'. LUCIFER (Lat. lux, light, fero, I bring), literally, the light-bringer; the name of the planet Venus when seen in the mornIng before sunrise. See Hesperus. The naine of Lucifer is sometimes applied to Satan.

LUNGS, Complaint of a pair, 360. LUTIST AND NIGHTINGALE, 295. LYC'IDAS (Lis'sedas). The title of a celebrated poem by Milton, an extract from which is given, p. 410. Under this name the poet laments the death of his friend

Henry King, drowned in sailing from England to Ireland.

LYING. The proverb, p. 65, condenses inte a few words a volume of exhortation against running in debt; the most debasing effect of which is, that it surely leads to equivocation and lying.

LYR'ICAL. A lyric, or a lyrical poem, was
formerly one composed to be sung to the
music of the lyre. The word now applies
to a large class of poems, adapted either
to singing or recitation, and distinguished,
both in their structure and their brevity,
from epic and didactic poems. See Ode.
LYTTON, SIR EDWARD BULWER, an English
baronet, and well-known author, b. 180
His surname was changed from Bulwer
Is Knowledge Power, 240.
Mary Stuart, 247.

The Treasures by the Way, 423.
The Souls of Books, 425.

Translation from Sophocles, 436.

M'CARTHY, D. F., a young Irish poet, 179. MCLEAN, JOHN, a judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. Extract from, 289.

MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON, distinguished as a critic, poet, and historian, was born in England in 1800 The Puffers, 162.

Death of Addison, 245.

Progress of Civilization, 338.

MACE, a club or staff, being an ensign of office, gilt, and surmounted with a crown or globe.

MACEDON (pronounced Mass'e-don), the name by which ancient Macedonia. a

country in Europe, north of Greece, is sometimes called.

MACKAY, CHARLES, 156, 336. MADISON, JAMES, President ef the United States for two terms, was born in Virginia March 16th, 1751. He took a leading part in the convention which adopted the Federal Constitution, was a member of Congress from 1789 to 1797, was appointed by Jefferson Secretary of State in 1801, and was first elected to the Presi dency in 1809. He died, much respectedin 1836. See Wirt's vindication of him, p. 431. MANITOU (pronounced Ma-nee'too), an Indian name for the Great Spirit. MANKIND. Man kinned, or related, is the original Saxon meaning of this word. What a lesson of human brotherhood is lodged in it!

MANŒUVRE. Pronounced ma-nú'-vūr. MANSFIELD, WM. MURRAY, a celebrated Scottish lawyer, b. 1705, d. 1793. He was Chief-justice of the King's Bench, and was made an earl.

MAR'ATHON, a plain in Greece where a celebrated battle was fought B. C. 490, in which ten thousand Athenians routed an army of one hundred and ten thousand Persians.

MARCH, the first month of the Roman year, and the third of t English. It has its name from Mars.

MARITAL (már'ital). pertaining to a hus- | band.

MARS, the god of war among the ancient Romans.

MARTYRDOM (Gr. martur, a witness), literally, the suffering of death on account of one's adherence to the truth. MARY STUART. See pp. 244, 247. MASSANIEL'LO, a poor fisherman of Naples, who, in 1847, headed a rebellion against the Spanish viceroy, became governor of Naples, and caused sixty of the principal palaces to be reduced to ashes. He was treacherously induced to lay down his arms, and was finally shot dead by four Conspirators, formerly his friends. MATA'B'ALIST, One who believes that all exbience may be resolved into modifications of matter, independent of spirit. MATHEMATICS (Gr. mathesis, learning), the science which treats of whatever can be numbered or measured.

MAUDLIN, stapid, fuddled. The derivation of this word is singular; it being a corruption of Magdalen, the penitent, who is generally drawn by painters with eyes red and swelled with weeping. MAUGRE (maw ger), in spite of. MAY, the fifth month of our year, but the third of the Roman. The derivation of the name is uncertain.

MAYER, BRANTZ, an American writer, formerly secretary of legation in Mexico, and author of an excellent work on that country, 205.

MEDICINE (med-de-sin). The Latin root is medeor, I heal. MEDITERRANEAN (Lat. medius, middle, and terra, land), er.closed or nearly enclosed with land; as the Mediterranean Sea, between Europe and Africa. The English translation may be Midland. MELODY (Gr. meli, honey, and ode, song or tune), sweet song or sound. In music, it differs from harmony in being an arrangement of sounds for a single voice or instrument.

MEMBER. The Latin root of this word is membrum, a limb of the animal body. MEMENTO MORI. Two Latin words, signifying be mindful of death.

MENTOR, a wise friend and counsellor, so called from Mentor, the faithful adviser of Ulysses, who, during his absence at the siege of Troy, intrusted to him the care of his domestic affairs, and the education of his son Telemachus.

MENTZ, a city of Germany, at the conflux of the Rhine and Maine. John Faust and John Guttenberg are believed to have invented printing here, about the year 1442. MERCURY, a Roman divinity of commerce and gain. His mercantile character is clear from his name, said to be formed from mercor, I traflic. In the Solar System, Mercury is the name of the planet nearest the sun. MERRICK, JAMES, an English divine and poet, b. 1720, d. 1766. His capital fable of the Chameleon (p. 413) has been superseded by nothing better of its kind.

463

METAPHOR (Gr. metaphero, I transfer; in. dicating the substitution of one word for another of similar meaning). "The silver moon " is a metaphor'ical expression; the "moon, bright as silver," is a compari

son.

METAPHYSICS (Gr. meta, after, and phusis nature), the science of mind or intelll gence.

MEXICO, VALLEY of, 205. MICROSCOPE (Gr. mikros, little, and skopeo, I view), an optical instrument which en ables us to see objects too minute to be seen by the naked eye, 406. MIDLAND SEA. See Mediterranean. MILKY WAY. See Galaxy. MILMAN, REV. HENRY HART, an English poet and historian, b. 1791. See p. 385 MILTON, JOHN, ranked with Shakspeare as the foremost of English poets, author of that immortal poem, Paradise Lost, was born in London in 1608, died 1874. An affection of the eyes, brought on by in tense study, terminated in blindness, to which he makes touching allusions in his poems.

Eulogy on, 146.

Extracts from, 348. 410.

MINISTER. In politics, a servant of the sovereign executive power in a state. generally speaking, the head of a department or branch of government. G. Britain, the responsible head is called prime minister.

In

MIRABEAU (pronounced meer-ah-bo'), the most eloquent of the political orators of France; b. 1749, d. 1791. His contemporaries speak of the effects of his elo quence as surprising and irresistible. Extracts from, 270.

MISOCAP'NOS. From two Greek words, sig
nifying a smoke-hater.
MITCHELL, Professor O. M., a distinguished
American astronomer, director of the
Observatory at Cincinnati.

First Predictor of an Eclipse, 174. MITHRIDATES (Mithri-da'tes), a King of Pontus, who, to evade designs against his life, accustomed himself to poisons, by the aid of antidotes. He was conquered by Pompey, 66 B. C. Seeing that death or captivity was inevitable, he took poison; but his constitution had been so inured to it, that it failed of effect, and he called in one of his men to despatch hin by the sword.

MOD'ICUM (Lat.), a pittance, a small quan tity.

Mor'ETY, the half of a thing. MN'AD (Gr. minas, unity, from minos. alone), an indivisible particle; atom. MONDAY, the second day of the week. means literally moon-day, or the day of the

moon.

MONOPOLY (Gr. monos, alone, and polco, I sell), the exclusive right of selling or possessing a thing.

MONTGOMERY, JAMES, an English devotional poet, b. 1771. He is the author of "Lec. tures on Poetry." See p. 160. MONUMENT (Lat. .ceo. I admorish), a