20. How many drs. in 3 lbs. 2 oz.? Ans. 800. NOTE. First find the drs. in 3 lbs., then in 2 oz. and add them together. 21. How many lbs. in 7 T. 19 cwt. ? Ans. 17,808. 22. How many oz. in 13 T. 15 cwt. 3 qrs. 26 lbs.? Ans. 494,560. 23. How many drs. in 25 T: 17 cwt. 2 qrs. 13 lbs. 14 oz. ?: Ans. 14,841,312. 24. How many qrs. in 32 T. 11 cwt. 1 qr. 2 lbs. 1 oz. 2 drs.? 25. How many qrs. in 1,827 T. 19 cwt. 3 grs. 15 lbs. 15 oz. 15 drs.? The following are the denominations of TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains (gr.) make 1 penny-weight, dwt. 12 ounces 1 pound oz. lb. NOTE: By this weight are weighed jewels, the precious metals, coin, bread and liquors. The quality, fineness, or purity of gold, is estimated in carats, by which term is meant the 24th part of any thing. Pure gold is said to be 24 carats fine; but pure gold has been found to be too soft for the purposes of coinage, since it wears away too rapidly. The law, therefore, allows and requires that there should be mingled in all gold coined, two carats, that is two 24th parts, of alloy; by which is meant some baser metal, usually copper. This is standard gold, and is, of course, 22 carats fine. Standard silver for coinage, is hot estimated by carats. Pure silver is said to be 12 oz. fine; 18 dwts. of alloy are directed to be mixed with 11 oz. 2 dwts. of pure silver, so that the compound weighs a pound. The fineness of silver and gold is tried in the fire. If they lose nothing in the trial, they are pure; the gold is 24 carats, and the silver 12 oz. fine. If any thing is lost, it indicates that there was alloy in the metal, and the loss must be deducted, in order to ascertain the fineness. 26. How many grains, in 2 dwts.? ? Ans. 48. Ans. 60. Ans. 240. Ans. 1,695. Ans. 479. Ans. 5,760. In 2 lbs.? Ans. 11,520. 30. How many dwts. in 7 lb. 15 dwts. ? 31. How many grs. in 19 dwts. 23 grs. 32. How many grs. in 37 Ibs. 12 dwts. 13 grs.? Ans. 213,421. 33. How many grs. in 273 lbs. 5 oz. 3 dwts. 6 grs.? 34. How many grs. in 1,236 lbs. 11 oz. 19 dwts. 23 grs. ? 35. How many oz. in 2,325,856 lbs. ? How many dwts.? How many grs.? 36. How many grs. in 75,863,294 lbs, 3 oz. 5 dwts. 17 grs.? The following are the denominations of Ans. 436,972,575,017. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple, marked sc. or 9 3 scruples 66 1 dram 66 dr. or 3 * NOTE. This weight is used in compounding medicines. 37. How many grains in 8 3. 33. 2 D.? 40. How many grs. in 7 b.? Drugs and medi The pound and The subdivisions Ans. 4,060. Ans. 24. Ans. 333,117. 41. How many grs. in 57 b. 93. 73. 29. 17 grs.? DRY MEASURE. 2 pints (pt.) make 1 quart, marked qt. NOTE. This measure is used to measure grain, salt, seeds, oysters, coal, roots, lead ore, and all dry goods of this kind. 44. How many pints in a peck? 45. How many qts. in 13 bu. ? 46. How many bu. in 58 ch.? Ans. 16. Ans. 416. Ans. 2,088. Ans. 2,363. 47. How many pts. in 36 bu. 3 pks. 5 qts. 1 pt.? pts. ? 49. How many pts. in 21,857 bu. 3 pks. 7 qts. 1 pt. " 51. How many bu. in 629 ch.? How many Ans. 37,034,019. Ans. 8,462,844. NOTE. This measure is used in measuring ale, beer and milk. In London the Ale firkin contains only 8 gallons, while the Beer firkin contains 9. course the higher measures differ in the same proportion. 55. How many in the beer hogshead? Of Ans. 48. Ans. 54: Ans. 90. Ans. 2,496. 56. How many kils. in 15 butts ? 57. How many qts. in 13 Ale hogsheads? 58. How many pts. in 16 butts, 7 gal. 3 qts. of Ale? Ans. 12,350. 59. How many pts. in 527 hhds. 6 gal. 2 qts. 1 pt. of Beer? 60. How many pts. in 325 bar. 1 kil. 1 fir. 5 gal. 3 qts. 1 pt. of Beer? The following are the denominations of NOTE. The year is called in the table the Julian ycar, because the calendar was regulated by Julius Caesar, Emperor of Rome. The true solar year contains 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 50 seconds, instead of 365 days, 6 hours, according to the table. The calendar months, that is, the months, by which we reckon the year in the Almanac, or calendar, are unequal in length, but the num her of days in each may easily be remembered by the following stanza. "Thirty days hath September, But, besides the even days, we have seen that the Julian calendar allows 6 hours to the year. 6 hours is the quarter of 24 hours, or of one day, and therefore, in four years, this excess will amount to another day: An allowance is made for this, by giving February 29 days, instead of 28, every fourth year, called Bissextile, or leap year. But we have seen, also, that the true excess is. 5 hours, 48 minutes, 50 seconds, which is 11 minutes, 10 seconds, less than 6 hours. The Julian calendar, therefore, made the year 11 minutes, 10 seconds, too long. This would make 1 day in about 130 years, or nearly 3 days in 400 years. Popt Gregory XIII observed this error and rectified it, by ordering three leap years in every 400 years to be considered as common years, and no additional day to be annexed to February. As every centurial year, (that is, year on which a century is completed, as 1700, 1800, &c.,) is a leap year, it was ordered, that three successive centurial years should be reckoned as common years, and the fourth centurial year as a leap year. There is a slight error still, but it will hardly amount to a day in 4,000 years. Pope Gregory found, likewise, that, in consequence of the error in the Julian Calendar, the months had fallen back from their true places in the year. That is, since the year was made longer than it ought to have been, January, and of course, the other months, began later than they ought, on each successive year; so that, in his time, the first day of January came where the 10th should be. He, therefore, determined to restore the months to their places, by leaving 10 days out of the calendar, all at once. This was done in the month of October, the day after the 4th being counted the 15th, instead of the fifth. Catholic countries, of course, instantly adopted this reformation, but it was long before it was adopted in those states, which did not acknowledge the authority of the Pope. It was not adopted in England, until the error had become a day greater, being eleven days instead of ten. By act of Parliament, however, in 1752, 11 days were suppressed after the 2d of September, and, by the same act, the beginning of the year was transferred from the 25th of March to the 1st of Janury. The reckoning of dates by the old method is called OLD STYLE, by the new, NEW STYLE. To any date reckoned by Old Style, therefore, we must add 11 days, to obtain the same date according to the New Style; and, if the date, in Old Style, be between the 1st of January and the 25th of March, we must reckon the year, 1 greater: because, carrying back the beginning of the year, from the latter of those days, to the former, threw all the intermediate days into the next following year. Thus, the first of March, 1750, Old Style, is the same as the 11th of March, 1751, New Style. Russia has not yet adopted the New Style, and the difference is now 12 days. This should be remembered in dates coming directly from that country, and allowance made. The pupil has, no doubt, often observed in the Almanacks, that a letter is put for Sunday, while the other days of the week are denoted by the figures 2, 3, 4, &c., or by the first two letters of their names. This letter is called the Dominical letThe first seven letters of the alphabet were used by the Primitive Christians, to stand for the days of the week in the calendar. They called the. 1st of January, A, the second, B, the third, C, and so on, to the 7th, which was G. They then repeated the same letters again, calling the 8th, A; the 9th, B, and so on. The letter, which fell upon Sunday, was called the Dominical letter. At the present day, these letters are entirely disused in many calendars. Some, however, still retain the Dominical letter. In the following couplet, the initials, or first letters, of the several words, are the letters, which fall on the first days of the months in the year. ter. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. Dec. "At Dover Dwells George Brown, Esquire, Of course, if I know the Dominical letter, I can easily tell on what day of the week, any day of any month will happen. Thus, if I wish to know on what day of the week the 4th of March will happen, in 1830, when the Dominical letter is C, I observe that the word, Dwells, answers to March, which, therefore, comes in on Monday. The 4th day, then, will be Thursday. In leap year, on accoun of the additional day in February, two Dominical letters are used, one for January and February, and the other for the rest of the year. The latter of these, is the letter, which precedes the former in the calendar. Thus, if the Domin ical letter, with which leap year begins, be C, it will be changed to B, after the last day of February. In the same manner, B will be changed to A, A to G, G to F, &c. Years are reckoned, in all Christian countries, from the birth of our Saviour, which is called the Christian Era. 61. How many days in 9 (not calendar) mo. ? Ans. 252. 62. How many hours in a year of 365 d. 6 h.? How many minutes? How many seconds? Ans. 8,766 h. 525,960 m. 31,557,600 sec. 63. How many seconds in a year of 365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 50 sec.? Ans. 31,556,930. 64. How many seconds in a man's age, who is 52 yrs. old ; allowing 365 d. 6 h. to the year? How many, allowing 365 d. 5 h. 48 Ans. 1,640,995,200 and 1,640,960,360. m. 50 s.? NOTE. For the answers to this example, the pupil may multiply the number of seconds in one year, (as found in ex. 62 and 63,) by 52, the number of years. 65. How many seconds from the commencement of the Christian Era, to the end of the year 1,830; allowing for the length of the year as in ex. 62? How many, allowing as in ex. 63? 66. How many seconds old is the world at the end of 1,830, 4,004 years having elapsed before the Christian era; reckoning by each mode of allowance ? In the preceding examples, you have been changing numbers from one denomination to another. Changing numbers, in this way, is commonly called reducing them, and the process, by which they are reduced, is called REDUCTION. Then, REDUCTION IS THE PROCESS OF CHANGING NUMBERS FROM ONE DENOMINATION TO ANOTHER, WITHOUT ALTERING THEIR Value In the examples above, it has been required to reduce larger, or higher denominations, to smaller, or lower. This is called REDUCTION DESCENDING, and is performed, as we have seen by MULTIPLICATION. REDUCTION ASCENDING is. the reverse of this, and is the process of changing numbers from lower denominations to higher. It is performed, as we shall see, by DiVISION. The general rule for Reduction Descending, may be expressed as follows. I. MULTIPLY THE HIGHEST DENOMINATION GIVEN, BY THE NUMBER REQUIRED OF THE NEXT LOWER, TO MAKE one of the dENOMINATION MULTIPLIED, AND ADD THE UNITS OF THE NEXT LOWER, IF ANY, TO THE PRODUCT. II. MULTIPLY THIS SUM, BY THE NUMBER, REQUIRED OF THE NEXT LOWER DENOMINATION STILL, AND ADD IN, AS BEFORE.. III. PROCEED THUS, TILL YOU ARRIVE AT THE DENOMINATION REQUI. RED. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 67. If an ingot of silver weigh 3 lb. 6 oz. 13 dwt. what is it worth at 4 cts. pr dwt.? 68. In 11 lb. 6 oz. 19 dwt. 9 gr. how many grains? Ans. 34.12. Ans. 66,705. 69. What is the value of a silver cup, weighing 9 oz. 4 dwt. 16 gr. at 3 mills pr. gr. ? 70. At 9 cts. a pound, what cost 3 cwt. 2 qrs. 16 ib. of sugar? 71. In 9. 83. 13. 29. 19 gr. how many gr.? 72. At 27 cts. pr. nail, what cost 2 yds. I qr. 3 Ans. $13,296. Ans. $36.72. Ans. 55,799. nls. of cloth? Ans. $10.53. 73. How many sec. in 4 years, allowing 13 mo. 1 d. 6 h. to the Ans. 126,230,400. year? |