here given, and by careful measurements and paper cutting, that the square of the hypothenuse of a right-triangle is equivalent to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Figures 2 and 3 are equal squares. If from figure 2, the four right-triangles, 1, 2, 3, 4, be taken, H, the square of the hypothenuse, remains. If from figure 3, the four right-triangles (equal to the four right-triangles in figure 2) be taken, B, the square of the base, and P, the square of the perpendicular, remain. When equals are taken from equals the remainders are equal, therefore the square, H, equals the sum of the squares B and P.

3. To find the hypothenuse of a right-triangle when the base and perpendicular are given: Square the base; square the perpendicular; extract the square root of the sum of these squares.

318. Miscellaneous Review.

1. Find approximately the diagonal of a square whose side is 20 feet.*

2. Find approximately the distance diagonally across a rectangular floor, the length of the floor being 30 feet and its breadth 20 feet.

3. How long a ladder is required to reach to a window 25 feet high if the foot of the ladder is 6 feet from the building and the ground about the building level?

4. If the length of a rectangle is a, and its breadth b, what is the diagonal?

5. The base of a right triangle is 40 rods and its perpendicular, 60 rods. (a) What is its hypothenuse? (b) What is its area? (c) What is its perimeter ?

6. The area of a certain square piece of land is 21 acres. (a) Find (in rods) its side. (b) Find its perimeter. (c) Find its diagonal, true to tenths of a rod.

7. The length of a rectangular piece of land is to its breadth as 4 to 3. Its area is 30 acres. (a) Find its breadth. (b) Find its perimeter. (c) Find the distance diagonally across it.

8. A certain piece of land is in the shape of a right-triangle. Its base is to its altitude as 3 to 4. Its area is 96 square rods. (a) Find the base. (b) Find the altitude. (c) Find the perimeter.

9. Find one of the two equal factors of 93025.

* From the study of right-triangles on page 359 it may be learned that the diagonal of a square is equal to the square root of twice the square of its side.

METRIC SYSTEM.

NOTE. The teacher should present this subject orally before attempting the pages that follow. It will be well if this oral work can be commenced many weeks before this page is reached in the regular work of the class. A meter stick, a liter measure, and metric weights should be provided and each pupil should weigh and measure until he can easily think quantity in the units of this system without reference to the units of any other system.

319. All units in the metric system of measures and weights are derived from the primary unit known as the

meter.

When the length of the primary unit of this system was determined it was supposed to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the pole. A pendulum that vibrates seconds is nearly one meter long.

In the names of the derived units of this system the prefix deka means 10; hekto means 100; kilo means 1000; myria means 10000; deci means tenth; centi means hundredth; milli means thousandth.

320. LINEAR MEASURE.

10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.).*

* In the common pronunciation of these words the primary accent is on the first syllable and a secondary accent on the penultimate syllable; thus, cen'timéter. In the better pronunciation the accent is on the vowel preceding the letter m, that is, on the antepenultimate syllable; thus, centim'eter, dekam'eter, etc.

Metric System.

321. The names of the units of surface measurement are the same as those used for linear measurement, combined with the word square; thus, a surface equivalent to a square whose side is a meter is 1 square meter.

The pupil, if properly taught to this point, will be able, without difficulty, to fill the blanks in the table of

NOTE. The special unit of surface measure for measuring land is equivalent to a square whose side is ten meters. This unit is

Metric System.

322. The names of the units of volume measurement are the same as those used for linear measurement, combined with the word cubic; thus, a volume equivalent to a cube whose edge is a meter is 1 cubic meter.

The pupil should be able easily to fill the blanks in the table of—

VOLUME MEASURE.

1000 cubic millimeters (cu. mm.) = 1 cubic centimeter (cu. cm.).*

cubic centimeters

cubic decimeters

cubic meters

cubic dekameters

= 1 cubic decimeter (cu. dm.). = 1 cubic meter (cu. m.).

= 1 cubic dekameter (cu. Dm.). 1 cubic hektometer (cu. Hm.).

=

NOTE 1.-The special unit of capacity for measuring liquids, grain, small fruits, etc., is the liter. It is equal to 1 cubic decimeter. 10 liters (1.) = 1 dekaliter (Dl.), and 1 tenth of a liter = 1 deciliter (dl.), etc.

NOTE 2.-The special unit for measuring wood is the ster. It is equal to 1 cubic meter.

*The abbreviation cc. is often used for cubic centimeter.