These boundaries include the Duchy of Oldenburg, and the city of Bremen, both independent of Hanover.

It is divided into 11 provinces, and governed by a viceroy. Gottingen is celebrated for its University, founded by George II.

POPULATION OF CHIEF TOWNS.-Hanover, 25,000; Embden, 11,000; Hildesheim, 11,000; Lunaburg, 10,000; Osnaburg, 9,000; Gottingen, 9,000.

SAXONY.

Saxony is situated towards the north-east of Germany. It is bounded on the north-west, north, and north-east, by the Prussian dominions; on the south-east, by Bohemia; and on the south-west, by Bavaria. Its length is 140 miles, and greatest breadth about 75 miles. The extent of this kingdom was greatly reduced by the Congress of Vienna. It is divided into five circles or provinces.

Dresden is a beautiful city, and celebrated for its gallery of paintings. Leipsic is the centre of the German bookselling trade, and has two celebrated fairs. Buonaparte was defeated by the allies near this place, in 1813.

POPULATION OF CHIEF TOWNS.-Dresden, 45,000; Leipsic, 33,000; Chemnitz, 11,000; Bautzen, 11,000; Freyberg, 9,000.

BAVARIA.

This kingdom includes the former Circles of Bavaria and Franconia, with a small part of the Lower Rhine; and is one of the most considerable of the secondary states in Europe.

It is bounded on the north by the Grand Duchy of Fulda, and a number of small Saxon principalities; on the east and south by the Austrian dominions; and on the west by Wirtemberg, Baden, and Hesse Darmstadt.

Its area is about 200 miles long, and 150 broad, and is divided into eight circles,

Blenheim, situated to the east of Ulm, is famous for one of the Duke of Marlborough's greatest victories, in 1704.

POPULATION OF CHIEF Towns-Munich, 47,000; Ratisbon, 22,000; Bamberg, 20,000; Anspach, 12,000; Passau, 10,000.

WIRTEMBERG.

Wirtemberg, comprising part of the late Circle of Swabia, is the smallest kingdom in Europe, except Saxony; and is divided into four circles. It is bounded by Bavaria on the north and east; and by Baden on the south and west; being about 150 miles long, and 65 broad. This is one of the most fertile and populous states in Germany.

POPULATION OF CHIEF TOWNS.-Stutgard, 24,000; Ulm, 15,000.

BADEN.

The Grand Duchy of Baden, comprising part of the late Circles of Swabia and Lower Rhine, is bounded on the north by Hesse Darmstadt and Bavaria; on the east, by Wirtemberg; on the south, by Switzerland; and on the west, by the Rhine, which separates it from France. Its length is about 140 miles, and its mean breadth 40 miles, but in some parts only 20.

POPULATION OF CHIEF TOWNS.- Carlsrhue, 12,000; Man. heim, 18,000; Heidelberg, 10,000,

HESSE DARMSTADT.

Hesse Darmstadt lies north of Baden. Its chief town is Darmstadt, containing 15,000 inhabitants. Mentz lays claim to the invention of printing, and contains 25,000 inhabitants.

HESSE CASSEL.

Hesse Cassel is situated to the north of Hesse Darmstadt Its chief town is Cassel, containing 21,000 inhabitants.

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NASSAU.

The Duchy of Nassau is bounded on the west and north by the Prussian territory, on the Lower Rhine; and on the east and south by Hesse Darmstadt. In this Duchy are found some of the principal watering places in Germany.

BRUNSWICK.

Brunswick joins the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital is Brunswick, containing 30,000 inhabitants.

MECKLENBURG.

The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg is bounded on the north by the Baltic; on the east and south by the Prussian territory; and on the west by the Danish territory. The house of Mecklenburg is, at present, divided into two branches, Schwerin, and Strelitz. Both have the title of Grand Duke, and the Duchy is divided between them; Mecklenburgh Schwerin possesses the greater part of the Duchy.

FREE CITIES.

The Free Cities are Hamburg, on the Elbe, the chief city of Germany for commerce; Bremen, on the Weser; Frankfort, on the Maine; and Lubeck, in Holstein.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

1. How is Germany bounded? 2. Between what parallels of latitude and meridans of longitude is it situated? Mention its

length and breadth? 3. How was Germany formerly divided? Of what does it now consist, and what title have they? What does this division form?

Mention the nine circles. What must be added to them?

4. Name the mountains, and point them ont upon the map. 5. The lakes. 6. The rivers. 7. What is said of the climate? 8. The produce? 9. The manufactures? 10. The commerce? 11. The government?

Those that have three each.
What is the total number

Mention those states that have four votes each. Those that have two each. Those that have one. of votes in the Germanic Diet? What was agreed upon for common affairs? Of what is the Diet formed? On whom are these Plenipotentiaries dependent, and to whom are they responsible? What power has the Confederation? Of what duration is the Diet, and what is the longest time it can adjourn? Where does it assemble? With whom does the internal legislation rest? 12. Name the religion. 13. The manners and customs. The ancient name.

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GERMAN STATES.-Mention' the principal German States not already noticed, and their chief towns.

HANOVER.-Who is sovereign of the Kingdom of Hanover? Where is it situated, and what does it include? How is it bounded? What are its length and breadth?

What do these boundaries include? How is it divided? By what is it go verned? For what is Gottengen celebrated?

SAXONY.-Where is Saxony situated? What are its boundaries? Mention its length and breadth. What reduced the extent of this

kingdom? Into how many circles is it divided?

For what is Dresden celebrated? Of what is Leipsic the centre? Who was defeated near this place.

BAVARIA. What does Bavaria include? How is it bounded? What are its length and breadth? Into how many circles is it divided? Where is Blenheim situated, and for what is it remarkable? WIRTEMBERG.-What does Wirtemberg comprise? Into how many circles is it divided? How is it bounded? Mention its length and breadth. What is said respecting its fertility?

BADEN. What does Baden comprise? How is it bounded? Mention its length and breadth?

HESSE DARMSTADT.-Where does Hesse Darmstadt lie? Mention its chief town. To what does Mentz lay claim?

HESSE CASSEL.-Where is Hesse Cassel situated? What is its chief town?

NASSAU. How is the Duchy of Nassau bounded? What are found in this Duchy?

BRUNSWICK.-What kingdom does Brunswick join? What is its capital, and how many inhabitants does it contain?

MECKLENBURG.-How is Mecklenburg bounded?

How is the

house of Mecklenburg at present divided? What title have they both? Which possesses the larger share? FREE CITIES.-Name the Free Cities.

SWITZERLAND.

1. BOUNDARIES.-Switzerland is bounded on the north by the German state of Baden; on the east, by the Austrian province of Tyrol; on the south, by the Kingdom of Sardinia; and on the west, by France.

2. EXTENT.-It extends from 451° to 48° N. latitude, and from 6° to 104° E. longitude; being about 200 miles long from E. to W., and 140 broad from N. to S.

3. DIVISIONS.-The Swiss Confederacy at present consists of 22 cantons.