III. ENGLISH MONEY. 360. English or Sterling Money is the currency of Great Britain. The unit is the pound sterling, and all the other denominations are divisors of this unit. SCALE-ascending, 4, 12, 20; descending, 20, 12, 4. NOTES.-1. Farthings are generally expressed as fractions of a penny; thus, 1 far., sometimes called 1 quarter, (qr.) = d.; 3 far. = d. 2. The old, the original abbreviation for shillings, was formerly written between shillings and pence, and d, the abbreviation for pence, was omitted. Thus 2s. 6d. was written 2/6. A straight line is now used in place of the f, and shillings are written on the left of it and pence on the right. Thus, 2/6, 10/3, etc. COINS. The gold coins are the sovereign (= £1) and the half sovereign, (= 10s.) The silver coins are the crown, half crown, florin, the shilling, sixpenny, fourpenny, and threepenny pieces. The copper and bronze coins are the penny, half penny, and farthing. NOTE.—The guinea (= 218.) and the half guinea (= 10s. 6d. sterling) are old gold coins, and are no longer coined. 361. Government Standard. The standard fineness of English gold coin is 11 parts pure gold and 1 part alloy; that is, it is 22 carats fine. The standard fineness of silver coin is 11 oz. 2 pwt. (= 11.1 oz.) pure silver to 18 pwt. (=.9 oz.) alloy. Hence the silver coins are 11 oz. 2 pwt. fine; that is, 11 oz. 2 pwt. pure silver in 1 lb. standard silver. This standard is 37 parts (47.925) pure silver and 3 parts (= .075) copper. NOTE. A pound of English standard gold is equal in value to 14.2878 lb. 14 lb. 3 oz. 9 pwt. 1.727 gr. of silver. IV. FRENCH MONEY. 362. The currency of France is decimal currency. The unit is the franc, of which the other denominations are divisors. TABLE. 10 millimes make 1 centime. 100 centimes " 1 franc. SCALE-ascending, 10, 100; descending, 100, 10. COINS. The gold coins are the 40, 20, 10, and 5 franc pieces. The silver coins are the 5, 2, and 1 franc, the 50 and 20 centime pieces. The bronze coins are the 10, 5, 2, and 1 centime pieces. 364. Reduction is the process of changing a number from one denomination to another without altering its value. Reduction is of two kinds, Descending and Ascending. 365. Reduction Descending is changing a number of one de nomination to another denomination of less unit value; thus, $1 = 10 dimes 100 cents = 1000 mills. 366. Reduction Ascending is changing a number of one denomination to another denomination of greater unit value; thus, 1000 mills 100 cents 10 dimes = $1. REDUCTION DESCENDING. CASE I. 367. To reduce a compound number to lower denominations. 1. Reduce 3 mi. 1 fur. 17 rd. 2 yd. 1 ft. 8 in. to inches. = ANALYSIS. Since in 1 mi. there are 8 fur., in 3 miles there are 3 x 8 fur. = 24 fur., and the 1 fur. in the given number, added, makes 25 fur. in 3 mi. 1 fur. Since in 1 fur. there are 40 rd., in 25 fur. there are 25 × 40 rd. = 1000 rd., and the 17 rd. in the given number added, makes 1017 rd. in 3 mi. 1 fur. 17 rd. Since in 1 rd. there are 5 yd., in 1017 rd. there are 1017 × 5 yd.=55934 yd., which plus the 2 yd. in the given number = 5595 yd. in 3 mi. 1 fur. 17 rd. 2 yd. Since in 1 yd. there are 3 ft., in 5595 yd. there are 5595 × 3 ft. = 16786 ft., which plus the 1 ft. in the given number 16787 ft. in 3 mi. 1 fur. 17 rd. 2 yd. 1 ft. And since in 1 ft. there are 12 in., in 16787 ft. there are 16787 × 12 in. 201450 in., which plus the 8 in. in the given number 201458 in. in the given compound number. On examining the operation, we find that we have successively multiplied by the numbers in the descending scale of linear measure from miles to inches, inclusive. But, as either factor may be used as a multiplicand, (82, I), we may consider the numbers in the descending scale as multipliers. Hence the following = RULE. I. Multiply the highest denomination of the given compound number by that number of the scale which will reduce it to the next lower denomination, and add to the product the given number, if any, of that lower denomination. II. Proceed in the same manner with the results obtained in each lower denomination, until the reduction is brought to the denomination required. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. ✓ 1. In 16 lb. 10 oz. 18 pwt. 5 gr., many grains? 2. In £133 6 s. 8d., how many farthings? Ans. 128,000. 4. How many rods of fence will inclose a farm 1 miles 5. What will be the cost of 1 hhd. of molasses at $.28 per gal. ?61 7. A man wishes to ship 1548 bu. 1 pk. of potatoes in barrels containing 2 bu. 3 pk. each; how many barrels must he obtain? 8. A grocer bought 10 bu. of chestnuts at $3.75 a bushel, and retailed them at $.064 a pint; how much was his whole gain? 9. Reduce 90° 17' 40" to seconds. Ans. 325060". 10. In the 18th century how many days? Ans. 36524 da. 11. At 64 cts. each, what will be the cost of a great-gross of writing books? Ans. $108. 12. How large an edition of an octavo book can be printed from 4 bales 4 bundles 1 ream 10 quires of paper, allowing 8 Ans. 2970 vol. sheets to the volume? 13. Suppose your age to be 18 yr. 24 da. ; how many minutes old are you, allowing 4 leap years to have occurred in that time? 14. How many pence in 481 sovereigns? 15. Reduce $7% to mills. 16. In 3 P. of Sherry wine, how many qt.? 17. Reduce 37 Eng. ells 1 qr. to yd. Ans. 115,440 d. Ans. 1560 qt. Ans. 46 yd. 2 qr. 18. In £6 10s. 10d. how many dollars U. S. currency?? 19. Reduce 6,0. 14f3 3fz 45m to minims. 20. Reduce 1 T. 1 P. 1 hhd. to Imperial gallons. Ans. 367 Imperial gal. 21. How many dollars Canada currency are equal to £126 12s. 6d.? Ans. $506. 22. How many pint, quart, and two-quart bottles, of each an equal number, may be filled from a hogshead of wine? Ans. 72. 23. How many steps of 2 ft. 9 in. cach, will a man take, in walking from Erie to Cleveland, the distance being 95 mi.? 24. A grocer bought 12 bbl. of cider at $1 a barrel, and after converting it into vinegar, he retailed it at 6 much was his whole gain? cents a quart; how Ans. $69.72. links? 25. In 75 A. 4 sq. ch. 18 P. 118 sq. 1. how many square 26.' How many inches high is a horse that measures 16 hands? 27. If a vessel sail 150 leagues in a day, how many statute miles does she sail? Ans. 517.5. 28. If 14 A. be sold from a field containing 50 A., how many square rods will the remainder contain? Ans. 5,760 sq. rd. 1 29. A man returning from Pike's Peak has 36 lb. 8 oz. of pure gold; what is its value at $1.04% per pwt.? Ans. $9169.60. 30. A person having 8 hhd. of tobacco, each weighing 9 cwt. 42 lb., wishes to put it into boxes containing 48 lb. each; how many boxes must he obtain? Ans. 157. 31. A merchant bought 12 bbl. of salt at $11 a barrel, and retailed it at of a cent a pound; how much was his whole gain? 32. A physician bought 1tb 103 of quinine at $2.25 an ounce, and dealt it out in doses of 10 gr. at $.121 each; how much more than cost did he receive? Ans. $82.50. CASE II. 368. To reduce a denominate fraction from a greater to a less unit. 1. Reduce of a gallon to the fraction of a gill. fractions, after which we perform the indicated operations, and ob |