The publishers have done an important service to education by putting this book in such excellent form.

G. W. M.

Elementary Woodwork for Use in Manual Training Classes. By Frank Henry Selden. Cloth binding. 214 illustrations. 206 pages, 12.5 x 17.5 cm. $1.00. Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago.

The author is supervisor of woodworking and pattern-making in the University of Chicago. The book is convenient in size, concise and explicit in statement, and clearly demonstrates both by text and illustration the progress of the work from its first stages to the finished product.

To put this treatise in the hands of a class of bright students will relieve the teacher of a vast amount of personal work, as a study of the text and cuts will give them at the outset an intelligent knowledge of the use of tools and the preliminary work of construction. The pictures show them how to use the tools, and the text briefly and clearly explains the process.

The secret of the utility of the book is found in the fact that the author is himself a practical woodworker, having been a careful student of this class of work for more than twenty years.

The subject is conveniently treated in three divisions. The first part consists of a course of class exercises, so simply, clearly, and comprehensively given, and so fully illustrated that neither modification nor addition is necessary for class use. The instructor, thus relieved of much petty detail, is able to do a far higher grade of work and so raise the general class standing.

The second division is a series of supplementary lessons, amply reinforced by illustration and diagram, designed to benefit the more rapid workers. Where this book is used no pupil need ever be idle; for extra work is always at hand and in such complete form that it can be given out without consuming too much of the instructor's time.

The third division is a description of the tools and materials employed in the work. It is not a collection of quotations from tool catalogues and extracts from encyclopedias, but an entirely original text which was written expressly for the grade of pupils for whom the book is designed.

Although mechanical work cannot be learned as well without the personal assistance of an instructor as with one, this book impresses us as being much nearer a self-instructor than any of the correspondence courses we have examined. Indeed, we cannot see why a boy of ordinary ability should not be able, with the aid of this manual, to do very creditable work with the common tools entirely unaided by personal help. It seems to us that the author deserves the credit of giving to boys the first successful home book on woodworking tools. In comparison with other books designed for the use of boys, perhaps the most noticeable and important feature in this work is the great care the author has used in working his text so as to prevent pupils from falling into bad habits in the use of tools. Later this will inevitably save them much trouble.

In justice to the publishers we make special mention of the exceptionally fine illustrations, clear type, and general excellency of the mechanical work. In these respects the work far surpasses that of any other of its class.

This manual will be especially welcome to teachers who endeavor to have their pupils work out individual problems. Where now the pupils' energies and ideas are dissipated by unnecessary physical exertion because they lack knowledge of proper methods of work, they will be able after studying this book to apply themselves with such directness as to work out their problems successfully. The profuse illustrations of the book by photographic cuts and extremely full and clear diagrams are in some respects the most useful and unique feature of the manual. They would make instruction almost complete without the aid of the text. Apparently, every position which requires illustrating bas been carefully photographed by the author and an excellent half-tone engraving made.

We predict that this little volume will have much to do in placing manual training upon a more practical and rational basis. It certainly must tend, wherever used as a text-book, to increased efficiency in this branch of school work.

Principles of Botany. By Joseph Y. Bergen and Bradley M. Davis. Ginn & Co., Boston, 1906. Pages viii and 555.

The study of botany in the secondary schools has been greatly stimulated the past few years by the appearance of several interesting texts. These differ widely in scope and plan, but agree for the most part in an endeavor to give the student something more than the gross morphology and classification of the higher plants. This volume is one of the most comprehensive of its class, and outlines sufficient work for the best equipped high schools, or for an introductory course in colleges. At the same time the book is so planned as to allow series of connected studies for the schools of lesser equipment or devoting shorter time to the subject.

While the general features of "The Foundations of Botany," by the senior author, are retained, there are numerous changes. Externally the book has an improved appearance, due to the lengthening of the page, and the binding in pleasing green cloth. Elimination of the "Flora and Key," together with all laboratory directions has been made possible by the preparation of a laboratory manual designed to accompany this book. The chief addition is the organization of a section devoted to comparative morphology of plants. This part occupies nearly half the book, and is the special work of the junior author. The conservative use of half-tones throughout the volume is to be commended.

Part I. The structure and physiology of seed plants (Bergen). The treatment follows very closely the general plan of the corresponding part of the author's earlier book, though there are numerous minor changes. Fundamental physiological processes are discussed in conjunction with the organs of seed plants.

Part II. Morphology, evolution, and classification of plants (Davis).

"An account of the critical morphology of plants upon which is based their relationship by descent." The author describes in sufficient detail an extensive series of types characteristic of the various levels of plant organization. Emphasis is laid on reproductive processes, especially those illustrative of the development of sexuality and the simpler sporophytes. In harmony with this plan the Thallophytes are given a relatively larger place than the other groups. Concluding each group is a discussion of its evolution, general characteristics, and probable relationships. Special discussions at the close of the part involve such complex subjects as the origin of the seed, development of the flower, evolution of the sporophyte, and degeneration of the gametophyte. These chapters may be omitted at the discretion of the teacher. The author wisely cautions the reader that many of these conclusions are necessarily theoretical, and at best present living plants or animals only illustrate progress made in past, yet his language at one or two places is perhaps over positive. It is evidently only a slip of the pen when he states (page 403) that stomata in Anthoceros and in some of the mosses "was the beginning of the elaborate mechanism for chlorophyll work which is developed to such a high degree in the leaves of ferns and seed plants." These general discussions embody the larger conclusions of comparative morphology, and not only stimulate interest, but will serve also to bind together the successive forms studied. A number of new figures and diagrams are presented which will be welcome; one or two of the original drawings, however, are open to criticism, notably Fig. 221 B.

The morphological treatment as a whole is excellent, and the most comprehensive yet given in a text-book of this character. Supplemented by lectures on critical phases this part alone might easily be expanded into a year's work for those institutions desiring a general course in the study of the significance of plant form.

Part III. Ecology and Economic botany (Bergen).

In the earlier chapters the author takes up parasites and carnivorous plants, protection from animals, pollination, seed dispersal, etc. Following the chapter on the social habits of plants, the subjects of plant successions, ecological groups, and plant formations are discussed. In the later portions there is a brief treatment of plant geography, variation, mutation, and the origin of species. The final chapters on plant breeding, and useful plants and plant products, give the student a glimpse of the economic side of plant study.

ROBERT B. WYLIE, State University of Iowa.

Recent Changes of Level in the Yakutat Bay Region, Alaska. By R. S. Tarr and Lawrence Martin. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 17. Pp. 29-64 pls. 12-23.

The attention both of teachers and of the general public has recently been drawn by the San Francisco earthquake to those deforma. tions of the earth's crust which attend the growth of mountain ranges. Many signs of dislocation of the fractured ground have been recorded and photographed, and much data collected, by the California State Earthquake Investigation Commission, whose preliminary report was

published several months ago. It is well known that this earthquake had its origin in a slipping or faulting along a fracture in the rocks, associated in its position and comparable in its results to innumerable prehistoric faultings which traverse the Coast Ranges, and which have collectively kept the mountains alive and sharp featured while the opposed processes of wasting by weathering and erosion were tending rather to subdue them.

An investigation of rare interest, which was reported to the Geological Society of America in December, 1905, by Professor R. S. Tarr and Mr. Lawrence Martin, deals with a similar deformation of recent date along the shores of Yakutat Bay, in southeastern Alaska. Altogether this case of earth warping is the most striking and most thoroughly demonstrated one on record. In the early part of September, 1899, a series of earthquake shocks was felt in the vicinity of Yakutat, which became more frequent and culminated in a very violent quake on the afternoon of the 10th. "The land swayed, the waters of the bay rose and fell eight or ten feet every few minutes, and violent eddies were set up in the harbor, washing into the sea an Indian burial ground at Port Mulgrave, opposite Yakutat. Most of the natives and whites were panic stricken, abandoning their houses and retreating to tents on the neighboring morainic hills." Another violent earthquake took place on the 15th, and smaller shocks continued until the 20th. A party of prospectors who were encamped near the Hubbard glacier on the shore of Russell fjord, near Yakutat bay, had a very adventurous time and barely escaped death from the earthquake waves and from avalanches on the mountain sides.

No scientists visited the region after the earthquake until the summer of 1905, when Prof. Tarr and Mr. Martin came unexpectedly upon marked indications of recent changes of level along the shores of the bay. In the course of the field season they gathered a wide range of evidence to show that the earthquake of 1899 attended a differential uplift or warping of the district whereby many miles of coast line had risen several feet-in some places as much as 47 feet. Locally, also, there was a depression of the shores.

The fact that these marks of recent changes in level were not found by experienced geologists who visited the bay before September, 1899 (e. g., I. C. Russell in 1890 and 1891 and G. K. Gilbert with the Harriman expedition in July, 1899) is sufficient to fix the recency of the uplift. The testimony of natives, who observed many changes in configuration of the shores between successive visits to the bay, before and after the earthquake, adds to the historic certainty of the movement. Of all the more interest, therefore, is the evidence of a strictly geologic and physiographic nature, and of animal and plant life in the affected zone.

Elevated benches, old water marks of the sea, cut by the waves in the headlands before the change of level took place, now stand at various heights above the bay and beyond the reach of the waves. Sea caves and chasms occur, also, containing shingle which is scantily clothed with annual plants and small shrubs. The latter are described as "often rising up and shadowing dead barnacles that still cling to

the walls of the chasm-a new life springing up in the habitat of the old." Elevated pocket beaches lie between the headlands, more or less concealed by shrubbery and trimmed on their outer margins to low cliffs where waves have cut into the shingle structure since the uplift. These afford excellent paths and camping sites. A more peculiar feature is seen in the old alluvial fans which since their elevation have been trenched by the previously aggrading stream and nipped on their outer margins by the waves. New deltas are being built out below and in front of the old, at present sea level. The recency of the uplift is plainly shown in many places where the till exposed along the new shore line has not yet been sufficiently worked over by the waves to form pebble beaches like those of the old shore.

The testimony of animal and plant life in the shore zone is both interesting and conclusive. Dead barnacles are abundant along the elevated strands at various heights above present high tide mark; indeed, they are more thickly distributed and of larger size on the old shores than on the present, where they have not yet become fully established. Mussel shells, so plentiful and so highly colored as to be mistaken at first for blue flowers, still cling to the rocks along the elevated shore line. A pink bryozoan, which belongs below low tide mark, occurs as a bleached white coating to the rock, above high tide mark, wherever the recent uplift amounted to more than ten feet. Fragments of several other sea forms-crabs, star fish, sea urchins, etc., found on the raised shores confirm the belief that they have but recently been raised above tide. On the other hand no traces of rock, weed or other sea plants are to be found. The interval of six years has been long enough, apparently, to allow the complete decay of these species.

Of equal significance is the new flora of the raised beaches-the predominance of annual plants, and the frequent alders and willows with never more than five annual rings. "One willow tree, growing on one of the most perfect of the elevated beaches (hoisted 42 feet), near Black glacier, threatened to prove an exception, for it was 10 feet high and fully 3 inches in diameter. Cutting it down, we found its heart made of dead wood, with four new rings outside. Evidently it was an uprooted tree, thrown there by the earthquake wave, and sprouted in its new location.

In these various ways, then, one may read the recency of the earth movement. Since, moreover, the saplings are equally old on all parts of the raised shore line, no matter at what height it stands, they testify to a single uplift of variable amount, rather than successive local uplifts.

In places the coast has sunk; for along low shores in sheltered bays the salt water is seen to have encroached on forests, killing the trees by mere submergence without uprooting them. In certain places of great exposure forests have been invaded by earthquake waves to the height of 40 feet, and driftwood has been piled high in enormous quantities.

Avalanches shaken down in 1899 have wrought some striking changes in topography. Fault scarps, measuring a vertical displacement of