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perpendicular to BC, and let them meet in H; find (E. xii. 6.) a fourth proportional, (T), to AB, S, and BC; through H draw (Supp. vii. 6.) the locus, IH, of all the points, from which if perpendiculars be drawn to AB and BC, respectively, they shall cut off from GB and FB segments that are to one another as R is to T; lastly, in IH find (Supp. xcvi. 3.) a point K, such that the difference of its distances from Cand B, shall be equal to R: Then is K the point which was to be found.

For if not, let P be the point; and, if it be possible, let the point P be out of IH; join P, A, and P, B, and P, C; and draw, from P (E. xii. 1.) PL perpendicular to AB, and PM perpendicular to BC: Then (constr. E. xvii. 3. and Supp. xcvi. 3. Cor. 1.) FL × AB=BP × S; and GM × BC=BP × R; therefore (E. xvi. 6. and constr.)

BP : FL :: AB : S :: BC: T;

and GM: BP :: R : BC;

therefore (E. xxiii. 5.) GM : FL:: R:T: therefore (constr. and Supp. vii. 6. Cor.) the point P cannot be out of IH; therefore (constr. and Supp. xcvi. 3. Cor. 2.) K is the point which was to be found.

PROP. LX.

69. PROBLEM. To describe a circle, which shall pass through a given point, and touch two given circles.

Find a point (Supp. lix. 6.) such that the difference between its distance from the centre of the one circle, and its distance from the given point, shall be equal to the semi-diameter of that circle; and that the difference between its distance from the other centre, and from the given point, shall likewise be equal to the other given semi-diameter: It is manifest (Supp. vi. 3.) that the point, so determined, is the point which was to be found.

OTHERWISE.

Let BCD and EFG be the two given circles, and

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A a point without them: It is required to describe a circle which shall pass through A, and touch the two circles BCD, EFG.

Find (E. i. 3.) the centres, K and L, of the two given circles; draw KL and let it, produced, meet the circumference of BCD in B, and the circumference of EFG in E and G; and let it meet CH, which is drawn (Supp. lii. 3.) so as to touch both the circles, in H; join H, A; find (E. xii. 6.) a fourth proportional to AH, HB, and HG, and from HA cut off HI equal to it; so that (E. xvi. 6.)

BH × HG = AH × HI;

lastly, describe (Supp. xcv. 3.) a circle AMI, passing

through A and I, and touching either of the circles BCD, in some point, M; it shall, also, if HM be drawn, pass through the point N, in which HM cuts the circumference of the circle EFG, and shall touch EFG in the point N.

For, if it be possible, let the circumference of the circle AMI cut HM in some other point, as P: Then (E. xxxvi. 3.)

MH × HP=AH × HI;

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but (constr.) AH × HI= BH × HG, and (E. xxxvi. 3.) BH × HG=MH × HN; .:. MH × HP = MH × HN; .. HP is equal to HN, the less to the greater, which is absurd; therefore the circumference of the circle MIA cannot but meet the circle EFG in the point where it is cut by MH; and it touches the circle EFG in that point.

:

For draw KM, KC, KD, LQ, LF, and LP, and let MK and PL, produced, meet in R: Then since (constr. and E. xviii. 3.) the As HFL, HCK, having a common angle at H, have the 4s HFL, HCK, right angles, they are (Supp. xxvi. 1.) equiangular; therefore (E. iv. 6.)

HL: LF or LQ :: HK : KC or KM: And the as HLQ, HKM, have a common angle at H, and have the two remaining 4s HQL, HMK of the same species; for since MH cuts both the circles, the 4s HQL, HMK, are (E. xvi. 3. Cor.) each of them less than a right angle; therefore (E. vii. 6.) the < HQL = < HMK; therefore (E. xv. Def. 1. and E. v. 1.) the 2 LNQ, or RNM, equal 2 HMK, or NMR; therefore (E. vi. 1.) RM=RN; but, since the circle AMI touches the circle BCD, of which K is the centre; therefore (E. xi. or xii. 3.) the centre of AMI must be in MR; and since RM = RN, that centre (E. vii. 3.) must be in R; since, therefore, the diameters of the two circles MAI, EFG, have a common extremity at N, the two circles (Supp. vi. 3.) touch one another*.

PROP. LXI.

70. PROBLEM. To describe a circle that shall touch three given circles.

Find a point (Supp. lix. 6.) such that the difference between its distances from the centres of the first and second of the given circles, shall be equal to the difference of the diameters of those circles, and such that the difference between its distances from the centres of the first and third of the given circles, shall be equal to the difference of the diameters of those circles: Then it is manifest, that the difference between its distances from the centres of the second and third of the given circles, will be equal to the difference of their diameters; and that, if from the point so determined, as a centre, a circle be described touching any one of the given circles, it will (Supp. iv. 3.) also touch the other two.

* It is evident that Prop. lix. may be deduced from this proposition, as it is thus independently demonstrated; and that the proposition immediately following, which is one of some celebrity, may be deduced from either of them.

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PROP. LXII.

71. PROBLEM. Upon a given finite straight line, to describe an equilateral and equiangular figure having the number of its sides equal to four, eight, sixteen, &c.; or to three, six, twelve, &c.; or to five, ten, twenty, &c.; or to fifteen, thirty, sixty, &c.

sides.

In any circle inscribe (Supp. xiv. 4. Cor. 3.) an equilateral and equiangular rectilineal figure of any number of sides that is specified in the proposition; then upon the given finite straight line describe (E. xviii. 6.) a rectilineal figure similar to it, and the problem will have been solved.

PROP. LXIII.

72. THEOREM. Similar triangles, and similar polygons, are to one another as any rectilineal figure described upon any side of the one, is to a similar rectilineal figure similarly described upon the homologous side of the other.

For (E. xx. 6.) the two given figures, and two similar figures thus similarly described, will have to one another the same duplicate ratio of that which the homologous sides have.

PROP. LXIV.

73. PROBLEM. To cut off from a given triangle any part required, by a straight line drawn parallel to a given straight line.

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