2.

Describe the feeding habits of a caterpillar.

3. Upon what kinds of substance do beetles feed? How do their mouth parts differ from those of bugs?

4.

How many wings has a fly, and to what body-segments are they

attached.

5. Can starfishes see? What evidence can you give in support of your opinion?

6. Describe the mouth parts and the feeding habits of Nereis.

7.

8.

9.

10.

How do earthworms move?

Describe the spinning organs and the webs of spiders.

Describe the appendages of Lithobius.

How does a crayfish breathe?

11. Where may Daphnia be found, and how may it be distinguished

12.

13.

from other animals often associated with it?

Where do slugs live, and how do they move?

How do the two valves of the clam-shell differ?

14. How does Hydra reproduce?

15. How does Paramecium secure its food, and of what does this

consist?

16. How and where do frogs pass the winter?

17. How many appendages has a fish? what corresponding parts has

a salamander?

18. Where do lizards live, and how do they reproduce?

19. How do the feathers of a young sparrow differ from those of

an adult?

Sheffield Scientific School.

BOTANY.

[The candidate may take the examination in Botany, Physics, or Chemistry.]

1. What is an herbaceous plant? What is the difference between annual and biennial herbs? Give an example of each and describe, in the case of the biennial, the structures in which food is stored. 2. What is a compound leaf? Define, with characteristic examples, the two principal types of compound leaves. leaf be distinguished from a flat branch with two longitudinal of simple leaves?

How may a compound

ranks

3. Describe the general features of the root with special reference to its work of absorption. Show how osmosis plays an important part

in this process.

4. Describe the appearance and structure of the bark in an old What functions does it perform? Why does a tree die when a complete ring of bark is removed?

tree.

5. What are parasitic plants? How does a green parasite differ in its nutritive processes from one which lacks chlorophyll? Give an example of each kind.

6. Describe two ways in which plants may prevent self pollination

and secure cross pollination.

Illustrate by examples.

SOUTH DAKOTA ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS TEACHERS.

The first annual meeting of the South Dakota Association of Science and Mathematics Teachers was held in Sioux Falls, October 18th and 19th. The following papers were presented: "High School Geometry," Professor G. H. Scott, Yankton College; "Interest in Introductory Science Aroused and Sustained," F. Ethel Smith, Huron High School; Discussion "The New Movement Among Physics Teachers," R. C. Shellenbarger, Supt. of the Yankton College. Mr. F. Schumacher of the Sioux Falls High Schools; "Some Facts and Theories from the Field of Biology," Prof. C. P. Lornmen of the University of South Dakota. The following resolution was passed regarding the Physics unit: Resolved, That the unit in Physics should be 135 hrs. instead of 150 hrs.

The attitude of the association toward the new movement among Physics teachers was expressed by the following resolution: Resolved, That less quantitative work should be required in the course in High School Physics, and more qualitative work be introduced, making Physics in the secondary schools a natural rather than a mathematical science.

"The purpose of the association," as defined in the constitution, "shall be to promote the better teaching of Science and Mathematics in the schools of South Dakota; to obtain better correlation of these subjects to each other and to the other subjects of the curriculum; to bring the colleges and secondary schools into closer relations in the teaching of these subjects and to establish cordial and helpful relations among teachers of these branches."

Although the attendance at the meetings was small, the papers were exceedingly helpful and the discussions full of interest. All who attended expressed themselves as abundantly repaid.

NEW JERSEY SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION.

The spring meeting of the New Jersey Science Teachers' Association was held at Princeton University on May 11th. The following officers were elected: President, W. Wiener, Newark High School; Vice-President, Gilbert II. Trafton, Passaic High School; Sec.-Treasurer, E. A. Buck, Trenton High School; Executive Committee, the officers, the expresident, A. T. Seymour of Orange High School, Caroline S. Romer Newark High School, G. B. Roorbach, Peddie Institute, Hightstown, H. M. Campbell, Long Branch High School.

Mr. Wiener of Newark High School read a paper on "Opportune Methods in Science Teaching." In this paper were discussed some of the fundamental principles that underlie all successful science teaching. The need of an enthusiastic, clean-cut treatment of the topics in class discussion by the teacher as a means of arousing a corresponding interest and enthusiasm on the part of the pupil was emphasized. The amount of home work assigned should not be long but short and to the

point, nor should the pupil be restricted to one text-book in this work but should be allowed the choice of several.

Mr. Ray Whitbeck of the Trenton Normal School read a paper on "Secondary School Geography: What Shall It Be?" Statistics were quoted showing that all the sciences had relatively lost ground in the last few years. The remedy for this in Physical Geography lies in humanizing the subject, to teach not Physiography but Physical Geography. Recent text-books go too much into detail in the classification of the various land forms and have too little to say regarding the influence these have exerted on human life. It is questionable whether much of the laboratory work done in the subject is of educational merit; and indeed the subject does not lend itself as readily to the laboratory method as do the other sciences and does not require so much of this kind of work for its highest development. In order to redeem itself Physical Geography must deal more directly with the Influence of physical forms and features upon the inhabitants of these localities.

Prof. E. P. Adams of Princeton Univ. gave a lecture on "Radioactivity." A brief summary was given of the researches that had been carried out along this line; and the chief substances found to possess this power were enumerated. The two chief tests of this power are its effects on a photographic plate and the rendering of air a conductor of electricity. Both elements and compounds are found to possess these powers, but radium in largest quantities. There is a remarkable relation between the radio-active elements, uranium, actinium, radium, and polonium, by which each one changes gradually to the one following when allowed to stand for a certain length of time, and the probabilities are that the last element in this series may be lead. When radium stands, helium is gradually formed, this apparently being an emanation from the radium as it is changing to polonium. But there is nothing in these experiments which suggests that other elements may change from one to the other.

Prof. W. B. Scott of Princeton Univ. gave a lecture on "South Africa -Its Geography and Geology." The surface form is simple, consisting of dry dissected tablelands wth some coastal plains at the border. The interior is dry and arid and has much the appearance of the plateaus and plants of the dry regions of Montana, but the plants are of entirely different families. Granite is one of the most common rocks, which, in that climate, weathers into fantastic shapes, suggesting some features of Yosemite Valley. Evidences of enormous glacial action in very ancient ages is of a most convincing kind. In some places the till is 1,000 . feet deep, thus giving some evidence of the tremendous scale in which glacial action took place. Besides the till, glacial boulders and striae both on bed rock and loose pebbles were very conspicuous. Strange to say, the glacier moved not toward the equator, but towards the pole. The great falls of South Africa present a maze of complications owing to the irregular jointing of the rocks, making a series of falls spreading out over many hundreds of feet and then uniting into a tortuous narrow gorge below the falls.

PERSONAL NOTES.

Miss Laetitia Goslin has just become instructor in Mathematics at Waterloo, Iowa.

Arthur Durand of Pomona, Cal., accepts the principalship of Bonita, Cal., High School.

Joseph Bikle has been appointed Associate in Mathematics at Bradley Polytechnic Institute.

Louis C. Plant has been appointed associate professor in the University of Montana at Missoula.

A. F. Leonard of East Weymouth, Mass., goes to Maine as Principal of the High School at Camden.

Miss Grace Barker, S.B., Chicago, 1907, is instructor in Science in the University Schools for Girls, Chicago.

Miss Ethel Terry, A.B., Chicago, 1907, is teaching Physics and Chemistry in Kenwood Institute, Chicago.

W. A. Fiske of Richmond, Ind., goes to Occidental College, Los Angeles, Cal., as professor of physics and chemistry.

Mr. S. W. Ward is just entering upon his work as instructor in Physics and Chemistry in the high school at Kenosha, Wis.

Miss Etoile B. Simons, Ph.D. (Chicago), has been appointed instructor in Botany in the Manual Training High School, Indianapolis. Professor Wilbur Olin Atwater, since 1873 professor of chemistry at Wesleyan University, died, on September 22, aged fifty-three years.

Mr. John E. Stout is the new principal of the township high school at LaGrange, Ill., in the place of E. B. Cole, who recently resigned. Bertram G. Smith of the University of Michigan has been appointed to succeed Dr. Reese as professor of zoology in Syracuse University. Samuel G Barton, Ph.D. (Pennsylvania), has been appointed to the chair of mathematics in the Clarkson School of Technology, Potsdam, N. Y.

A. S. Pearse, Instructor in Biology, Lake High School, Chicago, has just received an appointment as a teaching fellow at Harvard University.

Dr. Lauder W. Jones, for several years instructor in chemistry in the University of Chicago, has recently been appointed to the head of the department of chemistry in the University of Cincinnati.

Dr. David Eugene Smith, Professor of Mathematics in Teachers College, Columbia University, on July 26, 1907, sailed from San Francisco on sabbatical leave of absence to take a trip around the world and to visit the old centers of mathematical interest. While in Kioto and Tokio recently Dr. Smith secured some five hundred old Japanese books and manuscripts, many over 200 years old, beside a number of rare instruments. In Kioto he gave three addresses, visited the schools and attended numerous functions. In Tokio he visited the University and met several of the leading Japanese mathematicians. On September 26, Dr. Smith sailed from Kobe for Tangku, China. He purposes to arrive in Rangoon early in October, visiting Calcutta, Bombay, and Colombo during November, December, and January. In February his

plans will lead him to Cairo and later to Constantinople. It is possible he will attend the Congress of Mathematicians which takes place in Rome in April. In all these cities he will visit the schools and colleges to study the progress of mathematics and to look into the educational conditions. Visitors and students at Teachers College in September, 1908, will have the rare opportunity of seeing the most unique collection of mathematical curios and rare books ever gotten together. Those taking the courses offered in the department of mathematics will have an opportunity of hearing from Dr. Smith many details of his trip, which promises to be of great interest and value to his students.

ARTICLES IN CURRENT MAGAZINES.

The American Naturalist for September contains: "The Structure of Cilia, especially in Gastropoda." by Leonard W. Williams; "The Poison Glands of Notorus and Schilbeodes," by Hugh D. Reed; "The Structure of the Silk Glands of Apanteles Glomeratus," by Robert Matheson and A. G. Ruggles.

Astrophysical Journal, November: "Physical Motion of Meteor Trains." C. C. Trowbridge; "On the Doppler Effect in the Spectrum of Hydrogen and of Mercury." G. F. Hall.

Biological Bulletin for September: "Studies on the Relation between Amitosis and Mitosis." C. M. Child; “Can Sea Water Maintain the Beat of the Heart of Fresh Water Animals?" Theo. C. Burnett; "The Fertilization of Amoeba Proteus," Gray N. Calkins.

Economic Geology for September-October: "The Clays of North Dakota." C. H. Clapp: "The Cuyuna Iron Range." Newton H. Winchell; "Possible Oblique Faulting in Alaska." Lawrence Martin.

Garden Magazine for November: "How to Keep House Plants Healthy." P. T. Barnes: "A Guide to the Chrysanthemum Shows," I. L. Powell; "The Best Hedge Plants South and North." Prosper J. Berckmans; "Grafting Your Own Conifers." John Dunbar; "The Plain Truth about Chestnut Culture, J. W. Kerr; "Succulents Other than Cacti," W. Clarke.

Journal of Geology for September-October: "The Pre-Richmond Unconformity in the Mississippi Valley," Stuart Welles; "On the Origin and Definition of the Geologic Term Laramie," by A. C. Veatch; "The Characteristics of Various Types of Conglomerates," George R. Mansfield; "Dome Structures in Conglomerates," Ralph Arnold: "Pre-Wisconsin Drift in the Finger Lake Region of New York," Frank Carney.

Open Court for November: "The Evolution of Climate," by Lawrence H. Daingerfield of the Weather Bureau.

Ores and Metals for Sept. 20: "Tin Mining in the Federated Malay States." by E. Nightingale; for Oct. 5: "Electricity in the Joplin Mining District:" for Oct. 20: "Zinc, Its Minerals and Its Metallurgy," by Evans W. Buskett.

Photo Era for November: "Long-Focus vs. Short-Focus Lens," C. H. Claudy; "The Shutter Problem." Harry Edwards; "Advantage of a Small Camera," W. F. Zierath; "Moving Objects, a Note for Hand Camera Workers," A. G. Workman.

Physical Review for October: "The Influence of Molecular Structure upon the Internal Friction of Certain Isomeric Ether Gases," Frederick M. Pedersen; "The Distribution of Energy Emitted by a Righi Vibrator." C. R. Fountain and F. C. Blake: "A Study of the Reversible Pendulum. Part I. Theoretical Considerations," John C. Shedd and James A. Birchby: "Measurement of Electrolytic Resistance," W. S. Franklin and L. A. Freudenberger.

Popular Astronomy for November: "The Mills Expeditions from Lick Observatory," W. W. Payne; "The Age of the Earth's Consolidation," J. J.

Lee.

Popular Science Monthly, October: "A Trip Around Iceland," L. P. Gratacap; "The Sacrifice of the Eyes of School Children," Professor Walter D. Scott; "Notes on the Development of Telephone Service." Fred DeLand: "Linne and the Love for Nature," Edward K. Putnam; "Early Movements in the United States for a National Observatory," Charles Oscar Paullin;