WORDS AND PHRASES FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 311

Præmonitus, præmunitus. [L.] Forewarned, fore- | Ruse contre ruse. [Fr.] Trick against trick. armed.

Primæ vix. [L.] The first passages.
Prima facie. [L.] On the first face or view.
Primum mobile. [L.] First impulse; that which
puts every thing in motion.

Primus inter pares. [L.] The first among equals.
Principiis obsta. [L.] Resist the first beginnings.
Privatim. [L.] Privately; in secret.
Pro bono publico. [L.] For the public good.
Pro confesso. [L.] As if conceded.

Pro Deo et ecclesia. [L.] For God and the

Reductio ad absurdum. [L.] A reduction to an
absurdity.

Re infecta. [L.] The business being unfinished.
Remis velisque. [L.] With oars and sails.

Rentes. [Fr.] Funds bearing interest; stocks.
Requiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace.
Res angusta domi. [L.] Narrow circumstances.
Respublica. [L.] The republic.
Resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again.

Ride si sapis. [L.] Laugh if you are wise.
Rire sous cape. [Fr.] To laugh in one's sleeve.
Ritornello. [It.] The repeat or burden of a song.
Rota. [L.] A list of persons; a court.
Ruat coelum. [L.] Let the heavens fall.

Ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem of war.
Rus in urbe. [L.] The country in the city.

Sal Atticum. [L.]
Salvo jure. [L.]
right.
Salvo pudore. [L.]

Attic salt; wit.

Without detriment to the

Without offence to modesty. Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] The holy of holies. Sang-froid. [Fr.] Coolness; indifference; freedom from agitation.

Sans-culotte. [Fr.] A man without breeches; a ragamuffin.

Sans rime et sans raison. [Fr.] Without rhyme

Secundum artem. [L.] According to art.
Semper idem. [L.] Always the same.
Semper paratus. [L.] Always prepared.
Senatus consultum. [L.] A decree of the senate.
Seriatim. [L.] In regular order.

Servare modum. [L.] To keep within bounds.
Sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a foot and a
half long.

Similia similibus curantur. [L.] Like is cured by
like. [The principle of homoeopathy.]
Simplex munditiis. [L.] Of simple elegance.
Sine die. [L.] Without naming a day.
Sine quâ non. [L.] Without which, not; an
indispensable condition.

Siste, viator. [L.] Stop, traveller.
Soi-disant. [Fr.] Self-called; pretended.
Soirée. [Fr] An evening party.

Soli Deo gloria. [L.] To God alone be glory.
Solvuntur tabulæ. [L.] (Law.) The bills are dis-
missed-the defendant is acquitted.

Sotto voce. [It.] In an under-tone or whisper.
Spero meliora. [L.] I hope for better things.
Spolia opima. [L.] The richest booty.
Status quo. [L.] The state in which.
Stet. [L.] Let it stand.

Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re. [L.] Gentle in
manner, forcible in execution.

Sub colore juris. [L.] Under color of law.
Sub judice lis est. [L.] The cause is yet before
the judge.

Sub rosa. [L.] Under the rose; privately.
Sui generis. [L.] Of a peculiar kind.
Summum bonum. [L.] The greatest good.
Supersedeas. [L.] (Law.) A writ to stay pro-

ceedings.

Suppressio veri. [L.] The suppression of the truth.

Suum cuique. [L.] Let every one have his own.

Table d'hôte. [Fr.] An ordinary.
Tædium vitæ. [L.] Weariness of life.
Tangere vulnus. [L.] To touch a sore place.
Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis. [L.]
Times change, and we change with them.
Tempus fugit. [L.] Time flies.

Tenax propositi. [L.] Tenacious of his purpose.

312 WORDS AND PHRASES FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

PRONUNCIATION

OF

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

PREFACE AND REMARKS.

Greek and Latin names introduced into modern languages naturally acquire, in sound and rhythm, the main characteristics of the different languages which receive them. That which is chiefly attended to and sought after, in classical names, is the seat of the accent; and when the seat of the accent and the syllabication are determined, these names are pronounced, in the English language, according to the powers of the letters in common English words. In the present work no attempt is made to present the systems of pronunciation known as Continental and ecclesiastical, and the so-called ancient method is also deemed inappropriate for a work of this description.

An accented vowel in the penultimate syllable, when followed by a single consonant, by j or z, or by a mute with l or r, has the long sound; as, A'bas, A'cra; otherwise it is short, as, Abăn'tis. This pronunciation, in cases like the first and the last of these examples, is so obvious that it has not been deemed necessary to include such words in the vocabulary.

Exception. Before gl and tl, the vowel of the penult, unless it be u, has the short sound; as, Ægle (ěgle), Atlas (atlas).

The final e is always sounded; as in Bereni'ce. This remark, of course, does not apply to Anglicized forms; as, Pros'er-pine for Proserpina.

In Greek and Latin names the letter g has its soft sound before the vowels e, i, and y, and before the diphthongs œ and æ.

The digraph ch, in Greek and Latin names, and likewise in almost all Hebrew names, is sounded hard, like k. The digraphs ch, ph, rh, and th are to be regarded as single consonants.

Every final i, though unaccented, has its long open sound, as in Alani. But when i, or its equivalent y, ends an unaccented first syllable of a word, it has in some cases its long sound,

as in Bianor; in some it takes the indistinct sound of e, as in Cilicia; and in some it is difficult to determine which of these sounds is to be preferred, as there is a want of agreement with respect to them among good speakers.

The termination es is pronounced like the English word ease; as, Achilles (a-kil'lēz). The terminations aus and ous are always pronounced in two syllables; as, Men-e-la'us, Antin'o-us.

The termination eus in proper names which in Greek end in cús, as Orpheus, Prometheus, is to be pronounced as one syllable, the eu being a diphthong. But in the termination eus in adjectives eu is not a diphthong.

There is a class of proper names ending in ia, which, in their classical pronunciation, have the accent on the penultimate; as, Alexandri'a, Cassandri'a, Deidami'a, Philadelphia, Samari'a, &c. The English analogy strongly favors the antepenultimate accent in the pronunciation of this class of words, and they have consequently be. come, in a measure, Anglicized. In fact, the words Alexandria, Philadelphia, and Samaria are so much Anglicized that it would seem pedantic, in reading or speaking English, to pronounce them otherwise than with the antepenultimate accent. But such of these names as are scarcely at all Anglicized, as Antiochia, Deidamia, Laomedia, &c., may be allowed to retain their classical accentuation.

There are some other classical names which have become more or less Anglicized, and which have, in consequence, had their pronunciation, in a greater or less degree, changed from the classical standard. Thus, Arius, the name of the celebrated heretic, is pronounced A'rius in English, though the penult is long in Greek; and the usage of the English poets has substituted Hyperion for Hyperi'on.

314

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

The following Rules of Pronunciation are referred to by Figures in the subjoined Vocabularies.

or o having the accent upon it, as Acha'ia (a-kā'ya), Lato'ia (la-tō'ya), and likewise to words having the accent on a vowel followed by ia, as Ple'iades (plē'ya-dēz). The digraph yi followed by a vowel generally represents the Greek diph thong ve, and forms but one syllable; as, Harpyia, pronounced harpy'ya, or, as some prefer, har pwy'a.

RULE 1.-The consonants c, s, and t, imme- | pē'yum), Pompe'ius (pom-pē’yus). The same rule diately preceded by the accent, and standing also applies to words ending in ia preceded by a before i followed by another vowel, commonly have the sound of sh; as in Pho'cion (fo'she-on), Ac'cius (ǎk'she-us), Ac'tium (ăk'she-ŭm), Helve'tii (hel-vē'she-i).—C following an accented syllable has also the same sound before eu and yo, as in Caduceus (ka-dū’she-us), Si'cyon (sish'e-on). Exceptions.-T, when preceded by s or x, has its hard sound, as in Sestius, Sextius.-When si or zi, immediately preceded by an accented vowel, is followed by a vowel, the s or z generally takes the sound of zh; as, Ma'sia (mē'zhe-a), He'siod (he'zhe-od), Ely'sium (e-lĭzh'e-ŭm), Sa-baʼzius (sabā'zhe-us).

RULE 2.-In some proper names t preserves its true sound; as, Ætion, Amphictyon, Androtion, Polytion, Sotion, Socration, Stration, Theodotion, and a few others.

RULE 4.-The diphthongs æ and c, ending a syllable with the accent on it, are pronounced like long e, as in Cæsar (sēʼzar), but when followed by a consonant in the same syllable, like short e, as in Dæd'alus (děd'a-lus).

RULE 5.-In Greek and Latin words which begin with uncombinable consonants, the first letter is silent; thus, C in Cneius and Ctesiphon, M in Mneus, P in Psyche and Ptolemy, Ph in Phthia, and Tin Tmolus, are not sounded.

RULE 3.-In words ending in eia, eii, eium, and eius, with the accent on the e, the i following the accent is to be understood as articulating the following vowel like y consonant; as, Elege'ia fel-e-jē'ya), Pompeii (pom-pē'yi), Pompe'ium (pom- | Æ-ge'us, Or-phe'us, used as adjectives.

RULE 6.-The termination eus in most Greek proper names is to be pronounced in one sylla ble; as, 'geūs, Orpheus, used as nouns; but

GREEK. LATIN, AND LATINIZED GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

The figures annexed to the words refer to the Six Rules of Pronunciation, on page 314. Thus, the figure 4, annexed to moda, refers to Rule 4, which shows that the word is pronounced Em'o-dē. The words in Italics are the preceding words Anglicized. Thus, the Latin word Antiocheia is changed, in English, into Antioch.